The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648) Civil War In France (1562-1598)
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Transcript of The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648) Civil War In France (1562-1598)
TheWars ofReligion(1560s-1648)
TheWars ofReligion(1560s-1648)
Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End
The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End
Henri II was the last powerful Valois
Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III
Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty
Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici
Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart
Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart
The French Civil WarThe French Civil War
There were two sides: Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance
Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The French Civil WarThe French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.
Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague
ProtestantUnion
ProtestantUnion
CIVILWAR
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul
Reubens
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul
Reubens
Ended Spanish interference in France
Converted to Catholicism : Did this to compromise and make
peace Paris is worth a mass. This was an example of politique
[the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
Granted religious rights to Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for all
Henry IV of FranceHenry IV of France
The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648)
The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648)
1618-16481618-1648
The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.
At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.
At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened.
Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate
Protestants. Defenestration of Prague May, 1618
Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
Defenestration of PragueDefenestration of Prague
Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria.
Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.
The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
Bohemian Phase
Bohemian Phase
Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy
Roman Empire. Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein
for the army. Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost since
1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,
of their religious and political rights.
German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.
The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629
Danish Phase
Albrechtvon
Wallenstein
France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support.
Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.
Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped.
German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.
The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
Swedish Phase
GustavusAdolphus
France & Sweden switched roles.
All countries in Europe now participated.
This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine
resulted. 8 million dead 1/3 of the population
[from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]
Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.
The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648
Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War
The Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia (1648)(1648)
• The 30 Years’ War officially ended in 1648 with the The 30 Years’ War officially ended in 1648 with the Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia
• The treaties recognized the sovereignty of the 300+ The treaties recognized the sovereignty of the 300+ German princesGerman princes
• The treaties disallowed papal meddling in German The treaties disallowed papal meddling in German religious affairsreligious affairs
• The treaties upheld the Peace of Augsburg, added The treaties upheld the Peace of Augsburg, added Calvinism to the list of religions allowed in German Calvinism to the list of religions allowed in German states and nullified the Edict of Restitutionstates and nullified the Edict of Restitution
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1688-1700
Immediate Results of the Immediate Results of the 30 Years’ War30 Years’ War
• After the Peace in 1648, the northern states in After the Peace in 1648, the northern states in Germany remained primarily Protestant while the Germany remained primarily Protestant while the southern states in Germany remained primarily southern states in Germany remained primarily CatholicCatholic
• The United Provinces and Switzerland won The United Provinces and Switzerland won recognition as independent statesrecognition as independent states
• German princes won the right to form alliances and German princes won the right to form alliances and sign treaties as long as they didn’t declare war on sign treaties as long as they didn’t declare war on the Holy Roman Empirethe Holy Roman Empire
• Sweden won cash and land in the Baltic regionSweden won cash and land in the Baltic region• France won the region of AlsaceFrance won the region of Alsace
Political Fallout from the 30 Years’ Political Fallout from the 30 Years’ WarWar
• Because Spain lost territory and France gained Because Spain lost territory and France gained territory, France stood alone as the most powerful territory, France stood alone as the most powerful nation on the continentnation on the continent
• France also benefited from the fragmentation of the France also benefited from the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire and the weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the weakening of the Habsburg family influenceHabsburg family influence
• PoW= PoW= – the political power of the Holy Roman Empire faded into the political power of the Holy Roman Empire faded into
oblivion; oblivion; – the Habsburg family remained wealthy and strong, though, the Habsburg family remained wealthy and strong, though,
and would go on to rule the Austro-Hungarian Empire laterand would go on to rule the Austro-Hungarian Empire later
Things You Must RememberThings You Must Remember• The 30 Years War began as a war of religion The 30 Years War began as a war of religion
and developed into an international war of and developed into an international war of politicspolitics
• While the war started as a religious war, the While the war started as a religious war, the war healed no religious woundswar healed no religious wounds
• France proved that international politics would France proved that international politics would be more important in the coming centuries than be more important in the coming centuries than religionreligion
• No participant in the 30 Years War possessed a No participant in the 30 Years War possessed a large enough army to knock out its opponents; large enough army to knock out its opponents; Louis XIV would learn from thisLouis XIV would learn from this
You must remember this …You must remember this …(Continued)(Continued)
• The Alsace region would be hotly contested The Alsace region would be hotly contested even as late as World War IIeven as late as World War II
• The Holy Roman Empire historically had more The Holy Roman Empire historically had more influence in Germany than anywhere else in influence in Germany than anywhere else in Europe; therefore, the sovereignty of the Europe; therefore, the sovereignty of the German princes essentially meant the end of German princes essentially meant the end of the Holy Roman Empirethe Holy Roman Empire
• Because the vast majority of the fighting took Because the vast majority of the fighting took place in Germany, the German states suffered place in Germany, the German states suffered more than any other participantsmore than any other participants