The use of Smartphone applications to aid in health...

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British Middle-East Center for studies & Research

[email protected]

http:// bmcsr.com

The use of Smartphone applications to aid in

health related issues.

Author: Jonathan Ajax

Software and Network Researcher,

Staffordshire University

British Middle-East Center for Studies & Research Copyright © 2012, British Middle-East Center for Studies & Research, All rights reserved.

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Abstract

This task required the evaluation of the potential in the combination of

advances pertaining to Smartphone device technology with up to date

developments regarding the area pertaining to the monitoring of

personal health. The advantageous features regarding such a

technological aspect are examined and analysed as well as how they

are applicable to the approaching crisis in health care. An analysis was

done regarding the state of wireless that is relevant, and sensing as

well as portable technologies in computing. Developing such

application will help the NHS, as the patients will be able to monitor

themselves everywhere they go, as mobile phones are handheld

devices.


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Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have contributed in any way,

shape and form to the completion of this dissertation.

Though the following dissertation is an individual work, I could never have reached the

heights or explored the depths without the help, advice, support and guidance of a lot of

people.

Special thanks go to my supervisor Dr Abdi-hamid for his generous time and commitment,

his continued support, help and advice throughout the dissertation. He helped me understand

and enrich my ideas and encouraged me to develop independent thinking and research skills.

This would not have been written without his help.

I owe a special note to all the students who took time out to speak to me and let me focus

group interview them, I wouldn‘t have been able to do the research without your help and

opinions.

I‘m grateful for all the support I have received whilst researching and writing up this

dissertation. Also thank Dave (technician) to show as how to use Labview every week, which

have been extremely helpful and encouraging and helped me improve my knowledge in the

area.


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CHAPTER ONE

Background

1.1 Introduction

The health care industry has the use of a great many resources in creating good information

for patients who are the victims of long term, chronic illness. The resources have increased

tenfold as internet access has made research possibilities an easier prospect. Technologically

advanced tools now make the management of care an even easier task. While it still takes

concentrated effort to control the various aspects of having one of these various diseases, it

has become a more convenient task to do research and manage organization of the daily

changes that must be made to assure good health.

One of the ways in which good health care organization can be managed is through apps that

are available for various Smartphone technologies. The mobile devices create a convenient

resource from which to keep the information about daily care with an individual at all times.

The Smartphone, in particular, is a device that has a wide variety of apps that can be used for

health related purposes. As well, the device is designed to be user friendly, both to those using

the product and those using the design possibilities for apps. In looking at a way to effectively

use the device for a health care related app, the Smartphone provides an easily accessed

resource from which to facilitate a good design.

1.2 The aim of the report


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The aim of this report is to develop a Smartphone application in which those who are

suffering from chronic illness such as (blood pressure and heart beat) can utilize the

information in an interactive environment in order to better facilitate the management of their

care. The main users of such technology will be those who have diseases related to chronic

illness, their daily monitoring possible through a system that can keep them in touch with

outside resources that will aid in their healthcare.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of the report include:

To determine the viability of creating an application for the Smartphone

To determine if the Smartphone is the best device for such an application

To determine the ethical values in regard to such a project

To build a real time system

To review the project concept

1.4 Health Sensors

Health sensors are tiny, wearable, electronic devices which are powered by batteries that are

made to monitor some feature of the biometrics of a person. Available are sensors for

movement, rate of the heart, blood pressure as well as other ordinary indicators of health.

Sensors characterize a break regarding computer development‘s trend, instead of the

engineering of them to conduct as numerous activities as probable. A sensor is constructed to

perform the utter minimum that is required in accomplishing its mission. This is beneficial to

the consumption of power of the device. Since they are powered by battery, there is a fixed

quantity of energy, which is available to them and it needs to be utilized as capably as is


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possible. Operational lifetimes, which are more than one year from a solitary battery, are a

common objective.

1.5 Computing that is portable

Up to date mobile phones have a dizzying assortment of aspects as well as technology. They

are produced en masse to maintain low costs per unit and have achieved total acceptance into

the western world‘s lives.

Since it was historically hard to gain access to the capacity of countless devices, generations

in succession have uncovered growing functionality. Numerous devices contain memory as

well as processor capacities compared to desktop computers of the past. The long range,

communication capacities of high speed, combined with area network radios that are low

powered along with their natural ubiquity make them the ideal objective for performing

research of this type.

1.6 Combining Technologies

In this task, I am hopeful in demonstrating how these commodity consumer technologies can

be utilized with fairly low cost health sensors to create an essential but functional overview of

the condition of the health of a person. While the information created might not be in detail

compared to a professional check-up the 'always-on' technology‘s nature might permit us to

grab data, which is not obtainable, otherwise.

Providing the patients accessibility to the data lets them to take care of their own health, in a

better way. Should a physiotherapist recommend a minimum and maximum quantity of


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activity a day, then such a patient could be informed, easily, as to their growth in attaining

these goals without an intervention by the therapist.

By the transference of this kind of fundamental health care from clinical locations to the home

of the patient, considerable strain can be alleviated from the health care system at the same

time of the improvement to the quality of life of the patient.

The system data that is produced might be somewhat professionally analysed but by expert

systems, as well, which might have the capability of identifying more subtle issues of health

than a regular check-up could.

By utilizing real-time connectivity, health conditions, of an emergency nature, like a heart

attack can be rapidly identified and will let the system notify emergency services,

immediately, as well as give potentially vital data regarding the conditions prior to the

emergency.

Lastly, multiple patients‘ data consisting of a particular illness might perhaps be gathered as

well as compared to better comprehend the illness‘s effects.

1.7 Existing Applications of mHealth

Among the most interesting of the mHealth applications that have emerged in the last two to

three years are those that have been developed as simple, lightweight apps for

Smartphone, aimed at increasing individuals‘ well-being. A recent 3000-person US survey of

usage of these types of mHealth apps found that some 9% of US adults had such apps on their

phones, and 17% had used a mobile device to look up information relating to health.40 The

research, by Pew Internet Project, showed that younger users and urban-based users were

more likely to use these apps; we expect similar patterns of usage to apply in most markets

where Smartphone penetration is high. While some are based simply on the provision of

information (either within the app, or entered by the user), some make use of the more

advanced functionality of the devices they are intended to run on, such as GPS positioning

and accelerometers. For example:


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1.7.1. RunKeeper41

For iPhone, a free app that uses the GPS capabilities of the device to measure speed and

distance of runs (and also calculates calories burned). Data can be uploaded to a website so

that the exercise history can be stored.


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1.7.4 SymptomMD


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For iPhone, a low-cost app providing an interactive guide that aims to help users ―make

appropriate decisions on what level of care (if any) is needed and how to relieve symptoms of

minor illnesses and injuries they can manage on their own.

1.7.5 Nokia heart Monitor Phone(2009).

Providing a heath condition in real time


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1.7.6 Samsung and Adidas‘s miCoach fitness phone (2008).

