The Use of Unmanned Air Vehicle

The Use of Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAVs) in the War on Afghanistan

and the War on Iraq

Mohammed Dayraki104357965

Engineering, Military, & Society06-88-590-10

Instructor:Dr. Graham Reader

Leading Teaching Assistants:Lorraine Grodin

Shouvik DevKelvin Xie

Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Windsor

401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4

THE USE OF UAVS IN THE WAR ON AFGHANISTAN AND THE WAR ON IRAQ

The Project “The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the War on Afghanistan and the War on Iraq” and its content is the Original Work of Mohammed A. Dayraki (104357965).

Signature: ________________

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Abstract

The project talks about the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in both wars on

Afghanistan and Iraq. Its goal is to focus on the types of drones used and types of

missions those drones had. Starting with meaning of war, this paper highlights the

history of weapons used in major wars and then states the reasons lying behind wars. It

also gives a glimpse about the unmanned aerial vehicle and why are they sometimes

used instead of normal manned jets. AUVs are subsystems assembled together to act

as a whole system and while reading the paper, a lot of components will be introduced

and explained. Types of UAVs such as the Predator and the Shadow 200 are brought

into the paper as examples of drones used in the war on Afghanistan and Iraq. And by

summing up, the author talks about the future of drones and some ethics related to the

use of these drones in the battlefield.

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List of Contents

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

AIM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

A LOOK INTO WAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

THE FLASHBACK OF WEAPONS IN USE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

WHY WAR? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

THE WAR ON AFGHANISTAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .9

THE WAR ON IRAQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

WHAT IS A UAV? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

WHY UAV’S? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

UAV SYSTEM COMPOSITION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

TYPES OF UAVS USED IN IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

SPECIFIC MISSIONS ACCOMPLISHED BY UAVS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .23

MAP OF AFGHANISTAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

MAP OF IRAQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

APPENDIX A: UAV DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

APPENDIX B: UAV SYSTEM – FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

LIST OF REFERENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..29

LIST OF DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS, & ABBREVIATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

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Introduction

“War does not determine who is right. Only who is left” Bertrand Russell said. Although

The Use of UAVs in the War on Afghanistan and the War on Afghanistan doesn’t

go deep explaining this quote, this project opens the mind for the why and the how it

determines who is left. Going back in time, killing another human needed a man 5 feet

away with a sword to stab him. After that, rifles were created the ability to kill from

distance made it easier to kill because people are not witnessing the death directly

anymore. Today, the operator sitting behind the chair is not even recognized by the

victim but even though, killing is killing no matter what. The only difference is that the

more far you are, the safer you feel, and the easier to kill. This is war.

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Aim

The purpose of this project is to explain the components of an unmanned aerial vehicle,

to list the drones used in the war on Afghanistan and Iraq, and to specify unique

missions held by them.

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A Look into War

People talk about war in the terms of a right or a wrong thing. Others think that having

war comes from a moral judgment or a moral tradition. War itself is another world apart

from the world we are living where life is at stake and where there is no humanity. In

war, people do what they have to do to satisfy their selfishness. “In time of war the law

is silent” [1]. As the famous proverb says, “All’s fair in love and war” and this means

there’s no rules in love and war.

People can be faithful or faithless, they can be giving or receiving, they can be calm or

angry. In cases of love and war, betrayal is an option and seduction is an option too.

When we come for the question about the definition of war, we imagine death as an

answer. War means killing people without distinction of age, sex, or moral condition.

War means death without taking into consideration who’s right or who’s wrong. War

itself is a crime without looking deeper into that word.

The Flashback of Weapons in Use

“In order to attack the enemy’s strategy, we must understand the enemy and we must

understand war” Sun Tzu said [2]. This means that before going into war, we need to

take our time studying wars, their reasons, and how to deal with them in addition to

studying our enemy’s strength point, weakness points, gates, and walls. Technology

throughout history played a big role in defining what is violent and what is not. It raised

up our ability to assassinate and kill without the knowledge of the other part. The unique

thing about warfare technology is that it doesn’t kill its ancestor. A bronze age knife can

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still kill and so does a sniper or a drone. But we the humans seek more complex

weapons to make sure we are secure while we attack.

