The Voice of the Job Market Automated Job Announcement ... · The Voice of the Job Market Automated...

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The Voice of the Job Market Automated Job Announcement Based Skill Monitoring Karl Lederm¨ uller WU Vienna, September 18, 2012

Transcript of The Voice of the Job Market Automated Job Announcement ... · The Voice of the Job Market Automated...

The Voice of the Job MarketAutomated Job Announcement Based Skill Monitoring

Karl LedermullerWU Vienna,September 18, 2012

Outline

I General Framework

I Motivation

I Critical Assumptions

I Theory Comparison

I Methodological ApproachI HarvestingI Text Mining

I Applications - ResultsI Finance Jobs GermanyI Marketing Jobs PolandI Marketing Jobs SpainI Credential Inflation

I Conclusion and Further Outlook

General Framework 2 / 36

The Integrated Academic Development Monitor-ing Model (IADMM)

General Framework 3 / 36

Outline

I General Framework

I Motivation

I Critical Assumptions

I Theory Comparison

I Methodological ApproachI HarvestingI Text Mining

I Applications - ResultsI Finance Jobs GermanyI Marketing Jobs PolandI Marketing Jobs SpainI Credential Inflation

I Conclusion and Further Outlook

Motivation 4 / 36

Motivation

I Changes on the society level (Knowledge Based Economy, LissabonStrategy, Europa 2020)

I Changes on the higher education level (Chances of the role of highereducation)

I Changes on the company level (War for Talents)

I Changes on the personal level (If everybody has to stand on tiptoes,no one sees better)

Motivation 5 / 36

Changes on the higher educational level

I According to the Total Quality Management concept companies haveto improve themselves into the direction of their customers

I This problem is highly debated in an higher education setting

I According to conflicts of goals stakeholder models are used

I A aim without goal conflict is “employability”

Motivation 6 / 36

Why job announcements?

I Clyde states:”statements in job advertisements represent the

knowledge and skills that employers would like to have and areprepared to pay for“

I Job ads are relatively short and standardized. A writer has toprioritize the content

I Access to the data source is relatively easy

Motivation 7 / 36

Outline

I General Framework

I Motivation

I Critical Assumptions

I Theory Comparison

I Methodological ApproachI HarvestingI Text Mining

I Applications - ResultsI Finance Jobs GermanyI Marketing Jobs PolandI Marketing Jobs SpainI Credential Inflation

I Conclusion and Further Outlook

Critical Assumptions 8 / 36

Critical Assumptions

I Job advertisements are published for available jobs

I Job specific requirements are known by the organization

I Job requirements are stated in job announcements

Critical Assumptions 9 / 36

Outline

I General Framework

I Motivation

I Critical Assumptions

I Theory Comparison

I Methodological ApproachI HarvestingI Text Mining

I Applications - ResultsI Finance Jobs GermanyI Marketing Jobs PolandI Marketing Jobs SpainI Credential Inflation

I Conclusion and Further Outlook

Theory Comparison 10 / 36

Heuristic model for job announcement basedcompetence classification

Theory Comparison 11 / 36

Outline

I General Framework

I Motivation

I Critical Assumptions

I Theory Comparison

I Methodological ApproachI HarvestingI Text Mining

I Applications - ResultsI Finance Jobs GermanyI Marketing Jobs PolandI Marketing Jobs SpainI Credential Inflation

I Conclusion and Further Outlook

Methodological Approach 12 / 36

Methodological Approach

1. Harvest data

2. Statistical analysis of data

3. Reporting (interpreting results)

Methodological Approach 13 / 36

Harvest Data

I General problem: data are saved in”informational islands“

I Therefore nodes are helpful to extract information

I One helpful node is JobRapido (search engine for jobs)

I JobRapido is available for 49 national job-markets

I Job Reader (developed with Thomas Scheller) reads contentI Next to the job ad the following information is retrieved:

I Job titleI CompanyI PortalI Location

Methodological Approach 14 / 36

Questions which can be answered with the re-trieved data

I Curriculum planningI Which content is related to a profession?I Which subclusters are part of a profession?I How is the content spatially distributed?I Profession changes over time (further research)

I Regional, economic and demografic (interaction) issuesI Credential inflationI Industry - knowledge/skill cluster (further research)I Country comparison (also over time - further research)I Qualification level issues (further research)

Methodological Approach 15 / 36

Text Mining

I Statistical Analysis with R

I Text Pre-Preparation

I Generating of a (binary) Term-Document Matrix

I Multi Dimensional Scaling

I Hierarchical Clustering

I K-Means Clustering

I Spatial Analysis

Methodological Approach 16 / 36

Text Mining

Text Corpus

Parsing

Text Database

Term-Document-Matrix Analysis

?