Stride sensor (pedometer) and heart rate monitor

1.7.7 Remote Diagnosis

mHealth applications for remote diagnosis fit within the primary care theme in our schema.

They are characterised by the use of the device and/or network to help health workers to make

a diagnosis without the patient having to travel to a centre. This may involve the use of

databases and decision-support applications downloaded on to a mobile device; remote access

to decision-support databases and systems; or communication with a specialist, via voice,

messaging or video services.


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Some of these applications use the network to connect a healthcare worker with a specialist,

for example mobile teledermoscopy, the capture and transmission of images of moles and

skin lesions for expert evaluation (which has proved effective in the triage and diagnosis of

melanoma.

CHAPTER TWO

Health Monitoring

2.1 Introduction to Health Monitoring


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The usage of healthcare provision has seen metamorphosis at the hands of information

technology (IT). There has been an upsurge in the use of mobile health (M-Health) and in the

use of Electronic Health Records (EHR) as well as Personal Health Records (PHR).( Phillip

Olla, Joseph Tan ( 2009). indicates that PHR systems could not achieve levels similar to

HER; however, this is set to change as governmental bodies like the U.S. Secretary of Health

and Human Services develop interests in these fields.( Phillip Olla, Joseph Tan,( 2009)

2.2 Personal Health Records (PHR) Systems

The use of mobile systems to enshrine PHR have added great value to PHR such as giving the

end user a lot of mobility intertwined with handiness to both using and editing records of

health. Moreover, consumers can now easily deal with aspects like controlling, verifying and

overseeing their personal data on health. Furthermore, the age old patient doctor relationship

has received a new boost altogether.( Phillip Olla, Joseph Tan ,( 2009).On the other hand

there are downsides too such as concerns over issues like safety of transmitted data,

confidentiality, and the platform of mobility and the overall authenticity of data provided.

This text is meant to bring into limelight concerns that needed to be tended to when upgrading

a PHR to a mobile platform. (Phillip Olla, Joseph Tan, (2009)

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Figure 1. Concept map of personal health records

2.3 Mobile Health Platforms (M-Health)

The upcoming times especially the next ten years will serve as water shed for various aspects

of M-Health such as the accessibility, simplification and feats performed by increased data

handling capacities. (Robert S. H. Istepanian,(2006).The overall M-Health platform can be

seen as the use of mobile technologies that aid the provision of various health based facilities

for the general consumer. The development of such conceptions aids to symbolize the

constant advancement of e-health based systems from conventional personal computer

Providers

Relationship

Manage

Encounter

Personal Health

Decision

Support

Health

Education

Patient Specific

Care

Consumer

Information

Disease

Management

Preventative

Medicine

Wellness

Personal Data

Manage

Clinical Data

Health

Education

Information of

Results

Treatment

Recommendati

ons

Current State

Clinical Data

Historical

Clinical Data

Genetics

Information

Web Based

Community

Alert

Diagnosis

Treatment

Immunizations

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desktops supporting ―telemedicine‖ to newer wireless and portable platforms. These

technologies will represent economically feasible solutions that are adaptable as well as

pervasive and are based on the merging of expected wireless communication, aiding sensory

networks and unique computation capabilities. Efficiency is expected to rise exponentially

and there is little doubt if any that these technologies will redesign current norms within the

conventional healthcare avenues. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, (2006).

Overall a twin tong approach is expected to emerge. The first facet warranting attention is the

advancement of third generation (3G) technologies that will evolve into technologies upwards

of 3G such as 4G etc. The secondary facet is expected to emerge due to the merger of novel

bio sensors and the associated networks with the all present new generation computational

frameworks. As such the currently afforded 3G portable platforms symbolise an articulate

move forward from the older 2.5 G portable platforms with extended services for faster data

transfer rates. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, (2006). This has bolstered and improved the earlier

Quality of Service (QoS) which are deemed relevant to supporting healthcare applications that

are otherwise exacting in terms of resources required. Overall, 3G portable platforms will aid

the exacting nature of healthcare applications that demand an all around presence. Given the

nature of 3G networks, these networks will now be able to prop up myriad healthcare

facilities that were looking to expand within the 144 Kbps to 2 Mbps range of data transfer

speeds. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, (2006).

The current text will surmise a few triumphant appliances of the existing M-Health systems

and will also include a general overview. Moreover, issues deemed in times to come are also

discussed especially with respect to migration over to 4G based systems. This text also stands

to bring into the limelight the pervasive nature of this extraordinary application now and in

times to come. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, (2006).

2.4 AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT AND EMERGING M-HEALTH SYSTEMS

M-Health systems have evolved into the next generation due to the merging of wireless as

well as other computing communication systems. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, (2006). The

European Commission has gone as far as declaring its intentions to coalesce universal e-

health strategies with timelines to put into practice new Europe based health information







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systems towards the end of 2008. This signals the emerging drifts within these essential

regions of the future of healthcare systems globally. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, (2006). New

developments in the portable technology platforms will have an everlasting impact on the

various avenues that utilise healthcare services by removing previous boundaries.

Telemedicine is finding itself under evolution due to advances in the field of M-Health and is

continually counting the emerging portability and new communication techniques so that is

set to redefine the format of international healthcare practices and systems. (Robert S. H.

Istepanian, (2006).

The emergence of norms such as accessibility, simplification and increased data transfer rates

all indicate that the merging of these and wireless communication modes and other network

based technologies that are centred on M-Health platforms will catalyse their growth and

outreach within the next ten years. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, (2006).The effect of such

technologies on existing practices and technologies will ensure that some existing healthcare

routes will be redefined forever. Consider as an example the issue that the advancement of

new sensors and drug transfer methods when implemented will help the end user to

communicate with the server in person in all kinds of portability. This personal server

interaction will in turn be attuned to the international tele-medical server by utilising a

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) or by

using a wireless Wide Area Network (WAN). Older tele-medical systems are constantly on

the evolution run due to pressure exerted by the newer mobile and cellular phone computing

interfaces. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, (2006).all present overviews of developments on M-

Health systems. For the purposes of this project, a comprehensive overview is provided for

developing a better overall picture.

The current account provides preference to the following two divisions that are

comprehensively death with here. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, (2006).Namely these are the

existing 2.5 G as well as 3G M-Health systems and the emerging greater than 3G M-Health

systems. The evolution of the newer technological facets is in part due to the co-operation

within the fields of portable networks, bi-sensors, newer computing techniques and wireless

communication advancements. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, (2006)

2.5 Current 2.5G and 3G M-Health Systems









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The current practices advocate the use of bio-monitoring to support the telemedicine

platforms which have found wide recognition in the last two decades. However, data is not

integrated pretty much as real time as would be otherwise required. Consequently, instant

action is not arrived at even if an irregularity is identified. Some conventional manifestations

include the use of Holter monitors for electrocardiogram (ECG) purposes as well as the use of

electroencephalogram (EEG) for observation. (Istepanian et al, 2000) .Over the years, the use

of ―wireless observation‖ has extended itself to physiological observation of critical

constraints like the heart beat rate, the blood pressure, blood oxygen levels as well as others.

