The use of the SPEAR index to link ecological status to chemical · PDF fileMODELKEY...
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The use of the SPEAR index to link ecological status to
chemical pollution
Peter C. von der Ohe
MODELKEY (511237-GOCE) is a research project funded by
http://www.modelkey.org
Directive 2000/60/ECestablishing a framework for Community action in
the field of water policy
(WRRL)
Directive 2000/60/ECof the European
parliament and of the council establishing a
framework for community action in
the field of water policy
Major challenge
Good Ecological Status: Only slight changes in the composition and abundance from type-specific reference communities.
Good Chemical Status:Compliance with Environ-
mental Quality Standards (EQS) of 41 substances
aims to achieve until 2015 at leastGood Ecological
and Good ChemicalStatus
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WFD Article 5 Reports
COM(2007)
Majority of water bodies at ris
k not to
achieve the goals of WFD or no data
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at risk
not at risk
insufficient data
WFD Article 5 Reports
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WFD Article 5 Reports
Preliminary conclusions:
Three Gorge Dam (China)
are the major driving forces for insufficient ecological status!
Agriculture (particularly nitrate)
Hydromorphological alterations (channelisation,
damming, regulation of water flow ...)
What about chemicals?
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EQS
Environmental Concentration
selecteffect-threshold
choosesafty-factor
Chemical Status: EQS for 41 PS
Effe
ct Step 1: compile
acuteor
chronic
effect-data
Step 2:
Step 3:
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Risk
AA-EQS
?goodstatus
failing to achieve goodstatus
Assessment of Chemical Status
AA-EQS are
also available
for
a set
of river
basin
specific compounds! Effects on Ecological Status?
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AQEM Software PERLODES uses three modules
1. Organic
pollution
2. Acidification
3. General degradation
(multimetric indicators
recommended!)• Morphological
degradation
• Pesticides• Hormon equivalent
compounds
Assessment of Ecological Status
Biological Quality Element (BQE) based indicators
(fish, algae, plants and macroinvertebrates)
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Classification
as SPecies At Risk
(SPEAR):
1.
high relative sensitivity
Sorganic
(based
on acute
LC50)
2.
long
generation
time, low
reproductivity
SPEAR indicator*
* M. Liess, von der Ohe P.C. 2005. Predicting Effects of Pesticides on Invertebrate Communities in Streams. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24: 954-965.
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Sensitivity distribution
Generel Problem:Many species are tested for different chemicals
MODELKEY (511237-GOCE) is a research project funded by
http://www.modelkey.orgDaphnia magna is
tested
for
many
substances!
S = relative sensitivityi = species
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
iLC50LC50
log D. magnaS
Generel Problem:Many species are tested for different chemicals
Relative sensitivity distribution
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whole community could be assessed!
relative Sensitivity
S -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5
1
10
30
5070
90
99P
erce
ntR
ank
CrustaceansInsects
PlathelminthesAnnelidsMolluscs
n = 92 Taxa
Daphnia magna
* P.C. von der Ohe & Liess M. 2004. Relative Sensitivity Distribution of Aquatic Invertebrates to Organic and Metal Compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23: 150-156.
SPEAR
SPEAR - relative Sensitivity S*
SPEnot
AR
Ø
sensitivity - 0.36
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Example: reference community
relative Sensitivity S
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at risk not at risk
SPEAR ~ 50%
Example: reference community
number of broods
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Reference conditions in Europe*
Llobregat(ACA 2004)
Scorff(R.B. Schäfer et al. 2007)
Scheldt(VMM 2004)
Weser(NLWK 2000)
Porvoonjoki(R.B. Schäfer et al. 2007)
* P.C. von der Ohe et al. 2007. Water quality indices across Europe -
a comparison of the good ecological status of five river basins. J. Environ. Monit. 24: 954-965.
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SP
EA
R [%
]
Llobregat Scorff Scheldt Weser Porvoonjoki0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Good Ecological Status (GES)
* P.C. von der Ohe et al. 2007. Water quality indices across Europe -
a comparison of the good ecological status of five river basins. J. Environ. Monit. 24: 954-965.
Reference conditions in Europe*
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Pesticides
Run‐off
Spray‐drift
Toxic Stress: Example pesticides
Effects expected!