?

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Figure: A process model for text mining (Feinerer, 2008)

I Textmining is a subcategory of data mining,

I which tries to find patterns in (a high volume of) unstructured data.

Methodological Approach 17 / 36

Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS)

I A set of methods for discovering hidden structures inmultidimensional data

I Based on a proximity matrix these distances are mapped on a lowerdimensional (two or three dimensions) spatial representation

Figure: City Distances

Methodological Approach 18 / 36

Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) - Controlling

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Multidimensional Scaling − Controlling Job Ads

abwechslungsreich

account

administr

analysen

anforderungen

assist

aufbau

ausgeprägtbank

belastbarkeit

berufsfeld

betriebswirtschaftlich

bewertetbilanz

bilanzierung

budget

budgetierung

denkendeutsch

dynamischen

edv

eigenverantwortung

einsatzbereitschaft

einschlägig

engagiert

entwicklung

entwicklungsmöglichkeiten

erfolg

erfolgreich

erstellen

erstellung

excel

fachlich

fähigkeit

flexibilität

führung

fundiert

funktion

genauigkeit

hak

herausfordernd

idealerweis

ifr

interess

interessant

interessiert

internen

junior

kaufmännisch

kommunik

kompetenz

konzern

kreditoren

leitung

mehrjährig

offic

personalverrechn

personalverrechnung

persönlichkeit

praxi

projekt

projekten

prozess

qualifikationen

recht

reisebereitschaft

report

sachbearbeitsale

sap

selbständig

selbstständig

seniorsteuern

strukturiert

studium

technisch

umsetzung

uni

unterstützen

unterstützung

verantwortung

verstärkung

vertrieb

vollzeit

weiterentwicklung

Methodological Approach 19 / 36

K - Means Clustering

I K - means clustering is used to find subclusters in job clusters -centroids were interpreted

I Therefore”submarkets“ can be localized and homogenous groups can

be foundI Controlling:

I tertiary education clusterI bookkeeper’s clusterI secondary education clusterI finance cluster

Methodological Approach 20 / 36

Spatial Analysis

I Using spatial information, every job application can be assignedspatially

I The heaves above project was used to receive lon/lat informations,which were harvested with the GeoMaker software from Mewsoft(freeware)

I Spatial visualization was done with RGoogleMaps

Methodological Approach 21 / 36

Spatial Analysis - Controlling

Methodological Approach 22 / 36

Spatial Analysis - Controlling with SAP

Methodological Approach 23 / 36

Outline

I General Framework

I Motivation

I Critical Assumptions

I Theory Comparison

I Methodological ApproachI HarvestingI Text Mining

I Applications - ResultsI Finance Jobs GermanyI Marketing Jobs PolandI Marketing Jobs SpainI Credential Inflation