Other avenues of interest have included observation of progress, detecting falls, tracking

existing locations, gastrointestinal telemetry as well as other physical movements. (Pattichis

et al, 2002) Istepanian et al (2003) .has brought to limelight myriad applications of wireless

communication that have brought benefit.

Currently, care givers anywhere are able to connect to records and find out much needed

information for particular patients for any given institution and its information networks.

Mobile platforms would serve to bolster the accessibility of the physician to the medical

resources, insurance related issues, pharmaceutical data, lab findings and patient histories.

Aspects such as pervasive observation and portable supervision through handheld gadgets

could also be utilised in native healthcare such as to deal with diabetes. (Li et al, 2003)

(Istepanian et al (2004) has documented the pervasive increase in the use of mercantile M-

Health systems that rely on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) techniques and their use

within healthcare domains. The future will witness the effective utilisation of current and

emerging 3G wireless techniques to serve these purposes.

An overview of the fundamental issues bringing M-Health systems to the limelight can be

listed as below:

a. enhanced accessibility in terms of data and medical information;

b. enhanced healthcare servicing and better patient care systems;

c. bolstered care due to specialist intervention and rising medical efficiency;

d. reduction in effective costs;

e. streamlining data analysis and collection techniques.


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In stark contrast,( Istepanian et al (2004) has brought forth some short comings of the wireless

mobile platforms currently in uses which are listed below:

a. overall international standards and choices of various portable platforms that provide

adaptable and incorporated M-Health options;

The overall realm of problems faced for integration of current systems arises in

response to attaining operating status for various network operators and network

support systems that espouse M-Health protocols.

b. Large costs associated with using communication avenues to connect various mobile

platforms with satellites as well as the limitation of data transfer rates for particular

applications of e-health supported by 2.5 G and 3G networks;

These issues are augmented by the accessibility of safe portable internet platforms and

accessibility of information in terms of e-health networks.

c. Most institutions dread change which is necessary to bring about the effectiveness of

M-Health and e-health services;

d. Speculation resulting as per economic results of using these technologies on

physicians and other healthcare gurus are yet to be fully investigated for impact;

e. There is a wide gap in the provision of and compensation for services on offer like e-

health and M-Health which need regulation;

f. Current medical systems are out of sync with current online systems such as medical

records, affiliate programs etc.;

g. Current applications of M-Health and e-health services have yet to reflect in terms of

real economic benefit versus opportunity cost to prove money saving capabilities.

The issues mentioned afore are but a few causes that have stood in the path of greater use of

M-Health and e-health services on a pervasive basis. On the other hand, it is anticipated that

the use of existing 3G platform systems will allay outstanding concerns and help a better

solution emerge from the ashes of the older ones. (Robert S. H. Istepanian, 2006)



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CHAPTER THREE

Mobile communication

3.1 OVERVIEW OF CONCEPTS

A usual system of mobile communication is made up of base stations, mobile terminals,

mobile switching centres, as well as telecommunication channels. (John G. Webster 1999,

p344).Such telecommunication channels are either fixed in nature, such as radio links that are

dedicated or cables, in providing links between base stations and the mobile switching centre,

or mobile radio channels between mobile terminals and base stations that service such

terminals. (John G. Webster, 1999)

Different than telecommunication channels that are fixed, the mobile radio channels are not

stationary and display an unpredictability of high level pertaining to the characteristics of a

channel. Additionally, because of the radio communication‘s nature as well as directivity that

is low of antennas utilized, there is always a likelihood of strong interfering from the radio

spectrum‘s other users. All of these aspects require a careful accounting when computing a

mobile radio channel‘s budget regarding power. (John G. Webster ,1999)

One of mobile communication systems‘ particular aspects is the necessity of assigning a radio

channel that is free to the user needing the connection. This is conducted through the

connection‘s setup. This setup, in combination with the restricted frequency spectrum that is

available regarding mobile services, means that the quantity of concurrent calls inside a single

base station‘s coverage area is highly restricted. (John G. Webster 1999). Thus, prior to the

cellular concept‘s introduction (which is described later in the part on spectrum management),

the quantity of concurrent calls inside a system that sometimes covers a large area was

extremely low. For instance, in the 1970s New York, the mobile system of a single-base-

station could just support at the most 12 concurrent calls over 1,000 square miles [5]. The idea

of this cellular system is depicted in Fig. 1.

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There are normally four different channel types that are utilized for contact between the base

station and mobiles: (1) forward voice channels (FVCs), utilized for the purpose of voice

transmission from the base station to mobiles; (2) reverse voice channels (RVCs), utilized for

the purpose of voice transmission from mobiles to the base station; (3) forward control

channels (FCC), utilized for the purpose of signalling data transmission from the base station

to mobiles; and (4) reverse control channels (RCC), utilized for the purpose of signalling data

transmission from mobiles to the base station. The control channels send and accept data

needed in setting up a call, to a voice channel, which is unused, and in managing the

handovers amid base stations. They are utilized also for continuous system monitoring and for

purposes of synchronization. (John G. Webster 1999)

The base station‘s purpose is to be a bridge between all users of mobile in its coverage locale

and the mobile switching centre (MSC). The MSC behaves as a switching point, which is

central, and closes the traffic amid the linked base stations, and serves the purpose of an entry

to the PSTN. It also organizes the base stations‘ total activities and is accommodating to all

functions of billing and maintenance. A usual MSC handles 100,000 subscribers of cellular as

well as 5000 concurrent conversations.

Figure 2. Configuration of a cellular system.



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3.2.CLASSIFICATION

Systems of mobile communication are classed into generations in accordance with systems‘

evolution in time. Indicators pertaining to a generation consist of transmission methods,

services of support, and unification status. (John G. Webster, 1999).The introduction of first-

generation systems occurred the early 1980s and utilized analogue techniques essentially for

speech services. In the late 1980s, second generation systems evolved and are presently in a

mature form. They use techniques, digitally, and, separate from speech, they give support to

some data services of a low rate. Second generation systems might be further classed into the

systems of cordless, cellular, as well as radio systems that are professional. Because of the

vast array of second-generation systems along with their massive complexity, we only

summarize, in Table 1, some air parameters of interface regarding the chosen systems of

digital cellular. Third-generation systems‘ standards are presenting under development in

providing telecommunications of mobile multimedia as well as universal coverage. In the

subsections that follow, we will provide a brief overview of mobile communication systems

as well as, for details, make reference to the literature. (John G. Webster, 1999)

Figure 3. Classification of wireless communication technologies




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3.2.1 First-generation

The cellular systems of the first generation utilize analogue frequency modulation (FM) for

traffic channels, shift keying (FSK), and digital frequency for the purpose of channel

signalling, and a frequency division duplex (FDD) technique. (John G. Webster, 1999).

Additionally, frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) is used in sharing the transmission

medium. At the start, people in business were the major customers, but later on approval in

residential markets began to immensely increase. The Scandinavian countries, in 1981,

introduced the Nordic Mobile Telephone standard NMT-450 and the NMT-900 standard, in

1986, where the acronyms‘ numbers indicate the MHz‘s frequency band that was utilized.

(John G. Webster, 1999). The AMPS system was produced in the United States, and, in 1983,

service was opened. Many countries, like Australia and Canada, have adapted AMPS. An

AMPS variant is the Total Access Communication system (TACS) set out in the United

Kingdom, in 1985 that essentially uses channel spacing that is smaller than AMPS. Germany

opened its C-450 system[9] service in 1986. (John G. Webster, 1999).

Figure 4. 1st Generation





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3.2.2 Second generation

In most of the countries in Europe, while mobile communication was covered well by its

individual analogue cellular systems, unsuited standards made it unlikely to interwork

amongst systems or in equipment sharing. (John G. Webster, 1999). To triumph over this

insufficiency, the Conference Europeans des Postes et Telecommunications (CEPT) founded

in 1982 the

Groupe Special Mobile in developing a pan-European standard. The result was the GSM

system [10] that presently stands for mobile communication‘s global system. The standard

stipulates a digital cellular system founded on a dedicated pan-European frequency band

allocated at 900 MHz. GSM gives support to an array of services of speech as well as low-rate

data. In 1991, the original GSM system was released and ever since it has experienced

incredible popularity around the world, as illustrated by over 65 countries, which already have

adopted GSM. An extension of GSM is the Digital Cellular System—1800 (DCS-1800)

standard allocated in the 1.8-GHz band. DCS-1800 has been created in meeting the needs of

personal communication networks (PCN). (John G. Webster, 1999).

Figure 4. Second-generation cellular network




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3.2.3 Third generation

Currently, mobile communications is recognized by many types of competitive as well as

incompatible standards, services and systems. (John G. Webster, 1999). Then again, paging,

cellular, cordless, and professional mobile radio unification is desirable in managing restricted

physical resources, improving the quality of the system, and maintaining the huge demand

there is for mobile services. Systems of the third generation intend on providing unification as

well as coverage worldwide. (John G. Webster, 1999).

In Figure 5, a mobile phone‘s block diagram is depicted.

Owing to the vast quantity of features, phones of this type are known as

Smartphone also: they are computers that are miniaturized in the taking of pictures, making

and receiving phone calls, playing music, behaving as a GPS, TV program reception, and

connecting to the Internet. (John G. Webster, 1999)

Figure 5. Block diagram of a mobile phone. Source: Courtesy of Texas Instruments.





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CHAPTER FOUR

Portable Device Software

4.1 Symbian

An operating system called Symbian is deemed for mobile devices using processors known as

ARM. Originally, a group of handset companies owned it 18 however Symbian has of late

become owned entirely by Nokia. (The Symbian Foundation; How Do I get my Symbian,

2011).Symbian permits binary applications‘ installation as well as opens up a great deal of the

hardware of the device‘s features to them. For instance, it is likely to totally replace the

manufacturer's default program of the device for handling messages of SMS with one

program bought from a developer of a third party. This stage of the access to hardware is not

likely to occur with the J2ME, but the applications of J2ME are supported totally on devices

of the Symbian. (The Symbian Foundation; How Do I get my Symbian, 2011).

While Symbian explains the operating system that is underlying there is a quantity of diverse

user interfaces, which run at the top of it. Applications have to be particularly written for

every interface of the user, as every interface explains a different device‘s class. Handsets by

Sony Ericsson with touch screens utilize a UI also called UIQ, while a great deal of the

middle to high range handsets by Nokia utilizes an interface called 'Series 60' or S60. There

have been a number of editions of S60, with the most current being the 5th edition that is

planned for forthcoming devices with touch screen. Regarding this project, Edition Three of

the S60, released in 2005, was utilized because it is the most universally edition that was

available. Binary installers do not have compatibility across diverse editions. ( The Symbian

Foundation; How Do I get my Symbian,2011)

Since S60 version 3, all applications have to be signed by a signatory that is recognized by the

Symbian Foundation. This restricts the quantity of software, which is able to be run on the

device as well as gives the foundation substantial control regarding which applications might

be for distribution and sold. For the purpose of development, it is likely to make an


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application for a key as well as a certificate pair, which will permit the developer to perform

applications, which are signed just by him on one or two specific handsets where IMEIs have

been given in and integrated into the certificates. ( The Symbian Foundation; How Do I get

my Symbian,2011). This lets the developer test their application however does not allow them

from distribution of it pending its Symbian Foundation‘s official approval.Because of the

complications that are involved even in getting a certificate from the developer, the

demonstration application was not directly developed on the Symbian OS. Symbian is going

through the process of becoming a project of open, perhaps as a method of combating

approaching open platforms that are open source like Android or OpenMoko. During

2010.The Symbian Foundation has plans to let loose the total OS as software that is open

source. (The Symbian Foundation; How Do I get my Symbian, 2011)

4.2 PyS60

Nokia keeps an interpreter for the programming language of Python, which has compatibility

with their operating system of S60. Nokia signs the interpreter is signed and thus there can be

installation on any S60 device. (Jurgen Scheible, 2007). It permits the creation of applications

of Python, which are not required to be signed since they are not interacting directly with the

OS. Applications of Python that are made in this way are to some extent restricted in their

functionality however are given additional device control than those applications that run in

the J2ME VM, for example, through the S60 Python APIs it is minor for a script to begin a

phone call. (Jurgen Scheible, 2007)

The main penalty for utilizing applications of Python on a S60 device is the comparative

awkwardness that is involved in the launch of the interpreter of the Python and then guiding it

to the script that is to be executed.On the other hand, the call trace that is detailed supplied by

the interpreter, should an application fault occur, makes it an extremely useful platform

regarding development. Python is a typed dynamically language that is object oriented

interpreted. Written Python applications might gain access to the functionality of the platform

which is underlying via APIs that are exposed. Regarding S60 applications, there exist APIs


26

for telephony, graphics, communications that are socket, functionality of text to speech,

recording of an audio nature and playback, and more. (Jurgen Scheible, 2007)

Since it is an interpreted language, the performance of data processing of the Python is a

lesser amount of a native binary application and fairly less than an application that runs within

a VM; but the development‘s easiness as well as crash information that is detailed make it a

perfect selection regarding prototyping applications. S60 Python was selected as the

development language regarding this project. (Jurgen Scheible, 2007)

4.3 Others portable device

4.3.1 Palm OS

Palm OS was one of the initial operating systems that targeted mobile devices, however in its

case it was particularly created for Palm PDAs and associated devices. In 1996, Palm OS was

initially released to power up the then innovative 'pilot' range of PDAs. The software‘s rights

have since switched hands many times over. (Jurgen Scheible, 2007).