• Deliberate output into the environment
• EC 1992-2004: annual pesticide usage between 200.000 t and 250.000 t (Eurostat
2007)
©
Schäfer 2008
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∑=
=n
LCCTU
1i i
i
50log
with
Ci
= measured concentration
LC50i
= lethal concentration (48h)
N = number of compounds
Toxic Units Daphnia magna
Quantification of Toxic Stress
Correlations with biotic indicators
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n = 2015 SitesS
apro
bic
Inde
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
Saprobic Index vs. Toxic Units
Toxic
UnitsDaphnia magna
GES
Toxic pressure
sublethal concentrations!
Effe
ct
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n = 209 Sites
Toxic
UnitsDaphnia magna
-4 -3 -2 -1 00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
SP
EA
R [%
]
SPEAR vs. Toxic Units *
GES
* M. Liess, von der Ohe P.C. 2005. Predicting Effects of Pesticides on Invertebrate Communities in Streams. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24: 954-965.
MODELKEY (511237-GOCE) is a research project funded by
http://www.modelkey.org
Dřiteč
SrnojedyValy
Stretch 4 Stretch 3 Stretch 2
Stre
tch
1
Source
of map: www.mapy.cz
weir
Sampling site
Chemical Industry
Wastewatertreatment plant
flow
direcion
Pardubice: gradient study
GES
1,01,21,41,61,82,02,22,42,62,83,0
-100001000200030004000500060007000
Gradient [m]
Sapr
obie
nIn
dex
Effe
cts
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Dřiteč
SrnojedyValy
Stretch 4 Stretch 3 Stretch 2
Stre
tch
1
weir
Sampling site
Chemical Industry
Wastewatertreatment plant
TU = -2.53GES
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
-100001000200030004000500060007000
Gradient [m]
SPEA
R [%
]
Effects
Pardubice: gradient study
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-4 -3 -2 -1 00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80S
PE
AR
[%]
Toxic
UnitsDaphnia magna
Pardubice: gradient study
MODELKEY (511237-GOCE) is a research project funded by
http://www.modelkey.org* Schäfer
et al. 2007. Sci. Tot. Environ.
•
Comparison with countries of differing pesticide use
•
France (more)⇒ stronger
Reduction•
Finland (less) ⇒ No Reduction D
isap
pear
ance
of s
ensi
tive
spec
ies
Contamination
What drives Ecological Status?*
MODELKEY (511237-GOCE) is a research project funded by
http://www.modelkey.org* Schäfer
et al. 2007. Sci. Tot. Environ.
Effects on Ecosystem functions*
•
Direct effects on ecosystem functions:
•
Disappearance of sensitive species ⇒ Reduction in litter decomposition Li
tter d
ecom
posi
tion
Disappearance of sensitive species
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Toxic
UnitsDaphnia magna
Case-study Llobregat*
* Von der
Ohe
et al. 2009. Towards an Integrated Assessment of the Ecological
and Chemical Status of European River Basins. IEAM 5, 50-61.
-4 -3 -2 -1 00
20
40
60
80SP
EAR
[%]
n = 30
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EQS
-4 -3 -2 -1 00
20
40
60
80SP
EAR
[%]
n = 30
AF 1000LC50
EQS: safe thresholds?
Daphnia magna
Toxic
UnitsDaphnia magna
* Von der
Ohe
et al. 2009. Towards an Integrated Assessment of the Ecological
and Chemical Status of European River Basins. IEAM 5, 50-61.
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EQS
-4 -3 -2 -1 00
20
40
60
80SP
EAR
[%]
Chlorfenvinphos
Chlorpyrifos
Mesocosm-based EQS
Toxic
UnitsDaphnia magna
* Von der
Ohe
et al. 2009. Towards an Integrated Assessment of the Ecological
and Chemical Status of European River Basins. IEAM 5, 50-61.
EQS: safe thresholds?
MODELKEY (511237-GOCE) is a research project funded by
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Summary
Need for BQE-specific indicators of toxicity to detect effects (Toxic Units instead of EQS)
• Reduction
of SPEAR
species
might
be
linked
to biodiversity
loss
and effects
ecosystem
services
Need for stressor-specific biological indicators(toxicity, nutrification
or morphological degradation
• SPEAR
showed
strong
correlation
to Toxic
Units
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Thank [email protected]