The Vietnamese Health Care System - bookshop.iseas.edu.sg

353

INDEX

AACE Life, 182administration, correcting social

conditions, 58administrative sector, inclusion of

certain employees, 253administrative system, 260adverse selection, 69aesthetic services, 230Agent Orange Working Group, 219aggregated data, 113AIA, 182Anti-Corruption Agencies, 249authoritarian regime, legitimacy, 61authoritarian regimes, rationale for

social policy, 5agricultural sector, 74army, disassociation from enterprises,

117artificial limbs, 230annual central budget, 120Asian Development Bank (ADB), 148,

160, 162ASEAN, relations with, 74Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), 80embargo of, 80relations with, 74associational groups, 153American Red Cross, 170

avian influenza, 109, 218, 223annual budget allocation, 124AusAID, 156, 157

BBac Giang, 135, 153Bac Ninh, 138Bao Viet, 182Barisan Sosialis, Singapore, 61Boa Viet, 180Boaviet InterGlobal Healthcare, 182belief system, 55Belgian Technical Cooperation, 156Binh Dan, privatization of, 209Bilateral Trade Agreement, United

States, 80blurred boundary, 52bribery, fluid funds, 56Brunei, state monopoly on use of

violence, 51Budget Law of, 218, 1996budgetary transparency, 61Bumrungrad International, 176bureaucracy, effective, key prerequisite,

59

Ccabinet, 261Cambodia

invasion of, 74, 91

10 Viet_HealthSystem.indd 353 5/9/12 4:48:46 PM

Masiah

Text Box

Reproduced from The Vietnamese Health Care System in Change: A Policy Network Analysis of a Southeast Asian Welfare Regime by Kerstin Priwitzer (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2012). This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Individual articles are available at < http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg >

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354 Index

peace treaty, 80Capital Aid Fund for Employment

of the Poor (CEP), 147, 156capitalism, Esping-Andersen’s

assumption, 34Care International, 158, 168, 170Caritas International, 168catastrophic health expenditures, 20Central Committee of the Communist

Party, 99, 196, 261, 217central government, legitimacy of, 226central health budget, 107Central Highlands, 107

arrival at, 94Dega Protestantism, 188disconnected from rest of country,

245operational CHCs, 106projects, 166

Central Provident Fund, 62central state agencies, 53centralized administrative system, logic

of, 140Centre for Rural Development

(CRD), 155certification, health professionals, 110charities, 158children, health insurance, 132Chile, public social insurance system,

69China, financial aid from, 97cholera, 101Civil Code, 77civil organizations, 153civil servants, low wages, 194civil service, 59

exposure to conflicting rules, 59Civilizing Mandate, 99co-payment

end of, 197objections against, 207

coffee, exporter of, 77Colgate, 108

collective action, effective, 63collective leadership, 212collective mastery, definition, 73collective system, failure in South

Vietnam, 74Colonial Health Advisory Council, 100Colonial Health Corps, 100commercial health insurance, 180commercial insurance, law on, 185Commercial Law, 77Commission for Propaganda and

Education, 251Commission on Education, 199Commission on Propaganda and

Education, 200, 205inability to intervene in

policymaking process, 200Commission on Science and

Education, 199Committee for Ethnic Minorities

(CEM), 213Committee on Finance and Budget,

216Committee on Legal Affairs, 216Committee on Social Affairs, 214,

215, 216Communal People’s Committee, 138communal private health practitioners,

177, 178Commune Health Centres (CHCs),

44, 45, 49, 97, 106–7, 138, 148, 173, 230, 245

first point of contact for the ill, 104communicable disease prevention, 166Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV),

72, 101, 193, 198, 249, 259adoption of market-Leninist regime,

12Communist Review, 199Community-Based Organizations

(CBOs), 147, 153, 157, 247improvement of people’s income, 2working with NGOs, 251


Index 355

Communitarianism, 62Community-Based Organizations

(CBOs), 46compulsory insurance contributions,

financing of social policy, 6compulsory scheme, active and retired

workers in public sector, 131Conference of Medical Workers, 101Confucianism, reinterpretation, 62Confusionist culture, 10Constitution (1992), 8, 197Consultative Group (CG), 219contribution collection, 136cooperative systemcollapse, 106

decline, 103coordination problems, developing

countries, 55corruption

difficulty in tracking user fees, 48corruption, 67, 76cost-free goods, 45Consumer Protection Unit, 192Consumer Unity & Trust Society