While first versions were pioneering in offering mobile computing to a great number of

people, versions that came after have offered very little as it pertains to new functionality in

competing with the ongoing market of mobile phones. This, combined with the comparatively

small line of devices it runs on has led to Symbian‘s products overwhelming and other

operating systems of the Smart Phone. (Jurgen Scheible, 2007)

4.3.2 LiMo

The LiMo foundation is a group of quite a few manufacturers of handsets, which include

Samsung and Motorola that have connected together in the development of the LiMo

Platform, a mobile operating system, which is based on Linux. These consist of more than

twenty handsets running already on the LiMo platform.


27

I never heard of LiMo until I started to research this project, they seem to have produced a

dependable operating system apparent by its utilization on quite a few actual handsets, but I

was not able to 13

4.4 Others 3 PORTABLE DEVICE SOFTWARE

locate much data as to how there is development regarding these applications that leads me in

believing that LiMo tends to be more of device creators‘ tool to utilize than a software

developers‘ platform for targeting.

4.4.1 OpenMoko

OpenMoko is an additional project focused at handsets that are modern and running open

source software on them. (Neo, 1973)

The difference between OpenMoko and other platforms that are Linux based is that

OpenMoko lets loose the designs of the hardware to their open license devices.

To present, two handsets have been let loose, and these are the Neo 1973 and the Neo

FreeRunner. (Neo, 1973).Both of these give support to the customary GSM bands and permit

developers total access (within the law) to the hardware that is underlying. The FreeRunner

has a favourable comparison to more handsets that are commercial by offering Wi-Fi

networking, two accelerometers as well as 3D graphics acceleration.Both of these devices run

OpenMoko Linux, a specific Linux distribution assembled for the devices but basically

consisting of the identical components that are found on distributions of PC Linux like

X.Org19, GTK20 and Qt21. (Neo, 1973).This lets most existing applications of Linux to be

ported to OpenMoko, an approach that is quite innovative in the space of mobile computing.

OpenMoko has comparatively little backing in the industry however has gained a large group

of followers amongst open advocates of open source. (Neo, 1973).It is not linked to any

specific carrier, and does not compel or have intentions to impose any type of obligatory


28

application or signing of an operating system. It has been demonstrated to work with kernels

from other projects of open source like FreeBSD. The device was obtainable for selling at two

latest open source conferences that I attended however can also be purchased from the

website of the manufacturer. (Neo, 1973).

4.4.2 Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile, also called the Pocket PC is the second oldest operating system of the

Smartphone, which was investigated. (Frederic P Miller, 2010).

It was first let loose in 2000. Applications might be developed for Windows Mobile utilizing

the .NET framework of Microsoft. Applications that are written in any of the languages of

.NET assemble to a bytecode, which is common that is run by the virtual machine of .NET.

Likened to J2ME, the libraries of. (Frederic P Miller, 2010)

NET accessible on Windows Mobile is a subset that is reduced of the libraries accessible for

the desktop edition. Programs that are written for one Windows Mobile device ought to work

on any device that runs the identical OS version. (Frederic P Miller, 2010)

As Windows Mobile devices have a tendency of being at the smart phone market‘s upper end,

it was not researched further as one of the project goals‘ platforms in building the prototype

with comparatively universal devices. (Frederic P Miller, 2010)

4.4.3 The iPhone

According to Apers and Paterson (2010), there are to the date of their writing over

150,000 apps for the Apple iPhone. The release and success of the Apple iPhone was

dependent upon the idea that the creation and use of apps would catch on, spreading the


29

concept to a point that users would need the innovation of the concept. So far, the concept is

working with thousands of available apps that can help with everything from organizing a

shopping or gift list to providing a resource for new recipes. There are apps that keep the user

up on the latest news, assists in work tasks, and helps to recommend dining options. The list

continues to grow as the many ways that organization and information can be affected by the

use of an app are discovered.

5.1 Developing iPhone Applications

To understand the innovation of the iPhone and the use of apps it is necessary to

understand what exactly is the concept of the application or ‗app‘. An app, according to Harty

(2010), should be referred to as a mobile wireless application. Mobile refers to the small size

of the device and its capacity to have a power source charged and moved from place to place.

The device is portable. Wireless means that it does not have to be plugged in during its

transport to be used. Application, which is the innovative and new concept that Apple was

depending upon, refers to a piece of software that is intended to be run on a mobile device or

use the advantages of a pre-existing piece of software in order to create a function for the user

(Harty,2010,p 1).

In order to develop for the iPhone, there are three possibilities: one can make native

applications, build regular web pages, or build web apps. According to Apers and Paterson

(2010),

―A web application supposedly resembles a native iOS application but is accessible in

the same way as a web page and basically uses the same technologies” (p.70).

Applications are split into three types, two of which have their own split of sub-categories.

Applications can be: client applications that can be split into native and portable types;

messaging applications; and browser applications which is also split into markup and Ajax

applications. A native application will look and feel like an application that is an integral and

natural part of the phone. Harty (2010) states that a native application tools and special

compliers will be needed in order to create an app for a specific phone. Portable applications,


30

on the other hand, will run comfortably across a series of different types of phones (Harty

2010,p. 2).

Messaging applications create interfaces that can message from one phone to another

as exampled by the basic text message service that most feature phones provide. A browser

application can be accessed through a web browsing capability. These applications are server

based and must be designed with the understanding that web browsing from a phone has a far

more limited capability than does web browsing from a PC (Harty 2010, p. 2).

Native applications provide the best possible advantages in creating an application.

While they are limited to the use of one type or brand of device, they can be customized to the

device and the problems associated with the application will be minimized. Through

specialized use of the tools and compilers that are specific to one phone type, problems with

using the application can be virtually eliminated if it fully complies with the needs of the

device. According to Fling (2009), it is a misnomer to call these types of applications ‗native‘

applications but should be referred to as platform applications. The applications must be

specifically compiled for each platform in order to function at their peak performance

capability (Fling 2009, p. 77).

According to Barney (2009), the two most commonly used pieces of software for

iPhone application creation are QuickConnectiPhone and PhoneGap. These types of software

allow for the user to quickly and easily connect to native device features from JavaScript

without having to write Objective-C or Cocoa. QuickConnectiPhone provides for a platform

that is most rich in native connectivity, creating an application that has been created from a

highly engineered and full featured framework that is intended for development. PhoneGap is

more of a library than a framework and requires a remote server for storing files.

According to Zdziarski (2009), iPhone is considered a locked device and is intended

for applications created by Apple. However, since it‘s released, it has become the single most

often hacked device available. A iPhone hacking website reported that there were over 6

million hits on their website after the iPhone version 3G was released - all within the first

month of its release! In March of 2008, official tools were released by Apple to comply with

the numbers of hackers who were using their own resources to get into the device (p. vii).

