The Visual Framing of the Three Cycles of Climate Control in in the New York Times (1851-Present)

Diesel Power, Source Interlink Media, 2008 to 2012-Initiallty wanted to write about and build electric cars. -Focused on mechanical hybrids, liquid fuels from the sun, advanced combustion.-Communicated environmental messages to an unconcerned and environmentally hostile audience. Hot Rod in 50’s returning G.I. same today. -Wrote and photographed more than 350 articles and online content. -New boss said I was too green.-Supported carbon tax and green initiatives, feared ocean acidification, wanted more info on climate change. I’m an environmentalist & BWCAW enthusiast. -Undergraduate classes Dynamic Earth & MN Rocks and Waters; orbital effects made me question man’s effect on climate change but even if wrong I thought OK since it was for good cause (Pascal’s Wager). 3rd World Traveler Owen Lattimore

U.S.-Mongolian-KoreanNepal Nepal-China-Bangladesh Relations 1880-1930 William Appleman Williams

Winona State –Alex Yard Energy=Human Right Imperialism Poverty Clean Air

Jason Thompson

Dr. Lachniet: “Paleoclimatology’s Role in Enhanced Weathering” Sonics + Distributed Power

Dr. Carlton: Business Organization Theory“The Garbage Can Model of Decision Making” (Hart & Victor)

ICCC9 & NCES Conferences Stephen Bates: 1st Amendment Law “Regulating or Searching for Truth”

Dr. KilkerPrivacy & SurveillancePanoptic Effect of CO2 & resource monitoringDeveloping vs. developed =Failed Treaty

UNLV, MA JMSAdvisor: Dr. Lawrence

Mullen

LV Rotary Club “Why Climate Models Fail”

slideshare:

BROOKINGS MOUNTAIN WEST | UNLVBy: Jason ThompsonFor: William E. Brown Jr.“Liquid Fuels vs. The Grid:An Energy Policy Road Map to Decentralization or Centralization”

Multi-Displinary Approach to Studying Climate Change

Method & Theory

Q: What is Journalism?A: Communications produced by journalists.

Q: Who are journalists? Who Should be?

A: Imbedded experts in the science field or harvest stories from experts and coach them.Q: How can we make science journalists better?A: Take a scientist and make her a journalist or take a journalist and make her a scientist? We need journalists to be experts not Ron Burgundy.

Scientists are people

“media exert considerable power on the public and political agenda” and “may shape public understanding of topics…as ‘knowledge about science comes largely through mass media, not through scientific publications or direct involvement in science” (Scholte, Vasileiadou & Petersen, 2013, p. 2).

It is pictures rather than propositions, metaphors rather than statements, which determine most of our philosophical convictions.(by ?)

Fleming’s history influenced climate geoengineering communication professors like Mike Hulme, Kate Porter, Brigitte Nerlich, and Rusi Jaspal who have all cited his historical work in their communication journal articles. Nerlich and Hulme told me no visual analysis on this topic done yet but is needed.

WHYSTUDYClimateControl?

JFK warned against weather modification last speech NAS 1963

Operation PopeyeUN InterventionCycle 2

Not a new topic

WHAT?

“several of the biologists, oceanographers, and atmospheric scientists who advised governments on the 1977 treaty to ban military uses of environmental modification—the ENMOD convention—were enlisted to craft the first major reports on anthropogenic climate change” (Hamblin, 2013, p. 10)

J. O. Fletcher argued that climate science “must follow what he considered an

inevitable four-stage progression: observation, understanding, prediction, and control”

(Fleming, 2010, p. 238).

Framing helps individuals “construct a general statement regarding the structure, or form, of experiences individuals have at any moment of their social life --Erving Goffman

Organizing Experience

A “code” is “a device which informs and patterns all events that fall within the boundaries of its application” (Goffman, 1974, p. 8).

the picture frame tells the viewer that he is not to use the same sort of thinking in interpreting the picture that he might use in interpreting the wallpaper outside the frame --Gregory Bateson (defined framing according to Irving Goffman as math set theory and actual picture frame)“The major problems in the world are the

result of the difference between how nature works and the way people think” ― Gregory Bateson

Bateson gave LSD to Allen Ginsberg re-directing environmentalism.Married to Margret Mead who wrote Atmosphere Endangered & Endangering with NIH

1. Only 8% of the Public Correctly Identified Geoengineering

3. Text And Climate Change Gets More Attention Than

Visuals and Geoengineering/Climate Control 1st Study!

2. One of the main goals of the discussion in the IPCC reports is to “take into account the possible impacts and side effects and their implications for mitigation cost in order to define the role of geoengineering within the portfolio of response options to anthropogenic climate change.” (IPCC, 2011)

Cycle 1: 1851-1940(Rainmaking & Ethics Cycle 2: 1940-2006 (Weather as War / UN/Environment) Cycle 3: 2006-2014 (Geoengineering)

1. War 2. People 3. Fix 4. Impacts

The Three Cycles of Climate Control (Fleming)

The Four Frames

The search words included “climate control”, “geoengineering”, “climatic change”, “weather control”, “climate change”, “climate warfare”, “rainmaking” and “climate modification” in ProQuest & Lexis-Nexis

Sampling

Unit ofAnalysis:Just images in Articles

Research Questions• What types of visual frames can be found in The

New York Times to describe geoengineering? If any.

• What is the most and least occurring frame? • Do the frames occur most and least during

specific years, decades, or other events?• Is the Down’s Issue Attention Cycle present? • Are there more scientists represented in the past

or more recent media reports? (Trumbo says science has left the building)

People FrameMost prevalentIn Visual Climate Change Research (O’Neill and Smith, 2014)

Fix framesymbolized with tools and anthropogenic artifacts

1

2

3

4

5

I think: We need to communicate more science in order to have more effective science communication. Deficit model

Current Science communication paradigm: Says less science is better focus on the values and beliefs.

Results

209 images

25 articles from each cycle

Challenges & Problems

Black and White 1851-1993

Color 1993

Various definitions used by various parties.

Intercoder reliability was at

Validity had issues since it was subjective.

The accord itself is weak mainly because it does not contain any commitments by the developed countries to cut their emissions in the medium term. Perhaps the reason for this most glaring omission is that the national pledges so far announced amount to only a 11-19% overall reduction by the developed countries by 2020 (compared to 1990), a far cry from the over 40% target demanded by the developing countries and recent science.

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009copenhagenclimate/2010-01/01/content_9254892.htm

http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/air_pollution.htmThe World Health

Organization estimates that 4.6 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution.