THE USE OF PERSON DEIXIS BETWEEN ENGLISH:...
Transcript of THE USE OF PERSON DEIXIS BETWEEN ENGLISH:...
THE USE OF PERSON DEIXIS BETWEEN ENGLISH: DONALD
TRUMP’S SPEECHES AND INDONESIAN: JOKO WIDODO’S
SPEECHES
(STUDY OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS)
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities
In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for
The Degree of Strata One (S1)
Written by:
Denisa Putri Khusnul Rahmawati
1113026000021
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2018
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ABSTRACT
Denisa Putri Khusnul Rahmawati, The Use of Person Deixis between English:
Donald Trump’s Speeches and Indonesian: Joko Widodo’s Speeches (Study of
Contrastive Analysis). Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Department, Faculty of
Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta,
Desember 2017.
This research aims to identify the differences and similarities of deixis in English
and Indonesian. The research only focuses on the use of person deixis that is
compared between English and Indonesian by using contrastive analysis. The data
used in this research are the speech transcripts of Donald Trump and Joko Widodo.
The collected data are analysed by qualitative analysis based on the relevant
theories. After analysing, the researcher found that there are some similarities and
differences between English and Indonesian in deixis, especially person deixis. The
most prominent differences appear in the third person singular and first person
plural. Besides the differences, the researcher also found the similarities of deixis
use in English and Indonesian, i.e. in person deixis especially on first person
singular, second person and third person plural.
Keywords: Pragmatics, Contrastive Analysis, Deixis
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APPROVEMENT
THE USE OF PERSON DEIXIS BETWEEN ENGLISH: DONALD
TRUMP’S SPEECHES AND INDONESIAN: JOKO WIDODO’S
SPEECHES
(STUDY OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS)
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities
In Partial Fulfilment of Requirements for
The Degree of Strata One (S1)
Denisa Putri Khusnul Rahmawati
1113026000021
Approved by:
Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd.
NIP. 19650919 200003 1 001
(Day/Date: / )
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2018
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best
knowledge and belief. It contains no materials previously publish or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institutes of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in text.
Jakarta, December 2017
Denisa Putri Khusnul Rahmawati
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, the most Beneficent
May peace and blessing of Allah by upon all of us.
All praises be to Allah SWT. The real writer’s guide, who is amazingly and
mysteriously guides and helps her in the process of making this thesis. Peace upon
the greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions, and adherents.
This thesis could not be completed without a great deal of help from many people.
Therefore, the researcher would like to give her sincerest gratitude to her beloved
parents (Mr Mansur and Mrs Sumini) who always give support morally and
materially. Their sacrifice will not be paid off with anything, this is a little gift from
me for all that they already provide. May Allah give them bless.
The researcher also wants to give her deep and sincere gratitude to her
advisor Dr. Muhammad Farkhan M.Pd. who had guided and supported the
researcher accomplish this thesis until finish. May Allah bless him and his families.
The researcher also would like to express her deepest gratitude to the following
persons:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag. as the Dean of Faculty of Letter and
Humanities.
2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd as the Head of English Letter Department.
3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum as the Secretary of English Letters Department.
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4. All lecturers of English Letters Department for their valuable knowledge
who have educated the writer during her study at State Islamic University
Syarif Hidayahtullah Jakarta.
5. All her friends in English Letters Department, especially “Crowsa” and
“Linguistics Class” and everybody who gives their supports and kindness
during my study.
6. Her “Rahasia Team” Yussie Septiany, Wilda Aqthori, Siti Rahmah
Wahyuningtyas, Rizki Maulinawati, Febrina Wonosantoso, and Adila
Oktania, her beloved best friends who always accompany and provide
motivate her to finish this thesis.
7. Her friends in Angklung DEMA FAH. Thanks a lot for your supports,
laughs, experiences and togetherness for this four years.
8. Her “Merintis Team”. Thanks to Rani, Indri, Sarah and Kak Dea thanks for
your support and kindness.
May Allah gives His bless to them and also He gives them more than what they
have been given to me. Aameen.