In the dawn of history, warriors started their battles using their bare hands to fight the

enemy. Upon picking up the first stone to hit the opponent, man realized that weapons

can be used to help with winning a fight. As a result, he started sharpening this stone for

more violent and more damage and by the time learned to throw the stone to increase

the safety of himself. Thus, killing from a distance was created so that the attacker will

be in the safety zone.

Why War?

When we took a look into war, we found that war itself is a crime. To have a wrong

result, we should have irrational reasons. There are three major reasons for humanity to

have wars through history. Starting with religion, this reason for war has been

considered a rational and convincing reason in the history of wars. Sometimes, wars

happened just to increase the size of population of one relation or decreasing another.

Most of the time, it’s done not by the choice of the leader but by the thought that a

higher authority is ordering that. Agreements in these cases are not taken into

consideration because the problem is the well-being and not this actions, according to

the attacker. One example is the Palestinian - Israel long-standing conflict. The problem

in this conflict is that no one can find an agreement to satisfy the two sides and this is

because the two sides believe that the other side’s presence is the problem and not his

actions.

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Another reason is revenge and by revenge, I don’t mean the repeated game of

punishments. Revenge is that emotion that goes behind irrational reasons for fights and

wars because it includes actions pushed by anger for things happened in the past and

not by strategies or real-time problems.

Ethnic cleansing is the third reason history witnessed. It shares the religion the taste of

having a larger social cake. This type of ideologies is not convincing and don’t have a

reasoned choice. Hitler wanted to dominate the world because he believed that his race

was had the right to do so. A lot of agreements failed including Munich Agreement and

that was because he wasn’t trustworthy. The failure of all the agreements was a result

of his believe that was “Me or no-one”.

As the letters shared between Einstein and Freud [4] shows that wars are act of human

nature. People seek power and are famous for willing to control and not to be controlled.

Like everything, there’s a group of people who are able to do so because of their

intelligence. This type of people controls schools, commercials, and press making it

easier to organize and sway the emotions of the masses turning them into tools.

Another reason was Right and Might which is being right and violence. Laws and rules

are created by those who were violence to prove themselves right. Thus, one is

developed out of the other. People in nature tend to prove themselves that they are right

and this happens by arguments and facts. If things didn’t work, some people turn into

violence or into what others may say “By Force” to prove that they are right.

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The War on Afghanistan

Washington asked the Taliban to surrender and give Bin Landen but Mullah Omar

refused again after the first refuse in 1998. As a result, president Bush went to

Congress. Then Congress then gave the permission as followed: To use all necessary

and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines

planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on

September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any

future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations,

organizations or persons.

The United States started its air attack on October 7, 2001. By the end of October, the

CIA started operating aligned with the Northern Alliance and the Pashtun tribes.

Pakistan had put its in hand in the war were it had to support the religions Mujahideen

groups at first. After pressure from the U.S, Pakistan changed its path to provide logistic

space and equipments for the states to go to war. The two phases of “Enduring

Freedom” consisted of the conventional fighting and evolved insurgency. The first one

had a network of military operations between Northern Alliance, Tajiks, Hazarra,

Uzbeks, and anti-Taliban Pashtun forces against Taliban and al Qaeda. The U.S

supported this phase by airpower contribution and advice from the SOF and CIA. They

also maintained a close relation between “Massoud” and the Northern Alliance.

Operation Anaconda, the last battle in phase one broke up a strongpoint in the Shahi

Kot valley and weakened the unity of the Taliban’s command.

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The first phase conventional operations ended in success without being decisive. The

U.s and its allies didn’t destroy the enemy and they didn’t capture Osama bin Laden or

Mullah Omar. The United Nations held a conference in Germany where the U.S and its

allies didn't invite Taliban saying that it doesn’t sit with the allies of al Qaeda. The

conference resulted in forming a government without Taliban participation in it with

Hamid Karzai as a president.

In 2002, Afghanistan was in the worst 10 countries with socio-economical problems

where it almost had no human capital to build on. $5 billion were given from the

international community as an aid but it didn’t meet the country’s need. To give a hand

to Afghanistan, Aid donors and NGOs had to work with a weak government but that

developed a serious problem. The assistance controlled that government and

Afghanistan became dependent on the supplies given.

Taliban started to build its groups again from 2002 to 2005 using drug money and

donations from the Gulf states and al Qaeda. By the end of 2005, Taliban, the Hwezb-

Islami, and the Haqqani Network worked together. Taliban started offending around the

world to spread its influence where it affected the security worldwide and increased the

suicide bombing.

The War on Iraq

Bush administration highlighted Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction after 9/11 and put

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Iraq, Iran, and North Korea on the axis of evil in January 2002. In august 2002, Vice

President Cheney charged Iraqi president Saddam Hussein with holding weapons of

mass destruction to take control of the Middle East and threaten U.S oil supplies. This

would take the States to act violently against Iraq.On October 16, authorized use of

force against Iraq was given from the U.N Security Council.

Starting in January 2003, the U.S began its military increase in the Persian Gulf

showing that it’s getting ready for an attack. on January 14, the President of U.S said

that “time is running out” [6] adding that he was sick and tired of the games and

deceptions done by the Iraqi President. On January 28 ,2003 president bush said “With

nuclear arms or a full arsenal of chemical and biological weapons, Saddam Hussein

could resume his ambitions of conquest in the Middle East and create deadly havoc in

the region.” He added that Iraq “aids and protects” Al Qaeda terrorist organization.

On March 17, and after long discussions between the United States, the United

Kingdom, Spain, France, Germany, China, and Russia; the U.S, Spain, and the U.K

announced that they were ready for a military conflict with Iraq and President Bush went

on television said that unless Saddam Hussein fled Iraq within 48 hours, this will result

in “Military conflict commenced at the time of our own choosing.” On March 19, aerial

attack against a location where Saddam Hussein was suspected to be meeting with

Iraqi officials was done. The U.S and British military stepped on the land of Iraq on

March 20. By April 9, the marines gained control of Baghdad, the Capital after a huge

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resistance. On April 15, President Bush said that “the regime of Saddam Hussein is no

more”.

What is a UAV?

An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an automatic intelligent vehicle able to

communicate with its controller returning payload data, position, airspeed, heading and

altitude using the satellite and the internet. UAVs are famous in ‘housekeeping data’

and it is a specific type of data including the amount of fuel in a drone and the

temperatures of components. UAVs are also well known in taking corrective actions in

case of errors and the also alert their operators in such events. The drone for example

may search for a radio beam and try to regain contact in case of radio communication

failure.

Intelligent UAVs may also act in many situations under the condition of If-else programs.

UAVs are also known to be called “uninhabited air vehicle” to show that these types of

vehicles are manned but remotely. This means that the drone itself is under control of a

human and it’s not acting by its own.

Why UAVs?

UAVs are created so they will overpower manned jets in many cases. Depending on

what the situation is, designers decide whether to create a manned or unmanned

vehicle. Unmanned Vehicles in general are created for the roles of dull, dirty, or

dangerous (DDD).

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In dull cases such as long surveillance or intelligence time, aircrew will spend a lot of

hours without relaxing resulting in loss of concentration and mission effectiveness.

Using drones in these missions will provide recorded video, radar scanning, and thermal

vision in addition to being cheaper in operation. Operators will work in shift-job making

the mission itself in success. In dirty places such as nuclear environment or chemical

spaces, the crew might be at risk of being toxicated. UAVs don’t need air and the

detoxification of them will be easier than normal jets. In dangerous missions, manned

jets have the probability of going down more than UAVs. UAVs are difficult to be

detected or be strikes with anti-aircraft fire due to their smaller size and stealthier tech.

Aircrew in many missions lose their concentration while being under the threat of being

shot down or being captured. In UAV missions, the operators have no personal threat

so they can concentrate more on the mission itself. In the civilian field, drones can help

in power-line inspections and forest fire control without putting any human under the

danger of being killed. In extreme weather conditions, flying a jet will be dangerous on

the crew so using drones in such conditions will be a lot safer.