(CUTS), 180Council for Mutual Economic

Relations (COMECON), 91, 159Vietnam accession to, 74

Council of Judges, 263cream skimming, 51, 69cross-subsidization, 124, 125Cultural Revolution, 101curative and preventive care, 49, 104,

106curriculum guidelines, training of

health professionals, 110

DDai Ichi Life, 182Dak Lak, 106Danish Red Cross, 158Daughters of Our Lady of the Rosary,

158

de-collectivization, 79de-commodification, 89de-familization, 44decentralization

project management, 167privatization, 75regulatory power, 49

decentralization process, financial and administrative, 220

decentralization schemes, 117decentralized system, 60decision-making, participation of

population, 55defamilization, 246definitions

collective mastery, 73health inequality, 8inequality, 21social policy, 6social protection, 7welfare regime, 7

Dega Protestants, 159, 188democratic centralism, 74democratic governance, 223democratization, East Asian countries,

10Department of Drugs and

Pharmaceuticals, 204Department of Health (DOH), 104Department of Health Insurance, 204,

207, 233developing new law on health

insurance, 227Department of Planning and Finance,

113Department of Planning and

Investment, 205, 207, 233Department of Preventive Medicine,

204Department of Public Expenditure

and Administration, 208Department of Reproductive Health,

204


356 Index

Department of Social Protection, 17Department for Traditional Medicine

and Pharmacy, 204Departments of Health, 216developing countries

analysis of social policy, 52coordination problems, 55electorate, control function of, 60information systems, 59tax systems., 3welfare mix in, 43

Development of Drug Industry and Medical Supply Model, 113

development, path dependent, 37, 38diarrhea, 88Dien Bien, 83Diethelm Vietnam Co. Ltd, 179direct reimbursement, 135Disability Working Group, 219disease treatment, fund for, 137distribution, 106distributive justice, 89District hospitals, 107division of responsibilities, 44Do Nguyen Phuong, 199, 205dominant mode of production, 34dominant social relationship, 35Dominican Sisters, 158Doi Moi, 72

health care system, 104–14introduction of, 75new development strategy, 75–76

Dong Nai, 95donor community, 222influencing intellectual framework,

250Donor report, 223Donor Working Groups, 219donors, influence of, 221donor-government relations, 167draft legislation, 214Drafting Committee of the New

Health Insurance Law, 227

drug addiction, 230Drug Administration of Vietnam

(DAV), 112, 179Drug Inspectorate, 113drugs

monopole situation, 191prices, 180sales, source of income for CHCs,

123Drug Quality Control Institute, 112Drug Quality Control station, 113

EEast Asia

newly industrialising countries, 9output of state, 50

East Asian countriesas productivist welfare regimes, 10social policy programme

development, 11socio-economic transition, 4welfare regimes, analysis, 11

East Asian productivist welfare regime, 245

East Meets West Foundation, 108Eastern Europe, contrast to, 23economic growth, 76–78economic opening process, 89economic isolation, 74Economist Intelligence Unit, Index of

Democracy, 23economy of envelope, 152education

NTPs, 213role in high levels of equality, 66

educational institutions, affected by incomplete policy framework, 110

Eighth Communist Party’s Central Committee, Resolution No. 7, 111

emergency and relief, ODA involvement, 164


Index 357

employment, NTPs, 213Enterprise Law, 77entrepreneurial freedom, 75environmental degradation, side effect

of, 84environmental downsides of

investment, 81epistemic communities, 61, 65Esping-Andersen, 9

assumptions, capitalism, 34differentiating between types of

risks, 66regime model, 241supposition of welfare regime, 12

ethnic minorities, 82, 83disadvantaged, 84seeking medical advice, 85

excise tax, financing of social policy, 6executive, 261exercise of authority, 50Expanded Programme of