Jakarta, December 2017
DPKR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. i
APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................... ii
DECLARATION ................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1
A. Background of The Study ......................................................................... 1
B. Focus of Study .......................................................................................... 4
C. Research Question .................................................................................... 4
D. The Objective of the Research ................................................................. 4
E. Significance of the Study ............................................................................. 4
F. Research Methodology................................................................................. 5
1. The Method of the Research .................................................................... 5
2. Data Collection Technique ....................................................................... 5
3. Data Analysis Technique .......................................................................... 5
4. Unit of Analysis ........................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................. 9
A. Previous Research .................................................................................... 9
B. Pragmatics .............................................................................................. 10
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1. Definition of Pragmatics ........................................................................ 10
C. Deixis ...................................................................................................... 11
1. Definition of Deixis in English .............................................................. 11
2. Definition of Deixis in Indonesian ......................................................... 18
D. Contrastive Analysis ............................................................................... 25
1. Definition of Contrastive Analysis ......................................................... 25
2. Contrastive analysis between languages ................................................ 26
3. Aspects of Contrastive Analysis ............................................................. 27
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ............................................................. 29
A. Data Descriptions ................................................................................... 29
B. Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 33
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................... 44
A. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 44
B. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 45
WORKS CITED ................................................................................................... 46
APPENDIXES ...................................................................................................... 49
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1. The list of data findings ....................................................................... 28
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
Speech is the ability to pronounce the articulation sounds or words to
express or convey thoughts, ideas and feelings. It can be said that speech is a
system of signs or symbols. Speaking is a form of human behaviour that exploits
physical, psychological, neurological, semantic, and linguistic factors, so it can
be regarded as the most important human tools for social contact (Marsono
152).
In a speech, there must be a context of utterance used to contribute to the
interpretation of the hearer about what the speaker means by the given utterance.
Context of utterance has been understood in various ways, for example to
include the 'relevant' aspect of the physical or social setting of a speech (Leech
13). Context of an utterance must have meaning, the study that concerns about
meaning is called pragmatic. According to Leech (13) defined that pragmatics
is the study about meaning in the relation to speech situation. The situation
covers some elements such as, addressers or addressees, the context of an
utterance, the purpose of an utterance, and the utterance as a form of
illocutionary act. Moreover, pragmatics explores how linguistic utterances
could be interpreted differently as a result of different contextual forces and
communicative goals (Bataineh and Hussein 352). This means that the speaker
is necessarily bound to contextual meaning and how a particular context
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influences what is uttered. The context comprises the addressee, the place, the
time and other circumstances.
To refer to an utterance that related to the context of speech, it can be done
by deixis analysis. Deixis is the most obvious way to describe the relationship
between language and context in the structure of the language itself (Levinson
54). Levinson (in Dylgjeri and Kazazi 88) stated that deixis refers to a
phenomenon in which the understanding of the meaning of certain words and
phrases in an utter contains the contextual information. It means that deixis
concerns on the interpretation of an utterance that depends on the analysis of
the context of utterance itself.
In English and Indonesian, there are obviously similarities and
dissimilarities between deixis itself. The study of similarities and differences in
languages is called contrastive analysis. According to Lado (in Salim 122),
contrastive analysis is a systematic branch of applied linguistics that deals with
linguistic descriptions of two different structures or languages. Besides, Rabadi
(16) added that contrastive analysis has a practical purpose to describe the
differences and similarities between the structures of the source language and
the target language in order to assert the distinction as a primary source in
learning foreign language. The comparison shows how languages differ in the
system of sound, grammar structures and vocabulary.
In this research, the researcher will analyse the use of deixis in English and
Indonesian which will be contrasted with contrastive analysis. This research
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only focuses on the use of person deixis. It is because in a speech, the speaker
tends to use personal pronouns to designate an object or person. Therefore, the
analysis of person deixis is needed in a speech to find out who is the object or
person that being a reference. This research aims to complete the previous
discussion in depth about contrastive study and deixis, particularly in English
and Indonesian. This research uses the qualitative research method. According
to Farkhan (2), qualitative research method is a method that relies on verbal and
non-numerical data as basic analysis and problem solving that is being
examined, such as content analysis, discourse analysis and naturalistic research.
The data that will be used is qualitative data. By this method, the researcher
tries to describe the selected text, identify each discourse, and analyse the type
of person deixis. The researcher obtains the English data from some speech
transcripts of President Donald Trump and the Indonesian data from speech
transcripts of President Joko Widodo. The researcher takes the speech
transcripts of President Donald Trump and President Joko Widodo as the unit
of analysis because the researcher assumes that the data contained in those texts
have been considered representing the similarities and differences of person
deixis in English and Indonesian. Furthermore, the data will be analysed by
qualitative analyses based on the method, or relevant theories.
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B. Focus of Study
This study focuses on the use of person deixis that will be compared with
English: Donald Trump’s speeches and Indonesian: Joko Widodo’s speeches
by using contrastive analysis.
C. Research Question
According to the background of the study and the focus of research, the
researcher tries to get the similarities and differences of deictic usage in person
deixis between English: Donald Trump’s speeches and Indonesian: Joko
Widodo’s speeches of between English and Indonesian deixis by following the
questions below:
1. How is the person deixis usage in English and Indonesian?
2. What are the similarities and differences of the person deixis used in
English and Indonesian?
D. The Objective of the Research
Based on the research questions, the objectives of this research are:
1. To analyse the person deixis usage in English: Donald Trump’s
speeches and Indonesian: Joko Widodo’s speeches.
2. To analyse the similarities and differences of the person deixis used in
English: Donald Trump’s speeches and Indonesian: Joko Widodo’s
speeches.
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E. Significance of the Study
In terms of theory, this research carries more contribution to develop the
previous discussion in depth about contrastive study and deixis, particularly in
English and Indonesian. However, practically, this research could be one of
useful reference materials for the readers and experts who are interested in
contrastive analysis and deixis. Besides, it can give information for readers
about contrastive analysis and deixis in text and give advantageous for
linguistics expert.
F. Research Methodology
1. The Method of the Research
This study uses the qualitative research method. According to Farkhan
(2), qualitative research method is a method that relies on verbal and non-
numerical data as basic analysis and problem solving that is being
examined, such as content analysis, discourse analysis and naturalistic
research. The researcher seeks to find out the similarities and differences of
deixis in English and Indonesian speech transcripts.
2. Data Collection Technique
As the main instrument, the researcher collects the data of linguistics
corpuses through steps. First, identifying the problem by reading the
selected transcripts of President Donald Trump and President Joko Widodo.
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Second, restricting the main problem of the research by picking the
sentences from President Donald Trump and President Joko Widodo that
indicates person deixis. Third, coding the sentences which contains person
deixis.
3. Data Analysis Technique
The collected data assumed to have representative act in comparing
deixis in English and Indonesian. The researcher begins to analyse the types
of person deixis in English; analyse the types of person deixis in Indonesian;
then, analyse the similarities and differences of person deixis in English and
Indonesian.
4. Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis in this research is speech transcripts of President
Donald Trump and President Joko Widodo. The speech transcripts consist
of three speech transcripts of President Donald Trump, and five speech
transcripts of President Joko Widodo. Below are the speech transcripts of
President Donald Trump:
a. Donald Trump’s Victory Speech
From: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/us/politics/trump-speech-
transcript.html
b. Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech
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From: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-
fix/wp/2017/01/20/donald-trumps-full-inauguration-speech-transcript-
annotated/?utm_term=.9126e0f5f1d5
c. Trump’s Speech on Afghanistan: President Trump addressed the nation
on Monday from Fort Myer military base in Arlington, Va., to lay out
his military plans for Afghanistan.