Apple took the attitude of ‗if you can‘t beat them - join them‘ in order to continue good

relationships with their users.


31

Apple now has full sanctioning of developers, even allowing them, after approval, to

sell their apps in the App Store. According to Udell (2009), it costs a developer who has

signed up with a free account $99 dollars American to upgrade to a standard developer level

and $299 dollars American to upgrade further to a full iPhone developer membership. The

app is reviewed by Apple and an answer is given in a few days as to whether or not it is

functional and well designed enough to meet their standards to be listed and sold within their

directory (p. 275). This can create a nice income for the right developer with the right idea.

CHAPTER FIVE

CONNECTIVITY OPTIONS

As this project consists of the coupling of two devices that are otherwise independent it is

vital that both devices share a universal way of communication. The possible ways are

outlined as follows:

5.1 Cable

The most simple as well as most direct way of transferring information is in connecting a

cable from the sensor to the device that is portable. (Anatoly Tsaliovich, 1995). The devices

could execute the protocol of the SPI or I2C to permit communication of high bandwidth.

Radio interference in the characteristically crowded 2.4GHz band would not be a (Anatoly

Tsaliovich, 1995), concern and it might be likely to recharge or power the sensor from the

handset‘s battery. (Anatoly Tsaliovich, 1995).

Such a solution, while theoretically the most simple may well be the most difficult to put into

practice as accessibility to most devices‘ I/O ports for it is rather restricted. Not many devices

share a universal connection mode. This means that cables that are separate would have the

requirement of being made for every new device upon which the application was to run.

(Anatoly Tsaliovich, 1995).

The readings could be buffered by the sensor until such time as it was linked to the handset so

loss of information would not be a concern. (Anatoly Tsaliovich, 1995), This means of


32

connection would exit out the likelihood of taking action founded on real-time data though

and per se was not appropriate regarding this project. I also think that cables would be too

great an interference for the toleration pertaining to the average user.( Anatoly Tsaliovich,

1995).

6.2 Wi-Fi

More than a few of the most up-to-date handsets have been created in IEEE 802.11g (Wi-Fi)

capabilities. Wi-Fi is a power of high magnitude, rate transmission system of high data that

utilizes costly hardware. It is not appropriate for the utilization with mobile health sensors.

(Michel Daoud Yacoub, 2002)

One area in which Wi-Fi would be useful is if the sensor information collected on the handset

required uploading to a server that is remote on the Internet for investigation or for logging.

(Michel Daoud Yacoub, 2002).Making use of the Wi-Fi network of the patient would provide

transmission speeds that were increased as well as reduced expenditures against sending the

information over the network of the mobile carrier. (Michel Daoud Yacoub, 2002)

5.3 802.15.4

The IEEE standard 802.15.4 defines wireless networks that are short-ranged and low powered

which function in the 2.4GHz ISM band. The standard just defines the protocol stack‘s two

layers that are the lowest, the physical layer (PHY) as well as the layer of the media access

control (MAC). It leaves definition of upper layers open to other standards. (José A, 2003).


33

802.15.4 consists of a small range of about ten metres and a highest transfer rate of 250Kbps.

Modes of lower power are accessible with the trade of transmission speeds that are lower.

(José A, 2003).

This standard was particularly created with sensors of low power in mind and is the most

universally supported option of connectivity on the sensors that were reviewed. It would be an

extremely attractive (José A, 2003).

5.4 ZigBee

ZigBee is one of a number of standards, which define the upper layers‘ operations of the

protocol of the 802.15.4 radio. Its particulars were not researched. (José A, 2003).

5.5 Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a protocol that is wireless also working in the 2.4GHz ISM band, which is made

for communications of low data rate over a comparatively short distance. (Bluetooth Special

Interest Group, March 2011). It consists of an average data rate of about 2Mbps as well as a

range up to 50m between two devices of Class 2. (Bluetooth Special Interest Group, March

2011

Bluetooth is intended to eliminate the necessity for cables in connecting most of electronics of

consumers. It is most commonly utilized in transferring information between two handsets,

which are very close in location, to coordinate information between a handset as well as a

Personal Computer, to replace cables in ordinary peripherals of PCs like a keyboard and a

mouse and in connecting hand-free devices to a handset. (Bluetooth Special Interest Group,

March 2011).

Unlike 802.15.4, the protocol of Bluetooth stipulates the total protocol stack and permits

devices in supporting extended facets. These facets are classified into the profiles of

Bluetooth.


34

Such profiles define the kind of information that the device is proficient in receiving.

Ordinary profiles are the 'Human Interface Device' profile for a keyboard and a mouse, the

wireless headsets‘ 'Hands-Free Profile' and the 'Serial Port Profile' for wireless emulation of

an RS-232 serial port connection. (Bluetooth Special Interest Group, March 2011).

CHAPTER SIX

Introduction to Hardware and software

6.1 Software

Software is kind of programs used to operate related devices. The software divided in to

application software and system software. In this project there are a lot of application can be

done or use. In each of this software‘s have advantages and disadvantages. So when need to

choose the software should think about the application need to used or work with, so the may

divide the software in to following

programming language (Basic, Pascal, C, Visual basic, Java ...etc)

Icon-Based Data Acquisition, Graphics, Control, and Analysis Software (LabView,

DASYLAB … etc)


35

6.1.2 Programming language

Programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behaviour of

device or a machine

1. Advantages

a. Generating smaller code.

b. Extremely fast to operate (High speed)

2. Disadvantages

• Complexity and long learning curve.

• Requires good knowledge of programming.

6.1.3 Icon-Based Data Acquisition, Graphics

Labview is powerful and complex programming environment and it‘s the short of Laboratory

Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench and it‘s a graphic language. It‘s called

virtual instruments (VIs), which has two components such as:

A block diagram

It‘s of the VI is almost the ―backside‖ of the front panel. It shows how all the controls and

indicators fit together as well as the hidden modules where all the work gets done. It looks

somewhat like an electronic schematic diagram and is at least conceptually wired up in the

same way.

Front panel

Is the face that the user of the system sees. It contains controls and indicators. LabVIEW has a

very rich selection of both (you can even design your own) and this permits a wide range of

options to the designer.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control#Science_and_Technology


36

One of examples of the front panel are controls and indicators which allow an operator to

input data into or extract data from a running virtual instrument. The graphical approach also

allows non-programmers to build programs by simply dragging and dropping virtual

representations of the lab equipment.

The best software to use in this application is labview and that because the following reasons:

1. Advantage

a. Extensive support for accessing instrumentation hardware.

b. Rapid development time.

c. Short learning curve.

d. Good graphical user interface.

e. Very convenient for data acquisition, filtering and analysis.

2. Disadvantages

Not particularly easy to integrate with conventional programming (e.g. C,

C++).

Not particularly cheap.