Immunization (EPI), 108, 122expenditure allocation, health, 120expenditures, 126export orientation, 80-82exports, growth, 76external aid, overcoming internal

production shortcomings, 74external assistance (ODA), 120eye defects, 230

Ffamily, source of informal security

system, 45famines, 77farmer co-operatives, 79Farmers’ Union, 153, 261farming, shrimp, 88fee exemptionsfailure of, 3

scheme, 98, 133fee-for-service system, alternatives to,

231

Fforde, 233finacial crisis, scarcity of medicine, 103financial decentralization, 69advantages, 69fiscal decentralization, 117fiscal responsibility, 61fishing, 88Five-year Plan for People’s

Health Protection, Care and Improvement, 206

flagship companies, 88fluid funds, 56food insecurity, 88food poverty line, 96Ford Foundation, 170Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 72

increase in, 76increased inflow, 80registration and disbursement, 81

Foreign Invested Enterprises, revenue, 115

Foreign Investment Law, 77formal fees, 116Fourth Vietnam Workers Party

Congress, 73France, drug imports from, 179French missionaries, 99French hospital, Hanoi, 175fund flows, 139funds, 158

GGDP growth (1976-2010), 78gender stratification, 35general financing, 116General Statistics Office (GSO), 18,

92, 100German Technical Cooperation

(GTZ), 156Germany, drug imports from, 179Gini coefficient, 85GlaxoSmithKline, 180Global Fund, 160


358 Index

Global Fund to Fight Aids, 165Government, 200Government Resolution No. 5, 202,

203Government Resolution No. 90, 202Great Depression, 101Great Eastern, 182GTZ Poverty Reduction Project, 17

HHa Tinh, 156Hai Duong, 135, 153Hai Phong, 128Hanoi, 77

French hospital, 175Hanoi Medical University, 142health

factors contributing to achievements, 8

public expenditure on, 119health administration, levels, 104health care

public expenditure, 118public financing of, 114-125state expenditure, 117state revenues for, 114utilization, 125utilization among poor, 139universalization, 70

health care facilities, decision-making, 174

Health Care Fund for the Poor (HCFP), 2, 15, 98, 124, 134, 153

health care sector, fragmentation, 47health care services

free of charge, 102liberalization, 104

health care system, 104equality, 2key health workers, 111market solution, 47opening to market, 41

public, 148structure, 105

health expenditurecatastrophic, 21public and private, 150sources of, 121

health expenditures, source of, 149health inequality, definition, 8health insurance

children under six, 132commercial, 180compulsory, 98, 131coverage, 129major schemes, 125–46for poor, 133–36premium, 114private prepaid insurance, 46universalization, 98voluntary, 136

health and social equity, 196health and social insurance, 1health care, NTPs, 213health care facility, 230Health Care Fund, 251Health Care Fund for the Poor

(HCFP), 197, 205, 220, 224, 246

health care services, provision, 183health care system

analysis, 248financing of, 232

health equityachievement of, 195collective leadership, 212pursuit of, 241status, 196

health examinations, routine, 230health expenditure, private, 185Health Financial Group, 220health financing system, 195health insurance

compulsory, 203draft, 215


Index 359

fostering universalization, 218law, 215under MOLISA, 201

health insurance cards, 135, 156, 211electronic, 225

Health Insurance Department, 211Health Insurance Fund (HIF), 99,

114, 124–25, 126, 246sustainability of, 212

health insurance law, making of, 228health insurance membership,

distribution, 130health insurance regulations, resistance

to implementation of, 211health insurance schemes, 1, 127health insurance system, image

problem, 227Health Management Information

System (HMIS), 98, 113–14, 245

Health Partnership Group (HPG), 219, 123

health policy, insights, 241health professionals, training, 105,

109–12health protection, 214

informal security regime, 2–5health protection reform, 3health sector

external assistance, 160leading donors, 160

Health Sector Master Plan, 206health services, marketization, 48health shocks, source of poverty, 44Health Strategy and Policy Institute,

204health workers

salaries, 107village, 122

healthcare workforce, training, 112heavy industry, 74HIV/AIDs services, improvements in,