From: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/21/world/asia/trump-
speech-afghanistan.html
Then, the speech transcripts of President Joko Widodo:
a. Pidato Kemenangan Joko Widodo
From: https://pemilu.tempo.co/read/news/2014/07/22/269595082/Ini-
Isi-Pidato-Kemenangan-Jokowi-JK
b. Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo dalam Pembukaan World Peace
Forum (WPF) ke- 6, 1 November 2016, di Istana Negara, Jakarta
From: http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-dalam-
pembukaan-world-peace-forum-wpf-ke-6-1-november-2016-di-istana-
negara-jakarta/
c. Pidato Pelantikan Joko Widodo – Jusuf Kalla
From: https://news.detik.com/berita/2723911/ini-pidato-lengkap-
jokowi-saat-pelantikan-presiden
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d. Arahan Presiden RI Joko Widodo Pada Penerimaan Peserta Program
Pendidikan Reguler LEMHANAS, di Istana Negara, Jakarta, 18
November 2014
From: http://setkab.go.id/arahan-presiden-ri-joko-widodo-pada-
penerimaan-peserta-program-pendidikan-reguler-lemhanas-di-istana-
negara-jakarta-18-november-2014/
e. Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo pada Pertemuan Tahunan Bank
Indonesia 2016, 22 November 2016, di Jakarta Hall Convention Center,
Jakarta
From: http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-pada-
pertemuan-tahunan-bank-indonesia-2016-22-november-2016-di-
jakarta-hall-convention-center-jakarta/
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
The previous research is needed to identify the differences of this research
from the previous research. This chapter will expose some of the research that
is considered relevant to this research to provide a clear distinction between this
research and the previous research. Here are some previous research:
First is the research written by Nanda Anggarani Putri and Eri Kurniawan
(2013) entitled Person Deixis is USA Presidential Campaign Speeches. This
study analysed the use of person deixis in the presidential campaign speeches.
The data collected from six speech transcripts of Barack Obama and Mitt
Romney. The results of this study indicated that presidential candidates used
pronouns as a way to promote themselves well. In addition, the results of this
study suggested that the use of pronouns in speech allowed presidential
candidates to establish positive identities and realities.
Second, Analisis Deiksis Persona dalam Ujaran Bahasa Rusia written by
Heppy Leo Mustika (2012). This study analysed the use of person deixis in
Russian’s speech. This research used descriptive analysis method. The results
of this study indicated that the person deixis in Russian needs to refer to the
context of speech such as authors, readers, topics of conversation, and
background. In Russian there are several forms of pronouns that can show the
person deixis, such as personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative
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pronouns, reflective pronouns, determinative pronouns, interrogative pronouns,
relative pronouns, negative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.
Third, Person Deixis in English Translation of Summarized Shahih Al-
Bukhari Hadith in the Book of As-Salat written by Siska Pratiwi (2018). This
research focused on person deixis which aimed to identify and classify kind of
person deixis in English translation of Summarized Shahih Al-Bukhari Hadith,
especially in the book of As-Salat (the prayer) that translated by Dr. Muhammad
Muhsin Khan. The result of this research showed the dominant of person deixis
used in Hadith was the third person singular deixis especially the word “He”
that dominantly refers to “Prophet Muhammad SAW in which shows that
Hadith is the media to reveal the action, provisions, approvals and utterances of
Prophet Muhammad SAW and his companions.
Concerning with the previous study, this study focuses on the use of person
deixis that will be compared with English and Indonesian by using contrastive
analysis. This research aims to complete the previous discussion in depth about
contrastive study and deixis, particularly in English and Indonesian.
B. Pragmatics
1. Definition of Pragmatics
According to Levinson (9), pragmatics is a study of the relation between
language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure
of language. Besides that, Leech (13) defined that pragmatics is the study
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about meaning in the relation to speech situation. The situation covers some
elements such as, addressers or addressees, the context of an utterance, the
purpose of an utterance, and the utterance as a form of illocutionary act.
Later, Yule (3) stated four definition of pragmatics, namely (i) pragmatics
is the study of speaker meaning; (ii) pragmatics is the study of contextual
meaning; (iii) pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than
is said; and the last (iv) pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative
distance. Moreover, pragmatics explores how linguistic utterances could be
interpreted differently as a result of different contextual forces and
communicative goals (Bataineh and Hussein 352). This means that the
speaker is necessarily bound to contextual meaning and how a particular
context influences what is uttered. The context comprises the addressee, the
place, the time and other circumstances.