Stealth missions are a need in many operations not to alert the enemy. Through UAVs

and their undetectable abilities, these operations are achievable. Going into alien

territories is sometimes against the international border laws especially in case of

peacetime. Diplomatic embarrassment can be decreased in case of detecting a UAV

instead of a normal jet. Not to forget that UAVs produce less emissions and noise, this

makes them eco-friendlier than normal manned aircrafts. Power-lines are usually placed

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near civilians’ houses and using manned planes or choppers will be noisy but UAVs fly

using soundless engines making them better to use. UAVs are considered cheaper than

manned aircraft because of their maintenance cost, fuel cost and hangarage costs. The

operators are paid lower also and insurance is a lot cheaper.

UAV System Composition

The UAV is composed of many sub-systems that are not isolated from each other. All of

the sub-systems work together making a whole system which is intelligent but

dependent.

Control Station (CS)

The CS is center of all the operations and it’s from where the operator controls the UAV.

CSs are found on the ground, on ships, or sometimes in an airborne aircraft. CS are the

stations where missions are planned in usual cases. The operator uses a

communication system to link up wit the UAV and controls its flight and actions. The

UAV in return send videos and information about the mission live.

The Payload

Payloads varies not only from a drone to drone by from a mission to mission. Some

payloads are simple consisting of video camera with fixed lens with 200 g of mass.

Other has greater range with longer focal length to zoom and gyro stabilizers that would

weight between 3 to 4 kg. Some payloads can be heavy to 1000 kg. Some more

sophisticated UAVs carries more than one type of sensor to improve the information or

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to provide more than one type of image and data. As an example, a payload can send

optical and thermal images with radar scanning.

The Air Vehicle

Each mission determines the type of air vehicle needed. The vehicle itself has a primary

role of carrying the payload to the position needed and returning it. The operating range

effects the design of the aircraft as well as its stepped and endurance. Long time

missions ask for more fuel and thus they need bigger designs with long wings to carry

out the weight. Some missions ask for hovering or low speed vehicles especially

surveillance and intelligence missions. Other missions need vertical take-offs and

landings and this effects the design of the vehicle. Compounded helicopters add wings

to the rotor enabling it to achieve higher speed while moving. Some UAVs are

convertible where they can take off and land vertically with the ability of endurance and

this is achieved by upgrading the rotor making them tilting horizontally and vertically

upon need.

Navigation System

Knowing the position of the UAV at anytime is necessary for both the operator and the

UAV itself. This will tell the operator if the drone is in position and will help the lead the

drone to ‘return to base’ when commanded. Global positioning system (GPS) is one of

the systems used for earth-satellites tracking. They are light in weight and cheap white

continuous positional updates. When there’s a risk of blocking the GPS, other systems

are used. One of them is the radar tracking and it works on the radar transmission

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emitted from the CS. Radio tracking is another way and it is applied when the CS sent a

radio signal and calculate its time to travel and return. The third system is direct

reckoning and with the help of the velocity vectors and time elapsed, the position of the

UAV can be calculated. Other ways is done by comparing the geographical features

with their known positions on a map can help in figuring out where a UAV is.

Launch Equipment

Some UAVs don't have the ability to launch vertical and can’t access a runway of

suitable surface and length. As a solution, a ramp with rubber bungees and compressed

air can be used to push the drone until it can sustain the airspeed of airborne flight.

Recovery Equipment

UAVs not capable of vertical flight can’t be recovered or can’t land in case of no runway.

Using parachutes, airbags, and replaceable frangible material can be a solution where

the aircraft will designate its landing zone, upon the parachute and deploy the airbags

for less damage.

Communication

Communication system is a major system in a UAV where up-link and down-link

between the CS and UAV will be established. Most frequently, the transmission used

will be in a form of light to make it as fast as possible. The transmission from the CS to

the drone is called uplink and this provides flight path, real-time flight control

commands, and commands to payload. The transmission from the UAV to the CS is

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called downlink and this provides position info, images from the payload, and

housekeeping information.

Types of UAVs Used in Iraq and Afghanistan

There’s no clear data or reference to any specific type of drones used in the war on Iraq

or the war on Afghanistan. Actually, the military doesn’t give to the press any type of

information about the attacks and strikes established. From the information collected,

some UAVs had a major impact in the war on Iraq, Afghanistan, and even in the Gulf

war and some assassinations in Pakistan. UAVs like the Predator, Global Hawk, the

Pioneer were key players along with the Hunter, the shadow, and the Dragon Eye. Both

the U.S military and the Britain Ministry of Defense learned that these UAVs can change

a war.