I Conclusion and Further Outlook

Applications - Results 24 / 36

Results - Finance Jobs Germany - Map

Jobs per Province

Number of Jobs

Baden−Württemberg

Bayern

Berlin

Brandenburg

Bremen

Hamburg

Hessen

Mecklenburg−Vorpommern

Niedersachsen

Nordrhein−Westfalen

Rheinland−Pfalz

Saarland

Sachsen

Sachsen−Anhalt

Schleswig−Holstein

Thüringen

0 100 200 300 400

Applications - Results 25 / 36

Results - Finance Jobs Germany - MDS

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Multidimensional Scaling

abgeschlossen

abitur

abschluss

abwechslungsreich

abwicklung

account

agentur

aktiv

allianz

alternativberuf

analys

analytisch

anbiet

anlagen

anlagenbuchhaltung

anschreiben

anspruchsvollen

anwendungen

arbeitnehmerüberlassung

arbeitszeiten

attrakt

auftrag

ausbildung

ausbildungsangebot

ausbildungsstandort

ausgeprägt

aussagefähigen

ausschließlich

außendienst

bank

banken

bankkaufmann

basi

bearbeiten

bearbeitung

befristet

belastbarkeit

beraten

berufsausbildung

berufserfahrung

besitzen

bestenbetreuen

betriebswirtschaftlich

bevorzugt

bezahlung

bilanzbuchhalt

bildung

bildungsabschluss

branchen

buchführung

buchhalt

buchhaltung

buchung

büro

career

center

chanc

comput

control

countri

daten

datenschutz

debitoren

debitorenbuchhaltung

deutsch

deutschendienstleistungen

direkt

edv

eigen

eigenin

eigenständig

eigenverantwortlich

einarbeitung

einfach

einkommen einsatz

einsatzbereitschaft

einschlägig

engag

engagiert

englisch

englischkenntnissentsprechend

entwickeln

entwicklung

erfahrung

erfahrungen

erfolg

erfolgreich

erfolgreichen

erfolgt

erstellen

erstellung

erstklassig

erwarten

erwartet

euro

europa

excel

extern

extra

fachhochschulreif

fachlich

fahrerlaubni

fahrzeug

festanstellung

financ

financi

finanz

finanzberat

finanzberatung

finanzbuchhalt

finanzbuchhaltung

finanzdienstleist

finanzdienstleistungen

finanzen

flexibel

flexibilität

freie

freier

führen

führend

führerschein

führung

fundiert

gehalt

gehaltsvorstellung

gemeinsam

geweckt

grundkenntniss

gut

guten

handel

handeln

herausforderung

heut

hgb

idealerweis

ifr

individuell

innov

interess

interessant

interessiert

international

internationalen

internen

jahresabschluss

jahresabschlüss

jahresabschlüssen

kaufmann

kaufmännisch

kaufmännischen

keineführung

kleinbuss

kollegen

kommunik

kommunikationsfähigkeit

kompetenz

kontenabstimmung

kostenlo

kreditoren

kreditorenbuchhaltung

kundenberatung

kundenorientierung

leistungen

leistungsbereitschaft

leiter

lernen

letzten

lohn

lösungen

mahnwesen

manag

mandanten

maß

mehrjährig

melden

mittelständisch

mitwirkung

monatlich

motiv

national

notwendig

nutzen

offic

persönlichen

perspekt

perspektiven

pflege

pkw

praktikum

privat

programm

projekt

projekten

provis

prozess

prüfung

qualifik

qualifikationen

qualifiziert

quartal

rechnungswesen

recht

regelmäßig

reif

reis

renommiert

renommierten

report

sachbearbeit

sap

schnell

schritt

schulabschluss

selbständig

selbstständig

selbstverständlich

sicher

social

softwar

sozialleistungen

spaß

spezialisiert

sprachkenntniss

stärken

starten

steuerberat

steuerfachangestellt

strukturiert

studium

sucht

systematisch

tabellarisch

tarif

tarifvertrag

tätig

tätigkeiten

team

teamfähigkeit

teilen

teilzeit

telefonischtelekommunik

überlassung

übernahm

übernehmen

überwachung

überzeugen

umfassend

unbefristet

unternehmerisch

unterstützen

unterstützung

ursprünglichverantwortlich

verantwortung

verbuchung

vereinbarung

verfügbarkeit

vergütungsangebot

verkauf

vermittlung

versicherung

versicherungen

versicherungsfachmann

versicherungskaufmann

verstärkung

vertragsart

vertrieb

verwaltungvielfältig

vollständig

vollzeit

voraussetzungen

vorbereitung

weiterbildung

weiterentwicklung

weltweit

wenig

wirtschaftwissen

wochenstunden

word

wünschenswert

zahlungsverkehr

zeit

zeitarbeit

zukunft

zuverlässig

zuverlässigkeit

zwingend

Applications - Results 26 / 36

Results - Marketing Jobs Poland - Map

Applications - Results 27 / 36

Results - Marketing Jobs Poland - MDS

Configuration Plot

abilityable

aby

access

account

accountingaddadmin

administracja

adobe

adres

adresem

adsense

advanced

advertising

adwords

affiliate

agencja

agency

align

amount

analiza

analyticsangielskiego

api

aplikacji

aplikuj

applications

article

assistant

atrakcyjne

audyt

aug australia

auto

avg

background

bangladesh

bardzo

basedbasic

bedzie

bez

bid

biuromeegapl

biurowa

blip

blog

border

branåy

brand

branding

branza

branzy

brochure

budget

budownictwo

build

building

business

businessescad

call

campaign

campaigns

canada

cena

center

certified

chcesz

city

client

clients

closed

color

commerce

communication

communications

companies

company

complete

completed

computer

conditions

connect

consultant

consultantsconsultantscomconsulting

contact

content

contractors

copycopyright

copywriter