218

HIV/AIDs Technical Working Group, 219

Hmong Protestants, 159Ho Chi Minh City, 77, 90, 101, 156,

157civil servants shifting to private

sector, 111foreign remittances, 151

Ho Chi Minh National Political Academy, 233

Ho Chi Minh Youth Union, 261Hong Kong, welfare regime,

facilitative, 22Hospital Report (2007), 174hospital services

grants, 166inventory, 174

hospitalsbudgeting strategies, 108management, 59

household contract system, 75, 91household registration system, 88households, female headed, 85Hue Medical School, 102human capital formation, role of

health, 5human development, ODA

involvement, 164Human Development Index (HDI), 23human rights, promotion of, 223human security, 21Hunger Eradication and Poverty

Reduction Programme (HEPR), 133, 213

Iimplementation agency, 137implementation model, top-down,

rationale, 52implementation regulation, 136income gaps, 133Indigenous Medical Assistance scheme,

100


360 Index

Indochinese Union, 140Indonesia, New Order, 61industrialization, export sectors, 245inequality, 82

definition, 21factors affecting degree of, 41

infant mortality rate (IMR), 83inflation rates, 85, 89informal fees, 116, 173informal security regime, 33–39, 38,

39, 40, 243, 248, 249, 252health protection, 2-5lack of organizational logic, 20socio-economic setting, 72–96structural problems, outcomes, 3welfare outcomes, 42, 244

information systems, developing countries, 59

inpatient treatment, 123insecurity regime, 38, 40Inspectorate of the Ministry of

Finance, 208institutional consolidation, 59institutional landscape, 36, 38institutional responsibility mix,

components, 44insurance

compulsory contributions, 6health, commercial, 180health and social, 1unemployment, 2

insurance schemes, non-governmental associations, 155

insurance programmes, as a social policy, 6

integration, export-orientation, 72Inter-Ministerial ODA Committee,

161international convergance, policy areas,

61International Development Research

Centre, 180International Donor Conference, 160

International Labour Organization (ILO), 222

international migration, 186International Non-Governmental

Organizations (INGOs), 184financial and technical assistance,

247International Red Cross, 169international integration, 80, 80–82international isolation, 72International Labour Organization,

definition of social security, 7International Non-Governmental

Organizations (INGOs), 6, 148, 155, 159, 167–69

channeling of funds through mass organizations, 168

major, 170working with health-related

governmental bodies, 168international policy environment, 183international remittances, 151intra-household transfers, 152InWent, 17iron rice bowl, 67issue-oriented organizations, 154

JJapan, 160, 162

financial aid from, 80inclusion in comparison of welfare

states, 9unions, 66welfare state, 22

Japan Fund for Information and Communication Technology (JFICT), 225

Joint Annual Health Review (JAHR), 220

judiciary, 263

KKai Hong Ng, 23


Index 361

Kinh farmers, 88Klein, Walls, 140Korea, welfare regime, developmental-

universalist, 22KT1 residents, right to purchase land,

95

Llabour force, reproduction, 62labour market policy, 6labour unions, Singapore, 61Land Law, 77Law on Associations, 154Law on Commercial Insurance, 182Law on Examination and Treatment,

112Law on External Investment, 80law on health insurance, study of

implementation process, 232Law on People’s Health Protection and

Care, 196Law on Protection, Care and

Education of Children, 132Le Duan, death of, 75legal regulation, lack of, 149Lee Kuan Yew, 62legislative, 262Leninist ideas, 222life insurers, 182life long tenure, 67Long An, preference for private

providers, 107

Mmalaria, 100Malaysia

race riots, 61state monopoly on use of violence,

51malnutrition, 88Manulife, 182major infrastructure, ODA

involvement, 164

market, 169major force, 247market integration, adoption, 41market-governed system, side effects,

48market-Leninist regime, 12Marxist ideas, 222Marxist-Leninist ideology, 101mass organizations, 183medical tourists, 175medical replacement supplies, 230medicine, private practice, decree on,

175means-test, provision of social policy,

5medical assistance programmes, 100medical education, 110

reform, 110medical savings account, financing of

social policy, 6medical workforce registration system,

112Medicoast resort, Vung Tau, 176Mega Product Vietnam Co. Ltd, 179Meiji restoration, 62Mekong Delta, 73, 88

exposure to natural disasters, 152projects, 166

micro-credit programmes, as a social service, 6

middlemeneffect of, 64preference for term, 71

migrationdisruption to family systems, 45international, 186unregistered, 109

migrant workers, 85, 151migrants, unregistered, 152Minister of Natural Resources, 82Minister of Planning and Investment,