6.1.4 Conclusion

There a lot of different programming languages such as C, visual basic etc, but the required

software for this application is labview. The virtual instruments (VI) are the blocks of

labview. The VIs have three main components front panel, block diagram and the icon and

connector. VIs follow a data flow programming convention in which each executable node of

the program executes only after all the necessary inputs have been received.


37

6.2 Hardware

is the physical aspect of electronic circuitry and components or interconnected electronic

components which perform analog and/or logic operations on received and locally stored

information to produce as output and/or store resulting new information and/or to provide

control for output actuator mechanisms.

Through doing this project there are a lot of hardware involve such as:

CHAPTER SEVEN

Marketing Survey

The cost of this project outline as follow:

Labview student edition which cost £100.01.

Apple developer registration fee £99.

A Mac book second hand cost £370

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics


38

CHAPETR EIGHT

Project management

One of the most important aspects of managing a project such as the creation of an iPhone

application is in managing the scope of the project. According to Campbell and Baker (2007),

one of the worst problems that a manager of such a project can experience is that of ‗scope

creep‘ in which the scope of the project becomes bigger and bigger until it has become so

large that it is unmanageable. (Baker ,2007, p. 23). Defining the limitations of the project, and

sticking to those structures will have the greatest impact on the success of developing an app.

(Baker ,2007, p. 23).

Managing an IT project, whether it is created alone or with a group, is an effort that

requires constant changes and flexibility as the project progresses towards its completion

(Phillips 2010,). When managing a creative effort, time must be factored for the concept of

innovation as the project creates demands for which the creator or creators must find

solutions. The first process in designing a project, according to Schwelbe (2010) is to choose

a project that can be successfully created and will have enough impact to warrant the effort

that it will take to create the work (Schwelbe ,2010, p. 87). The project must not only be done

in a timely manner and be done in a way that the creation is put together through well-formed

thought, but it must be created for a reason of importance. (Schwelbe ,2010, p. 87).


39

CHAPETR NINE

Design and Implementation

Blood pressure monitors can utilize Korotkoff, Oscillometry, or Pulse Transit Time

techniques in measuring blood pressure. They use a pressure cuff, pump, as well as transducer

in measuring heart rate as well as blood pressure in three phases known as Inflation,

Measurement, and Deflation. They are consisted of selection buttons, LCD, power

management, memory recall, and a USB interface. (Blood Pressure Monitor,2011)

The pressure transducer generates the output voltage comparative to the differential input

pressure, which is applied. The pressure transducer‘s output voltages range from 0 to 40 mV,

which requires to be amplified with the intention that the DC‘s output voltage amplifier

consists of a range from 0 to 5V. Hence, we require an amplifier of high gain. After that, the

DC amplifier‘s signal will be put through to the filter that is of band pass. The amplifier of the

DC amplifies both of the components of the DC as well as AC of the signal. The filter is made

to contain a large gain at about 1-4 Hz and satisfy any signal, which is out of the pass band.

The filter‘s AC component is vital to determine when to take the patient‘s rate of heart beat as

well as systolic/diastolic pressures. The front end‘s last stage is one of AC coupling, when

after the signal is transmitted to analogue to digital converters, and then digitized. (Blood

Pressure Monitor,2011)

The heart rate‘s and pressure‘s digital measurements are conducted through the

microprocessor. The results of the measurements are stored up in the memory of EEPROM or

FLASH in the capacity of a data log, which has the capability of being uploaded to a PC by

USB. The analogue circuit is utilized in amplifying both of the components of the DC and AC


40

of the pressure transducer‘s output signal so that we can utilize the MCU in processing the

signal and obtaining useful data regarding the health of the patient. (Blood Pressure

Monitor,2011)

Figure 7 illustrates the actual blood pressure machine‘s life

Heart rate consists of the quantity of heartbeats for each unit of time, in general expressed as

beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate has the capability of varying as the need of the body in

absorbing oxygen and excreting carbon dioxide alters, like while exercising or sleeping.

Medical pros use the heart rate‘s measurement is utilized in assisting with the diagnosis and

medical conditions tracking. It is also utilized by certain people, like athletes, who have

interest to monitor the rate of their heart beat in gaining maximum training effectiveness. The

R wave to R wave interval (RR interval) is the opposite of the heart rate. (Blood Pressure

Monitor,2011)

The measurement of heart rate is performed by finding the body‘s pulse. Such pulse rate can

be measured at any body‘s point in which the pulsation of the artery is sent to the surface

through pressuring it by the index as well as middle fingers; frequently it is compressed

against a structure, which is underlying, such as bone. The thumb ought to not be utilized in

the measurement of the heart rate of another person, because its strong pulse might interfere

with the discrimination of the pulsation‘s site. (Blood Pressure Monitor,2011)

The typical heart is a pump, which is muscular and strong, and slightly bigger than a person‘s

fist. It continuously pumps blood throughout the circulatory system. Every day the typical

heart "beats" (expands as well as contracts) 100,000 times and pumps blood of around 2,000

gallons. In a lifetime of 70 years, a typical human heart beats over 2.5 billion times.

The circulatory system consists of an elastic tube network, which takes blood all through the

body. It consists of the heart, lungs, as well as capillaries (KAP'ih-lair"eez), which are blood

vessels that are very tiny. (Blood Pressure Monitor,2011). These blood vessels take oxygen-

as well as nutrient-rich blood to every body part. These are the same blood vessels, which

take oxygen- as well as nutrient-depleted blood all the way back to the lungs as well as heart.

If these vessels all were laid lengthwise, they would extend around 60,000 miles. That is

enough to surround the earth in excess of twice around. (Blood Pressure Monitor,2011)


41

The blood that circulates carries oxygen as well as nutrients to the all of the organs and tissues

of the body counting the heart itself. It also selects the body's cells‘ waste products. Such

waste products are taken away as they are filtered through the liver, kidneys, as well as lungs.

(Blood Pressure Monitor,2011)

9.2 Data Acquisition

Data acquisition is the procedure of the sample of signals, which measure actual world

physical circumstances and the resulting samples‘ conversion into values of digital numeric,

which can be controlled by a computer. Data acquisition systems (abbreviated with the

acronym DAS or DAQ) usually convert analogue waveforms into digital values for the

purpose of processing. (H. Rosemary Taylor,1997, )The data acquisition systems‘

components consist of:

Sensors, which convert physical parameters to electrical signals.

Signal conditioning circuitry in converting sensor signals into a structure, which has

the capability of being converted to digital values.

Analogue-to-digital converters that convert conditioned sensor signals to digital

values. (H. Rosemary Taylor,1997, )

The applications of data acquisition are controlled through software programs created that use

a variety of universal programming languages like C, BASIC, Java, Fortran, Pascal and Lisp.

COMEDI is an open source API (application program Interface) utilized by applications in

accessing and controlling the hardware of data acquisition. Utilizing COMEDI permits the

same programs in running on various operating systems, such as Windows and Linux.