corporate

cost

costlycreate

creative

credentials

currently

customer

customers

dane

danych

darmowe

data

datedeclineddelays

description

design

designers

designing

desireddetaildetails

developdeveloper

developers

developmentdigital

direct

directory

display

displayinlinedisplaynone

dla

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doåwiadczenie

dobra

dodac

dodaj

dodania

dopisanie

doradztwo

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drukuj

dziale

dzialu

earliestearnings

ebay

ecommerce

edukacja

edycja

edytuj

effective

elanceelancecom

else

email

employmentengineengineeringengineers

english

entry

escrow

established

etat

etc

excel

excellent

experience

experienced

expert

expertise

experts

facebook

false

faq

field

finance

finanse

firm

firma

firmie

firmy

fixed

floatleft

following

font

forma

forum

freelance

freelancerfreelancers

fri

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generate

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googlegraphic

growing

growth

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hello help

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include

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internet

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javascript

jazdy

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join

joomla

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polityka

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pomorskie

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popularne

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powiadomienia

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praca

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procesu

product

products

produkcja

professional

professionals

programprogrammersprogramming

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projects

promocyjnych

proposalproposals

prosimy

provide

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provides

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prywatnosci

przedstawiciel

przetwarzanie

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przy

przygotowywanie

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rate

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realizacja

realizacji

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referral

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resources

results

rights

rodzaj

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rozwoju

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safety

salessamples

sealedsearch

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send

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sepserviceservices

serwis

serwisu

set

share

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sign

similar

site

sizepx

skillskills

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smm

social

software

solid

solution

solutions

specialist

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specializing

specjalista

spend

sponsored

sprzedaåy

sprzedaz

sprzedazy

stanowiska

stanowisko

stanowisku

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strategii

strategy

strona

strong

strony

studentów

submitsubmittedsuccess

successful

supportsystem

systems

szkolenia

szukaj

szukasz

talent

team

techniques

technologiestechnology

telekomunikacja

telemarketing

teraz

terms

text

thousandsthu

time

titleshare

top

total

traffic

translationtranslators

transparent

transport

trends

trust

tue

turystyka

twãj

twittertwoje

tworzenie

tych

tylko

tym

type

umiejätnoåä

umiejetnosc

umowa

umowy

unitedusa

using

uslug

uslugi

ustaw

ustawä

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various verified

version

viaview

viewtrade

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warszawa

watch

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websites

wed

week

weeks

white

wiadomosc

widgets

width

widziane

wiecej

wielkopolskie

willing

word

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world

worldwide

wraz

write

writer

writerswriting

wroclaw

wszelkie

wszystkie

wybranymi

wyksztalcenie

wymagane

wymagania wynagrodzenie

wyraåam

wyrazam

wyslana

wyslijwyszukiwania

wyszukiwanie

wyzsze

youllzainteresowane

zakresie

zakresu

zalogujzarejestruj

zasady

zastrzezone

zatrudnienia

zawartych

zawodowego

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zgodä

zgode

zgodnie

znajomoåä

znajomosc

zobacz

Applications - Results 28 / 36

Results - Marketing Jobs Spain - Map

Applications - Results 29 / 36

Results - Marketing Jobs Spain - MDS

Configuration Plot

aaa

abrimos

acceso

account

acerca

actividad

address

adlinkaadlinkoverflow administrativaadministrativo

adtextcoloradtitleaadtitlecoloree

advertising

adxdetallevacanteantesdedescripcionahover

alemán

alemanes

alignalmacen

alto

amigo

añosanti

aplicar

aportan

apply

aprenderán