The Predator

Name: RQ-1 / MQ-1 Predator

Role: Remote Piloted Aircraft

Manufacturer: General Atomics Aeronautical Systems

First Flight: 3 July 1994

Introduction: July 1995

Status: In Service

Primary User: United States Air Force

Produced: 1995 - Present

Program Cost: US $2.38 Billion (2011)

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Unit Cost: US $4.03 million (2010)

An upgraded version of the Predator UAV carries a Multispectral Targeting System

(MTS) with AGM-114 missile with targeting capability of electro-optical, infrared, and

laser designators in one single sensor. It can’t carry both a MTS and a synthetic

aperture radar together but can put 2 more laser guided missiles. This unmanned

vehicle can fly from 84 mph up to 135 mph and has a range up to 454 miles with ceiling

of 25,000 carrying a payload of 450 pounds. It has the ability to operator for 24 hours on

the altitude of 15,000 feet.

The Dragon Eye, on April 4, targeted a large Iraqi Army formation going out of Baghdad

Name: RQ-4 Global Hawk

Role: Surveillance UAV

National Origin: United States

Manufacturer: Northrop Grumman

First Flight: 28 February 1998

Status: In Service

Primary User: United States Air Force, NASA, NATO

Program Cost: US $10 billion (2014)

Unit Cost: US $ 131.4 million

The Global Hawk is a surveillance UAV used in near-real-time battles. Its high altitude

flights help it cover large geographic areas with high resolution. This UAV has the ability

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to taxi, take off, fly, return, and land autonomously. Operators monitor the drone’s health

and status and control the payload during the mission itself. The Global Hawk has a

wingspan of 116 feet and is 44 feet long. It can go far to 12,000 nautical miles and high

to 65,000 feet. It ca reach about 400 mph and last for 35 hours. During a mission, the

Global Hawk can image an area of 40,000 nautical square miles in just 24 hours

imaging 200 to 300 sites on a single maneuver.

The Dragon Eye

Name: RQ-14 Dragon Eye UAV

Role: Remote controlled UAV

Manufacturer: AeroVironment

First Flight: June 2001

Introduction: Mid-2002

Primary User: United States Marine Corps

The Dragon Eye is a small UAV designed to detect threats for units. It is fully

autonomous launched with hand UAV. Dragon Eye UAVs can fly with altitudes of 300 to

500 feet with excessed video range till 5 kilometers. Providing it with electric motors, the

UAV has a low noise signature and its small size makes it hard to detect. It’s battery can

go up to 60 minutes

The Shadow

Name: RQ-7 Shadow

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Role: Tactical Reconnaissance UAV for ground maneuver forces

Manufacturer: AAI Corporation

First Flight: 1991

Introduction: 2002

Status: Active, in Production

Primary User: United States Army

Unit Cost: US $15.5 million (2011) per system

US $750,000 (2011) per aircraft

The Shadow 200 is a gasoline engine UAV. It can carry electro-optic/ infrared imaging

sensor payload and can fly away to 31 miles with 4-hour flight. This UAV was used by

the 4th infantry Division.

The Raven

Name: RQ-11 Raven

Role: Remote Controlled UAV

Manufacturer: AeroVironment

First Flight: October 2001

Introduction: May 2003

Status: In use on combat field

Primary Users: United States Army, United States Air Force, United States Marine

Corps, United States Special Forces

Produced: 2004 – Present

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Unit Cost: $173,000 per system (Including 4 UAVs. 2 GCS and spare parts)

The Raven is a six-pound hand-launched UAV. It can fly up to 6.2 miles at altitudes of

500 feet with a speed covering 60 mph. The Raven can fly for 60-80 minutes.

Specific Missions Accomplished by UAVs

A Predator had an air fight with an Iraqi MiG-25 before the MiG fired two air-to-air

missiles and shot it down. The Predator, that was equipped with air-to-air stingers, had

the ability to fire two of them in response while transmitting the real-time video to the

operator. This encounter showed that Predators are detectable and they have limited

self defense against in air fights.