216Ministerial Office, 208


362 Index

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), 213

Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), 109, 213

determination of financial means, 214Ministry of Finance, 16, 208, 209

allocation of budget for health institutions, 122

role, 58Ministry of Health (MOH), 14, 16,

99, 148, 204, 205, 209decision, Promulgating Regulations

on Medicine Registration, 179establishment of health equity, 243expenditure, 98

Ministry of Home Affairs, 208draft of Law on Associations, 154

Ministry of Interior, 210Ministry of Labour, Invalids and

Social Affairs (MOLISA), Department of Social Protection, 1, 16, 17, 186, 213

Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), 120, 161, 208

mode of production, dominant, 34, 38

monopole situation, pharmaceutical distributors, 181

monopoles, negative impact of, 180mountainous areas, increase in

diseases, 133multi-stakeholder decision-making, 53Mutual Aid Fund of Elderly

Association, 156Mutual Aid Fund of the Women’s

Union, 156

NNam Dinh, 156National Assembly, 16, 137, 154, 195,

215, 248National Assembly’s Committee on

Social Affairs, 226

National Committee on Population, Family and Child Affairs, 113

national community, 153–59National Conference on Malaria, 109national leaders, making informed

decisions, 58national decentralization, 81National Health Accounts (NHA),

122, 123National Health Support Project

(NHSP), 165, 167National Institute of Hygiene and

Epidemiology (NIHE), 108National Institute of Malariology, 108National Institute of Nutrition, 108national Institutes of Nutrition, 104national investment, 89national leadership, plugging of gaps

in fragmented state power, 248National Malaria Control Programme,

108National Party Congress, 196National Poverty Line, 83National Public Administration

Reform (PAR) Programme, 253national revenue, 115National Target Programmes (NTPs),

99, 108, 120, 138, 161, 204, 220

education, 213epidemics, 165health care, 213INGOs operating in, 168financing, 109plan to abandon system of, 225poverty reduction, 213sanitation, 213vertical programmes, 217

National Target Programme on Clean Water and Hygienic Environment in Rural Areas, 213

National Target Programme on Education and Training, 213


Index 363

National Target Programme for Poverty Reduction, 213

favoured by MOLISA, 229national transfers, 98national voluntary sector, 153natural resources, ODA involvement,

164network analysis, informal political

decision, 52network analysis approach, 251network approach, 53New Order, Indonesia, 61New York Life, 182newly industrializing countries, East

Asia, 9Ng Kai Hon, 23Nghe An, 156Ngo Vinh Long, 90Nguyen Bieu, 211Nguyen Phu Trong, 195Nguyen Quoc Trieu, 112Nguyen The Chinh, 81Nguyen Thi Lan Anh, 180Nguyen Thi Xuyen, 137Nguyen Van Hai, 253Nguyen Viet Chien, 253Ninh Binh, 128non-governmental organizations

(NGOs)cooperation with mass

organizations, 147development, 61engagement in rural development

projects, 46side effect of engagement with, 69pushing through ideas, 226Vietnamese, 155

non-food expenditures, monthly, 153non-profit sector, 46non-state actors, impact of, 67North Central, 169North Vietnam, health, 101North West, project, 166

Northern Uplands, disconnection from rest of country, 245

Novartis, 180NTP on Clean Water and Hygienic

Environment in Rural Areas, 213NTP on Education and Training, 213nutrition transition, 88

Ooil, revenue from, 114Office of the National Assembly, 214official charges, introduction of, 174Official Development Assistance

(ODA), 148, 159, 161increase in commitment, 162major sectors of involvement, 164

Ordinance on Beliefs and Religions, 186

pledged and disbursed, 163Ordinance on Economic Contracts, 77Ordinance on Private Practices of

Medicine and Pharmacy, 173Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD), 91

Oxfam, 170Oxfam International, 168out-of-pocket payments, 6, 125outpatient service, 172outward-oriented strategy, 76overcrowding, 77