Software tools that are specialized and utilized in building data acquisition systems of a large

scale consist of, EPICS. Environments of graphical programming consist of Visual C++

ladder logic, MATLAB, Visual Basic and LabVIEW. (H. Rosemary Taylor,1997, )

http://www.google.co.uk/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22H.+Rosemary+Taylor%22




42

9.3 Application Architecture

Introduction to System Structure Report


43

System structure diagram

Figure 8 Application Architecture

Medical device

Blood

Pressure

Temperature Heartbeat

+ -

DAQ

Server

iPhone

Web Interface LabView Web

Service

Labview

Application

Server Platform Client Platform


44

Smart

Phone

LabView

VI

Web Service

Gateway


45

9.4 iPhone software development tools.

Xcode is the suite of tools that are appropriate fro developing within the Mac OS X

environment. This suite of tools include an interface builder and an integrated development

environment. .( Craig Hockenberry, 2010)The use of this software would be most appropriate

in building the intended project for the iPhone because it is based on an Objective - C

language which is oriented towards objects and will privde high level API‘s with code

completion. Xcode is the only software available on the market for iPhone Operating System

(iOS) development and therefore is the only choice for creating the application. .( Craig

Hockenberry, 2010) In order to create high end graphics that will enhance the experience

within the app, Adobe Photoshop will be used to create and edit the graphics needed within

the project. Adobe Photoshop is highly compatible with Mac OS X and it the best choice for

graphics creation for the app.( Craig Hockenberry, 2010)

9.5 Interface Smartphone

Mobile phone is the data terminal device, it has the function to receive and interpret the test

data from blood pressure meter; prototype box is the medium to facilitate the communication

between the meter and mobile phone through a server. (Mohammad Ilyas, 2006). The

interface which comprises these two devices should have the specifications listed below:

1. Establish the secure partnership to ensure the privacy of the personal medical

information.

2. Server to store the data and send to an iPhone.

3. ASIHTTPRequest classes to simplify our calls to the Web Service.

4. We have also used the Core Plot framework to simplify plotting in iOS.

http://www.google.co.uk/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Craig+Hockenberry%22




http://www.google.co.uk/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Mohammad+Ilyas%22


46

9.5.1 Connection between server and Smartphone.

What Is XML?

This question reminds me of an assignment once given in high school where the task was to

answer the broad question: ―What is History?‖ As youngsters we were quick to respond with

simple answers such as ―History is what happened in the past,‖ or for those of us who were

really lazy, we would provide the proctor with Webster‘s definition (and no doubt receive a

poor grade).

The question ―What is XML?‖ is a loaded question that has no simple answer. It almost

seems like any simple answer given would be akin to answering the ―What is History‖

question with the same naiveté of someone in high school. For XML, the answer to this

question often depends on the audience. There are books on XML for managers, software

developers, sales representatives, and marketing people. Here we will take the viewpoint of a

software engineer or computer scientist as we attempt to create yet another definition of this

technology.

XML Security

XML Signature Basics

An XML Signature is a rich, complex, cryptographic object. XML Signatures rely on a large

number of disparate XML and cryptographic technologies.

The culmination of these technologies results in a signature syntax that can be quite abstract

and daunting, even to those well versed in both security technology and XML syntax and

tools. The XML Signature syntax is designed with a high degree of extensibility and

flexibility; these notions add to the abstract nature of the syntax itself, but provide a signature

syntax that is conducive to almost any signature operation.


47

<Patient>

<Name> Alice </Name>

<Gender> Female </Gender>

<Record>

<Diagnosis> Flu in left arm </Diagnosis>

<Source> Dr. B. Smith </Source>

</Record>

<SocSctyNo> 265-3997467-00-1-3298 </SocSctyNo>

</Patient>

DTD/Schema standard XML Source

Name

Patient

SocialSecur

ityNo

SourceDiagnosis

RecordGender

*

<Patient>

<Name> Alice </Name>

<Gender> Female </Gender>

<Record>

<secure> Jkf*93b&&ekj_F </secure>

</Record>

<SocSctyNo>

<secure> FkJJhn_003*H$.Kjh </secure>

</SocSctyNo>

</Patient>

secure XML Source

XML Signature Syntax and Examples

Listing 4-3 gives the core structure of an XML Signature. XML Schema definitions and

Document Type Definitions (DTDs) give the formal syntax and grammar of all child elements

of <Signature> as specified in the XML Signature Recommendation. Rather than repeat the

formal syntax given in the recommendation, we will give informal descriptions that attempt to

document the nature and intent of each element.


48

9.5.1.2 Set up the Partnership

A Wireless partnership is a relationship between the mobile phone and the server in order to

exchange information in webservice technology has taken a place. In this prototype system,

the security is extremely important. Patients‘ record testing data should be sent to a secured

and stabled terminal device to ensure the patients‘ privacy. (Mohammad Ilyas, 2006)

Some specify configurations and create a graph object which we connect to the view.

Lastly, we create a timer which will execute at a regular interval.

The function called by the timer first sets up a connection to the URL, then configures the

XML parser, reads and parses the XML from the input stream.

The XML parser saves the new data to an object in the application delegate.

Lastly, in this function, we tell the graph that there is new data and it's display should be

updated. (Mohammad Ilyas, 2006)

When the URL has been setup the iphone will exchange data with server and display it two

main interfaces.

The lift picture is the result has been represented as a number, the right picture is representing

the result in grapg. (Mohammad Ilyas, 2006)

10 Chapter

Conclusion

This system encompasses its pioneering approach in providing the user with individual health

support. Health sensors are chiefly well-suited with the majority of handsets in the middle to

high end range. The technology can be tailored in producing a health monitoring system. Left

to be seen, though, is whether physicians will discover if the information that is produced is

useful, or not.

The handset is somewhat a proficient device, but, in this project, basic aspects are utilized;

however, there is the capacity for analysing, in a complex way, the information received.





49

In this particular prototype, an individual monitoring system has been constructed with the

goal of enhancing the user‘s self management. The chief role consists of a real-time system‘s

heartbeat graph.

The project does not utilize any of the aspects of security that the Smartphone provides.

In dealing with the sensitivity of something such as medical data it is vital that the path of the

data has protection back from the sensor to the database. Nevertheless, the mechanism, also

known as sXML, which can be utilized in covering that particular security concern, has been

discussed in this document.

Wireless communication‘s technical confrontations of were unravelled as explained in this

document. Issues of usability have been researched with the goal of creating simple user

interface as well as suitable control outcomes. In the test of usability, some struggles that

were encountered were also addressed.


50

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51

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http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Constantinos+S.+Pattichis%22&sa=X&ei=9C_BTYKxMci38QOK7uTJBQ&ved=0CDcQ9Ag

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https://www.symbiansigned.com/how_do_I_get_my_application_signed.pdf

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