A Predator killed by mistake some Afghan scrap metal collectors near Zhawar Kili in

February 2002 because one of them was similar to Osama bin Laden. Another incident

happened in March 4, 2002 in Operation Anaconda when a CIA Predator destroyed a

Taliban bunker when an F-15 and F-16 were unable to do it. April 6, 2011 is the date of

the first friendly fire a Predator have. In Iraq, a group of Iraqis intercepted a predator

video but couldn’t encrypt it. They used a Russian software called SkyGrabber.

On April 4, a Dragon Eye witnessed a large formation of Iraqi Army going out of

Baghdad in the middle of the night. It then passed the data to Marine Combat Operation

Center displaying them in a real-time stream and provided grid coordinates to F/A-18s

and AV-Bs to attack that formation.

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Another accident happened on 15 August 2011 when a US Air Force C-130 collided

with a Shodow 200 in Paktika Province, Afghanistan. As a result, the C-130 had an

emergency landing with two damaged engines and one wing while the RQ-7 was

completely destroyed. Reports indicated that the C-130 had a taking-off without

clearance. On 3 April 2014, a National Guard Shadow UAV crashed beside an

elementary school in Pennsylvania while training and no injuries were reported.

The Raven UAV became a popular UAV after Iran captured and claimed two RQ-11.

One of them in Shahrivar September 19, 2011 and the other in Aban November 20,

2012. Most of the drone’s data has been decoded, Iran reported but there’s no evidence

if it has been duplicated like the RQ-170 and the ScanEagle.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, the era we’re living these days is the era of drones and AUVs. Scientists

say that we only cover about 8% of the UAV technology and 92% is ahead. A lot of

prototypes have been built for UAVs producing 30 kW with different engine types

including the IC Engine: Turbo shaft and going deep in electric power UAVs and Fuel

Cell Technology. This will lead to higher efficiency than any other fossil-fuel-based

technology, modular and easy install equipment, zero-emission devices, and zero to low

noise with exceptional vibrations. Two of the future UAVs will be the AeroVironment

HELIOS and the Qinetiq ZEPHYR.

Another major study includes Artificial Intelligence. This science started in 1930s and

includes two approaches. One of them is developing neural networks similar to that of

the human brain. The second approach is increasing the performance of human brain

by using high speed CPUs. Unfortunately, none of both is successful but some systems

are relying on database to determine right and wrong decisions. Those systems are

used in the UAVs navigation and strike systems.

Out of the engineering life, a man should take into consideration ethics behind the use

of UAVs. To start with, we should consider the laws of Just War to determine when a

war is just, legal, and ethical. These principles are divided into 2 sets which are the jus

ad bellum principles and the jus in bello principles. The first type decides whether it is

morally permissible to go to war where the other one shows how war should be fought.

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From my point of view, the use of drones in wars might be a little unfair especially when

we consider that the enemy doesn’t have capability to react and defend himself. A lot of

assassinations in Pakistan while a group of people were sitting doing nothing or

chatting. Another thing is that it’s always hard to decide if this group of people are acting

in a ‘terrorist’ way or not especially when monitoring them from far skies without

analyzing their intensions. Stereotyping people is a wrong assumption and acting upon

stereotyping will always be a wrong action. Not all girls who put makeup and wear

dresses are prostitutes, not all boys who wear baggies and are bald are gangsters, not

all people with pistols are bad guys, and not all those with beards are terrorists.

Terrorism was never and never will be an act under a religion, gender, race, or

nationality. Terrorism is an act of personality and ignorance.