C. Deixis
1. Definition of Deixis in English
According to Levinson (in Dylgjeri and Kazazi 88) deixis refers to a
phenomenon in which the understanding of the meaning of certain words
and phrases in an utterance contains the contextual information. It means
that deixis concerns on the interpretation of an utterance that depends on the
analysis of the context of utterance itself. Levinson also added that every
words or phrases that contain contextual information is deictic. In addition,
he thought that deixis is the domain of pragmatics because it deals with the
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relationship between the structure of languages and the contexts when it is
used.
The current researchers, Dylgjeri and Kazazi (88) developed the theory
of Levinson on deixis. They stated that deixis is a verbal pointing that shows
the different meanings of each word depending on the context of the
utterance. They also defined deixis as "verbal pointing" which means it is
pointing using language. Meanwhile, Pangaribuan, et al. (172) stated that
deixis is the study about how to encode the grammatical feature in the
context of the utterance, and how to interpret the utterances depending on
analysis of the context. Thus, deixis has function to determine an identity,
time, or location from the point of view of the speaker to listener in
situations where the communication occurs (Pangaribuan, et al. 171).
As the current research on modern linguistics, Dylgjeri and Kazazi (88)
explain that deixis is not only serves as a grammatical constituent, but also
serves to show different meanings in words. In the certain conditions, words
are used in the same way, yet in different conditions. However, in the
context of speakers on deixis, there is a fundamental difference between
"near to the speaker" (proximal) and "far away from the speaker" (distal).
Proximal deixis expressions include this, here, and now. While distal deictic
expressions include that, there and then. In proximal expressions, it
generally interprets objects that are related to the speaker location or deictic
centre. Dylgjeri and Kazazi (88) added if deixis has a relationship with
indexicality and anaphora. Indexicality tends to lexemes and implies the
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wider ways of transmitting the message and the various marks used, while
anaphora is used to referring something that has been mentioned previously.
1.1. Types of Deixis in English
1.1.1. Person Deixis
Al Aubali (119) describes that grammatically person deixis
refers to the speaker and addressee, as well as the objects that are not
referring to the speaker and addressee. The three roles of the person
deixis are known by the first person, second person, and third
person. However, the third person does not participate because he or
she has no active role in communication process. Similarly, Dylgjeri
and Kazazi (91) stated that person dexis related to personal
grammatical identification that refer to speaker and hearer. Person
deixis consist of personal pronouns, and personal pronouns itself
divided into first person, second person and third person.
a. First person is used by speaker to refer themselves. It is known as
I and we. First person deixis is deictic expressions refers to the
speaker or both speaker and addressee grouped with the speaker
(Pangaribuan et al. 173).
Example (1) (Flores-Ferrán 80):
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Trump: “I’m not getting millions of dollars from all of these
special interests and lobbyist and donors that once they get it they
literally do whatever the politicians want”.
By the example above, the pronoun I was used for
positioning himself against other candidates and self-referencing.
b. Second person uses you that has function to refer the addressee.
Example (2) (Quinto 8):
President Benigno Aquino: “I am asking you for a few minutes of
your time in order to bring clarity to these issues”.
The example contains second person pronouns you to refer
the Filipino people. The President Aquino’s utterance directly
addresses to the Filipino people and seems to establish a near-
each-other relationship.
c. Third person refers to the object that different from the speaker
and hearer. It is commonly using pronouns he, she and it.
Example (3) (Rosmawaty 62):
Speaker: “Full name Akhmad Taqiyaddin Sheikh Abdul Majid,
young priest who had been close to me. He never hid his smile
each time met with me. He was young, he was only thirty one, and
only half of last year he earned Masters in Islamic History from
the University of Al- Azhar.”
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The example indicates third person he that refers to Akhmad
Taqiyaddin Sheikh Abdul Majid. The pronoun he is as an
anaphoric in the utterance.