aprender

aquí

área

áreas

argentina

arialarquitecto

art

assistantaulamascom

australiaaustria

auto

autoempleo

auxiliar

aviso

avon

background

barcelona

blog

boldbolivia

bolsa

borderbordersolidbottombottompxboxbrasilbuscados

buscamos

buscarbusiness

cajabpcajapopularsearchcamarero

campañas

canadá

candidatos

cargarcarretillero

cartera

carteradisfrutaran

caso

categoría

category

chanel

chennai

chile

chofer

christian

ciudad

classh

click

clienteclientes

clienteslasclientespara

colombia

color

comerciales

comercial

compaacute

compañía

company

competidores

completa

comprobado

comunicación

condiciones

confidencial

conocimiento

conocimientos

considerarconstruccion

consumidorsomos

contact

contactar

contacto

contenido

contratoconviccióngran

copy

copyright

copywriter

costacuba

cursos

dateposted

datos

decorationdecorationnormaldecorationunderline

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departamento

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international

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jobs

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justify

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linkedin

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madrid

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mínimo

mozo

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mumbai

nacional

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primera

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sign

síguenos

singapur

sistema

sizepx

social

socio

soldadorsolidsombrasoporte

soportejobomascom

spain

spancpsstyle

sudáfrica

superior

técnicotecnicoterceros

text

tipo

top

toppx

tupper

tweettwitter

type

única

unidouruguay

usuariosvacante

vacantes

vendedoras

vender

venezuela

venta

ventanapoppupcontenido

ventaopcionalmenteaportarventaquerer

ventas

ver

vertidovigilante

web

website

weightweightnormalwidthzelanda zona

Applications - Results 30 / 36

Credential Inflation

According to Krugmans (1991) core-periphery modell und Spences (1973)signalling theory the following is assumed:

I There are different market equilibra on the job market according tothe core-periphery model

I Core markets are defined as markets with a high amount of

”credential production“

I Employees expect a certain educational level (signal) from a potentialemployer

I This signals are seen as lower limit

Therefore it is expected, that the demand for a higher educational level ishigher in core regions than in periphery regions - this can be interpreted asan inflationary effect.(core regions Austria: Vienna; Germany: Mannheim, Cologne, Munich andBerlin)

Applications - Results 31 / 36

Credential Inflation - sample

search term sample size Germany sample size Austria

controlling 8425 1696marketing 7483 860

projekt 4710 1131prozess 6719 437einkauf 2489 216

informatik 3671 1246logistik 8856 1265

management 8062 617accounting 308 310

Table: List of job search terms and sample sizes in Germany and Austria

Applications - Results 32 / 36

Credential Inflation - Austria

search term grad core !grad core grad peri !grad peri cred. ratio core cred. ratio peri effect in %

controlling 77 711 47 861 0.0977 0.0518 88.61%marketing 15 174 9 662 0.0794 0.0134 492.54%

projekt 26 328 23 754 0.0734 0.0296 147.97%prozess 21 163 18 235 0.1141 0.0711 60.48%einkauf 1 52 7 156 0.0189 0.0429 -126.98%

informatik 52 536 39 619 0.0884 0.0593 49.07%logistik 7 317 18 923 0.0216 0.0191 13.08%

management 24 203 6 384 0.1057 0.0154 586.36%accounting 8 106 8 188 0.0702 0.0408 72.06%

Table: List of job search terms and metrics (Austria)

Applications - Results 33 / 36

Credential Inflation - Germany

search term grad core !grad core grad peri !grad peri cred. ratio core cred. ratio peri effect in %

controlling 221 1215 928 6059 0.1539 0.1328 15.89%marketing 187 1154 508 3880 0.1394 0.1158 20.38%

projekt 111 567 532 3494 0.1637 0.1321 23.92%prozess 172 893 874 4776 0.1615 0.1548 4.33%einkauf 36 330 193 1930 0.0983 0.0909 8.14%

informatik 128 543 535 2465 0.1907 0.1783 6.95%logistik 65 741 389 7657 0.0806 0.0483 66.87%

management 204 1264 840 5749 0.1390 0.1274 9.11%accounting 4 68 11 225 0.0555 0.0466 19.10%

Table: List of job search terms and metrics (Germany)

Applications - Results 34 / 36

Outline

I General Framework

I Motivation

I Critical Assumptions

I Theory Comparison

I Methodological ApproachI HarvestingI Text Mining

I Applications - ResultsI Finance Jobs GermanyI Marketing Jobs PolandI Marketing Jobs SpainI Credential Inflation

I Conclusion and Further Outlook

Conclusion and Further Outlook 35 / 36

Conclusion

I Automated analysis of job announcements can help to addinformation in several fields

I Observation of job related information could generally help to supportdecision making processes in HEI’s

I Further research could focus on changes over time

I The importance of text sources will increase in social science

Conclusion and Further Outlook 36 / 36