PPacific Consultants International

(PCI), 189paradox, 43Paris Declaration, 148

donor harmonization, 166Parkway Health, Singapore, 176Party champions, 14Party Secretariat, 261Pathfinder International, 170path-dependent development, 37, 38


364 Index

peace treaty, Cambodia, 80People Living With HIV/Aids

(PLWHA), 158People’s Aid Coordinating Committee

(PACCOM), 159, 167People’s Committee of An Giang, 218People’s Committees, 154, 217, 218,

262allocation of funds, 123

People’s Councils, 219People’s Credit Funds (PCFs), 157pepper, exporter of, 77personal accident insurance, Bao Viet,

182personal income tax (PIT), 114, 216

collection of, 237law, 144revenues from, 116

Pham Khoi Nguyen, 82Phan Manh Hung, 200, 205, 206pharmaceutical production, 106Pharmaceutical University, Ho Cho

Minh City, 209Phung Quoc Hien, 216Pierson, C., 68Plan International, 168, 170pneumonia, 88polarized cleavage structures, 56policy and institutional support, ODA

involvement, 164policy brokers, 14, 64policy diffusion, 64policy interdependencies, 183policy learning, 63, 64policy making

according to Heclo, 63changing procedures, 222

policy netowk, power relation, 55policy network

actors inside, 53foundation, 53

policy network analysis, 252inadequacy, 232

policy network analysis, finding, 52

Politburo, 199, 261policy networks, 53political conflict, keeping within

limits, 64political mobilization, dominant, 35, 38political system, 259Population and Family Planning

Project (PFPP), 165Population Council, 170poverty, 82poverty reduction, NTPs, 213

caused by health shocks, 44incidence, 84

poverty line, 82, 135preventive medicine, 102, 104, 108–9Prevoir, 182private clinics

application for licence, 177experimentation on, 207operation of, 177

private health facilitiesemergence, 171inspections, 173officially registered, 172

private health personnel, licensed, 171private hospitals, 175, 176

application for licence, 177concentration in cities, 176

private sector, problem of complicated legal and regulatory framework, 79

private organizations, transfer of state functions to, 60

private pharmaceutical companies, 179private pharmacies, 178private practice, traditional healers,

175private provider network, 147–92,

246, 247Vietnam, 14

private workers, contributing to health insurance fund, 131

privatizationsocial services, 79success of, 75


Index 365

privatization, adoption of, 41Programme 132, 213Promulgating Regulation on Medicine

Registration, Ministry of Health decision, 179

Project Management Units, 166under Ministry of Health, 204productivist model, 43productivist welfare regimes, 10, 62Protestant Church of Vietnam, 158provider network, 43–44Provincial Committees, 180Provincial Departments of Health,

178Provincial Fund Management Boards

(PFMB), 134Provincial Health Authority, 113Provincial People’s Committee, 73Provincial People’s Councils, 116provincial poverty incidence, 84Prudential, 182public health care system,

privatization, 97public expenditure, health, 120public health care system, restraints

on, 148public health facilities, rural-urban

distribution, 172public health system, 197public hospitals

accountability, 116privatization of, 177public projects, financing of, 49public provider network, 13, 245, 246public-private welfare mix, 193public sector, decline of quality and

payment, 111

QQuang Ninh, 156

Rrace riots, Malaysia, 61Raffles Hospital (Singapore), 176, 191

Rafi Kot, 176rational maximization of utility, 54Red Cross, 154, 184Red River, 73Red River delta, 169reforms, rapid, social cost, 201regime typologies, 12regulation

implementation, 51lack of legal regulation, 149prerequisites of, 51supervision, 51

regulatory design, 51regulatory network, 248, 249

importance of different actors in, 56–61

marked by policy ups and downs, 232

regulatory policy network, 57, 193–240

belief system, 54–56regulatory policy network analysis, 14regulatory power, decentralization, 49rent-seeking behaviour, 194remittances, source of external

development funding, 45Research and Training Centre for

Community Development (RTCCD), 155

research institutes, 155under guidance of Ministry of

Health, 204residual warfare model, 65Resource Centre, 184resource exchanges, 139

within political party structures, 58

reunification, 102–3revenues, 126rice, exporter of, 77risk management, form of, 139risk pooling, 124, 125

programmes, 46rules and regulations, conflicting, 59


366 Index

rural development, ODA involvement, 164

Rural Development Service Centre (RDSC), 155

Ssale of land, 73safety network of trust, informal, 152sanitation, 213Save the Children, 168, 170savings, form of risk sharing, 147savings and credit associations, 157savings account, medical, 6savings schemes, non-governmental

associations, 155school children, Boa Viet issued, 136self medication, 100

importance of, 191semi-public sector, 175Service of Social Assistance, 100Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