1.1.2. Spatial or Place Deixis
Spatial deixis identifies referents based on the location of the
utterance (Al Aubali, 120). The proximal expressions generally
interpret the objects that are related to the speaker location or deictic
center. In the context of speakers on spatial deixis, there is a
fundamental difference between "near to the speaker" (proximal)
and "far away from the speaker" (distal). Proximal deixis
expressions include this and here. While distal deictic expressions
include that and there (Dylgjeri and Kazazi 92).
Example (4) (Rosmawaty 63):
Speaker: “Many stationery stores, where copy and computer supply
stores in Hadayek. If not here, usually in Shubra El Khaima.”
By the example above, the proximal distance here refers to a
city, because Hadayek and Shubra El Khaima indicated as a place.
1.1.3. Time Deixis
Temporal deixis is expressed by the adverb of time and tense
markers on verb (Dylgjeri and Kazazi 93). The elements that assert
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the time deixis are tomorrow, yesterday, today, now, and then. In
English, time deixis is applied in the uses of tenses, such as present,
past and future.
Example (5) (Quinto 10):
President Aquino: “for the past three years and five months, in the
fourth quarter of 2011, today, in the wake of Typhoon Sendong, now
and tonight”.
The example above gives the time-referring expression
related to the past and present. The deictic expressions that used in
the utterance are for the past, today, now and tonight. All time deixis
expressions refer to the context of the period of time before the
present of Aquino's administration.
1.1.4. Social Deixis
Flores (902) indicated that social deixis is a deictic expressions
that concerning on the status of social speaker, hearer, third person or
other entities that including honorific system. According to Flores,
social deixis includes social class, relationship relativity, age, gender,
profession, and ethnic groups.
Example (6) (Rosmawaty 65):
Speaker: “Mas Fahri, the air is too hot. The weather is too bad. What
you should not just rest at home?”
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The example contains social deixis in word Mas. The word
Mas is an Indonesian that commonly used for honorific greetings,
especially for men who are elder.
1.1.5. Discourse Deixis
Discouse deixis is generally used for referring the expressions
that include the utterance itself (Dylgjeri and Kazazi, 94). According
to Lyons (in Dylgjeri and Kazazi, 94), discourse deixis is expressed
with deictic and anaphoric at the same time. To distinguish both
deictic and anaphoric, it can define from what the expression refers to.
If the reference refers to the same item within the utterance, it is called
anaphoric. Anaphora is used to refer something that has been
mentioned (Al Aubali 122). Then, if the reference refers to a piece of
discourse, it is a deictic expressions.
Example (7) (Pangaribuan et al. 175):
Speaker: “That was funniest movie.”
Example (8) (Pangaribuan et al. 175):
Speaker: “I bet you have not heard this story.”
In the example (7), the expressions of that can be used to refer
to a precise portion, and it can be called as anaphoric. However, the
example (8) shows a forthcoming of the discourse, so that it is called
deictic.
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2. Definition of Deixis in Indonesian
A word can be said as deixis when the referent moving or changing,
depends on who is the speaker and also depends on the time and the place
when the utterance occur (Purwo 1). So it can be said that deiksis is an
element whose reference can be identified by observing the identity of the
speaker at the time and place when the utterance happend. Purwo (19) stated
that there are three types of deixis in Indonesian, namely person deixis,
spatial deixis, and time deixis.
2.1. Type of deixis in Indonesian
2.1.1. Person Deixis
Person deixis is the term for personal pronouns. Substantively,
among the three of personal pronouns, only the first and second
person states the person, while the third person's pronouns asserts
the person or thing including the animal (Purwo, 19). The referent
that pointed by personal pronouns is always changing, depends on
the role of the speaker. Speaker is the person who is talking, so the
speaker gets role as first person. Then, hearer is referred as the
second person. While the person who is not in the place of the
conversation is called as the third person (Purwo, 22).