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Map of Afghanistan

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Map of Iraq

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Appendix A: UAV Design

1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Antenna 18 Battery Assembly2 Inertial Navigation System/GPS 19 Alt Equipment Bay Tray3 Ku-Band Satellite Communication Antenna 20 Secondary Control Module4 Video Cassette Recorder 21 Synthetic Aperture Radar5 GPS Antennas (Left and Right) 22 Primary Control Module6 Identification Friend or Foe Transponder 23 Front Bay Avionics Tray7 Ku-Band Satellite Communication Sensor Processor Modem Assembly8 C-Band Upper Omni-directional Antenna Bracket 24 Receiver/Transmitter9 Forward Fuel Cell Assembly 25 Flight Sensor Unit

10 Alternative Fuel Cell Assembly 26 Video Encoder11 Ancillaries Bay 27 De-ice Controller12 Ancillaries Cooling Fan 28 Electro-Optical Sensor13 Oil Cooler/Radiator 29 Front Bay Payload Tray14 Engine 30 Ice Detector15 Tail Servo (Left and Right) 31 SAR Receiver/Transmitter16 Battery Assembly 32 Nose Camera Assembly17 Power Supply

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Appendix B: UAV System – Functional Structure

List of References28


Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. ISBN 978-0-465-05270-7. Fifth Edition. Basic Books. 1977.

Schnitzer, Eric. Perfecting War: Searching for the Silver Bullet. Center for Strategy and Technology. Air War College, Air University. USAF. November 2005

Jackson, Matthew & Morelli, Massimo. The Reasons for Wars - an Updated Survey. Elgar Publishing. CEPR, Switzerland. December 2009.

Einstein, A. and Freud, S. Why War? Exchange of Letters between Einstein and Freud. July 30, 1932.

Collins, Joseph J. Understanding War in Afghanistan. National Defense University Press. June 2011

Copson, Raymond W. Iraq War: Background and Issues Overview. Report for Congress. Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. Order Code RL31715. April 22, 2003

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). (2011). Montréal: International Civil Aviation Organization. ICAO’s circular 328 AN/190. ICAO. ISBN 978-92-9231-751-5 Retrieved 3 February 2016.

Austin, Reg. Unmanned Aircraft Systems: UAVs Design, Development, and Deployment. ISBN 978-0-470-05819-0. First Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication. 2010

Leszek Cwojdzinski & Mirosław Adamski. (2014). Power units and power supply systems in UAV, Aviation, 18:1, 1-8

Greenwald. Brave New Films (2015, April 1). Unmanned: America’s Drone Wars [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpzk7OdbjBw

Cordesman, Anthony H. The Iraq War: Strategy, tactics, and military lessons. V. 25. No. 5. Washington, DC: CSIS PRESS. ISBN 0-89206-432-3

C. D. Meyers. GI, ROBOT: THE ETHICS OF USING ROBOTS IN COMBAT. (January 2011). Vol.25. pp. 21-36. University of Illinois Press. Retrieved 10 November 2015

List of Definitions, Symbols and Abbreviations

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U.S: United States

U.K: United Kingdom

U.N: United Nations

UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

DDD: Dull, Dirty, and Dangerous

CS: Control Station

GCS: Ground Control Station

GPS: Global Positioning System

USAF: United States Air Force

NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations

Bronze Age: The Bronze age begins around 3000 BC when civilizations first established

a far raging trade network. This network imported tin and charcoal to Cyprus, where

copper was mined and alloyed with the tin to produce bronze.

Sun Tzu: He was a Chinese, general, military strategist, and philosopher who lived in

the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China.

Bin Landen: He is Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, the founder of al-

Qaeda, the organization that claimed responsibility for the September 11 attacks on the

United States, along with numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and

military targets

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Mullah Omar: The Afghan Mujahideen commander who founded the Islamic Emirate of

Afghanistan in 1996.

Taliban: They are an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan currently

waging war within that country.

Qaeda: It is a militant Sunni Islamist global organization founded in 1988 by Osama bin

Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers who fought against the

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s.

MiG-25: Mikoyan-Gurevich is a supersonic interceptor and reconnaissance aircraft that

was among the fastest military aircraft to enter service. It was designed by the Soviet

Union.

F/A-18: It’s called the McDonnell Douglas Hornet and it is a twin engine supersonic, all-

weather carrier-capable multirole combat jet, designed as both fighter and attack

aircraft.

C-130: It’s called the Lockheed C-130 Hercules and it’s a four-engine turboprop military

transport aircraft designed and built originally by Lockheed.

CPUs: It is the central processing unit within a computer and it carries instructions and

programs by performing basic arithmetic, logical, control, and I/O operations.

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