(SARS), 108shrimp farming, 88Singapore

Central Provident Fund, 62labour unions, 62state monopoly on use of violence,

51welfare regime, developmental-

particularist, 22Sixth Plenum of the Central

Committee, 76smallpox, 101social health insurance, 128, 128–32

schemes, 237social insurance fund, 210, 237social assistance system, 4Social Committee of the National

Assemblycollection of public opinion, 228drafting new law on health

insurance, 227social facilities, use of, 95social governance, 52

social indicators, 83social inequalities, reduction during

planned economy, 93social insecurity, 61–65social insurance premiums, 120social insurance system, 116social learning, 64social policy, 242

analysis of, in developing countries, 52

assumptions, 5-8definitions, 6financing of, 6further study, 252nature of, 37, 38provision based on means-tests, 5

social policy initiatives, 61social policy legislation, analysis, 13social protection, 17

definition, 7policy learning, 61private provision, 10

social relationship, dominant, 35, 38social responsibility, 112social rights, United Nations’

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 65

social security, definition by ILO, 7social services

financial base, 50financing of, 3forms of, 6private market provision, 48privatization, 79

societal governance structure, 52socio-economic setting, four elements,

41socialist orientation, 196social policy, political means to

stability, 9social protection, role of family, 246social rights, 242social safety net, natural, 183social stratification, 82


Index 367

social system, family based, 186socialism, under, 102–3socialization, 79socialization process, emphasis as

necessary, 203Socio-economic Development Plan

(SEDP), 206socio-economic setting, 243, 244Son La, 156, 217source of livelihood, dominant, 35, 38South east, projects, 166Southeast Asian countries, public

expenditure, 118South Vietnam, health, 102Southeast Asia, role of state, 51Soviet Union

financial aid from, 97systems, transplantation into

Vietnam, 90State Bank of Viet Nam (SBV), 161,

213squatter settlements, 45state

identification, 48investment in research institutes, 49role of, Southeast Asia, 51welfare role of, measurement, 50

State Budget law, 219state form, 36, 38state expenditure, health care, 117–24state functions, transfer to private

organizations, 60state of research, 8–12

interview difficulties, 17interview technique used, 16sample sizes, 19

State-Owned Enterprises (SOE), 11, 73benefit from health insurance, 201downsizing of, 79number of workers employed, 92revenue, 115

Strategic Orientation for the Care and Protection of the People’s Health, decree, 178

Strategy for Health Care, 133stratification, 35statistical information, investment in,

114stratification, 89Supreme People’s Court, 263Swedish International Development

Agency (SIDA), 18, 148, 162, 179, 223

TTaiwan, welfare regime,

developmental-universalist, 22Tao Yeu Fund (TYM Fund), 147tax regime, 114tax system, developing countries, 3taxes, financing of social policy, 6technical knowledge, international

experts, 60temporary residence permission, 88Ten-Year Socio-Economic

Development Plan (SEDP), 202

Thai Binh Bac Thai, 128Thailand, medical tourism, 176Thanh Nien Daily, 18The Global Fund, 190The Three Worlds of Welfare

Capitalism, 1Theil index, 86, 94Thich Lhong Tanh, 159Thich Quang Do, 159theoretical assumptions, 12–15theoretical framework, 25–71

analysis of welfare states to informal security regimes, 25–27

community, 46–47East Asian and Southeast Asian

Welfare Regimes, 30–33household, 44–45informal security regime, 33–39,

39–40insecurity regime, 40market, 47–48


368 Index

network analysis, 40–41provider network, 43regulatory network, 50–54socio-economic setting, 41–43state, 48-50

Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, 27–30

welfare regime, 40–41Three Meta Welfare Regimes, 38Titmuss, Richard, 68Toward Ethnic Women (TEW), 155traditional healers, 175traditional medical system, 97traditional medicine, 166training

healthcare workforce, 112NTPs, 213

transition process, 89tuberculosis, reported cases, 142Tuberculosis Programme, 122Tran Thi Trung Chien, 205Truong Chinh, 90Tue Tinh clinics, 187Tuoi Tre, 180, 253TYM scheme, 187typologies, welfare regime, 1

Uundernourishment, 88unemployment, downsizing of SOEs,

79unemployment insurance, 2unemployment rate, 77Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam

(UBCV), 158, 188Unilever, 108United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP), 18United Nations International

Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 148, 162

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 148, 162

United Nation’s Specialist Agency, 222

University of Hanoi, 18universal coverage, 139universal health insurance, 207, 215

achievement of, 229user fees, 20, 123, 173costly administration of, 48health care, 118government use of, 3

urban poverty, 85

Vvaccination campaigns, 101value-added tax, financing of social

policy, 6Vets With A Mission, 169Veteran’s Union, 261Viet Duc hospital, 175Viet Nam Medical Assistance

Programme, 169Viet Nam Net, 18Viet Nam News, 18Vietnam

differences from East Asian countries, 4

donor community, 183entry into world market, 4external assistance to, 160governance structures, 194inflation, 87integration into international

market, 40integration of, 80land distribution, 88modernization, 1–2natural endowment, 96opening process, late 1970s, 73–75private provider network, 14reform process in, 73reunification, 159socio-economic setting, 13welfare regime, transition, 12whether productivist East Asian

welfare regime, 242WTO accession of, 179


Index 369

Vietnam Bank for Social Policy (VBSP), 152

Vietnam Competition Administration Department, 180

Vietnam Development Report, 17, 2008

Vietnam Environmental Economics Association, 81

Vietnam Farmer’s Union, 155Vietnam Fatherland Front, 209Vietnam General Confederation of

Labour, 95Vietnam Health Insurance Agency

(VHIA), 131, 209Vietnam Living Standard Surveys, 18Vietnam Living Standard Surveys

(VLSS), 18, 24Vietnam National Health Survey

(VNHS), 174Vietnam Pharmaceutical Management

Bureau, 179Vietnam Social Insurance, 209Vietnam Social Security (VSS), 16, 98,

155, 157, 201, 209, 210criticism of People’s Committees,

212levels, organizational levels, 210

Vietnam Social Security Organization, 237

Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys, 18

Vietnam Union of Friendship Organization (VUFO), 167

Vietnam Union of Friendship Organization, VUFO-NGO Centre, 251

Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations (VUSTA), 155

Vietnam-Sweden Health Cooperation, 205

Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha, 158Vietnamese General Confederation of

Labour, 261

Vietnamese National Drug Policy (VNDP), 178

Vietnamese National Drug Policy (VNDP), 184

Vietnamese Social Security (VSS), 223revenue increase, 230

village health workers (VHWs), 108, 122

village workers, 106voluntary health insurance, 136–38,

197voluntary health insurance scheme,

re-launch, 125Vo Van Kiet, 109Vogel, 9voluntary health insurance scheme, 99voluntary sector, 46, 154, 232

fragmented, 247VUFO-NGO Resource Centre, 167Vung Tau, 176

WWeber, Max, 69

state as legitimate agent, 49welfare regime, 7welfare outcomes, 36, 38

alteration of, 147analysis, 7influence of several factors, 241informal security regime, 244informal security regime, 42positive, 8

welfare regimeassumptions, 8definition, 7developmental-particularist, 22developmental-universalist, 22facilitative, 22Vietnam, 12

welfare regime typologies, 1welfare regimes, Western, 2welfare state

assumptions, 5–8East Asia, argument on levels, 9


370 Index

welfare state regime, 6, 38wellbeing, definition, 20Western medicine, introduction of,

99Western welfare regimes, 2women, social protection of, 45Women’s Union, 153, 154, 184, 187World Bank, 120, 156, 160, 162, 167,

230, 231

workers, landless, 88World Health Organization (WHO),

102, 148World Vision, 170World Vision International, 168

Zzones of contest, analysis, 194Zuellig Pharma Vietnam, 179


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