There are three types of person deixis (Purwo, 23), namely:
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a. First person singular, that is aku and saya. Deictic aku is used
by speaker in informal situations. While deictic saya is used in
formal situations. Then, the first person plural form, that is kami
and kita. In addition, first person plural in Indonesian has an
exclusive and inclusive form (Purwo, 24). The exclusive form
is a combination of the first and third person, as in deictic kami.
The exclusive form kami in written language can be used as an
editorial form. Besides, deictic kami can be used as pronouns
saya in spoken language (eg. speech). While the inclusive form
is a combination of the first person and the second person, that
is deictic kita.
Example (9) (Nur Riza and Santoso 276):
Context: Habib Syech is discussing the event of haul of
Habib Syech’s father.
“Dateng pagi, jam Sembilan sampai jam sepuluh. Jadi jam
sepuluh sudah sampai sini, sebelum Zuhur dah pulang, Zuhur
jamaah. Haulnya abah saya kan tanggal lima belas. Paling tidak,
bisa dilukir, tanggal empat belas di sini, tanggal lima belas di
kanzus. Oleh karena itu, lima belas pagi, dan saya ini ingin, Solo
ini mau saya buat kota ziarah.”
In the utterance, it is found two first person singular, i.e.
saya. Deictic saya in the utterance refers to Habib Syech,
20
because it is spoken by him. The referent of deictic saya can be
changing when it is spoken by others.
b. Second person in the singular form is kamu, engkau, and anda.
Deictic kamu and engkau are used among the participants who
are intimate. While deictic anda are used in formal situations.
Then, the second person plural, ie kalian. Deictic kalian is used
to mention more than two participants of speech. In addition, the
second person form in the Indonesian language has many
varieties, including saudara, bapak, ibu, kakak, and so forth.
Example (10) (Nur Riza and Santoso 276):
Context: Habib discusses about love, and then Habib Haidar
is pleased to say something
“Saya tanya, ketika cinta awal, betu-betul suasana cinta, Anda
mempunyai tuntutan terhadap orang yang Anda cintai? Enggak.
Engak menuntut apa-apa. Bahkan diri Anda, Anda serahkan
total untuk dia. Ya,”
In the utterance above, there is a second person form of
person deixis, that is anda. There are four utterences that use
deictic anda, and the speech refers to the same person because
they are only repeated, as in the words “Anda mempunyai
tuntutan”, “Anda cintai?”, and “Bahkan diri Anda, Anda
serahkan total untuk dia.” The deictic anda refers to the
21
participants of the workshop. It is not only about one of the
participants of the workshop, but all of participants of the
workshop attended the event. Deictic anda should refer to a
second person singular. However, in this context, it refers to the
second person plural. This phenomenon is called a deixis
reversal, that is a deixis form whose reference does not
appropriate to the properly reference.
c. Third person singular, that is ia, dia, and beliau. Deictic ia and
dia are used as informal situation to mention objects except
speaker and hearer, while deictic beliau used in formal
situations. Then, the third person plural, i.e. mereka. Deictic
mereka are used to mention the objects besides speaker and
hearer that more than two persons.
Example (11) (Nur Riza and Santoso 277):
Context: Habib discusses about someone’s love.
“Padahal kalau Anda mencintai betul, ikut membimbing, kamu
ngene wae, kamu ngene wae, iku urusanmu, aku gak melu-melu.
Ono koncoku seng nggono. Ono koncoku seng ngono gak
kawin-kawin. Dia punya pacar, kok temennya tertarik sama dia,
dia bilang “yowes nak kuwe gelem pek kono wae. Aku gak yo
gak popo, aku mencintaine wes khusuk ngono kae. Bar-bare
saking khusuke ora kanggo gawe.”
22
In the utterance, there is third person singular form, that is
deictic dia. There are three utterances that use dia that refers to
different references. Two forms refer to a man, while the other
refer to a woman. In the context, the speaker talks about their
friends and their girlfriends. Deictic dia in the utterance “Dia
punya pacar” and “dia bilang..” refers to speaker’s friend, that
is a man. Meanwhile, deixis dia in the speech “kok temennya
tertarik sama dia” refers to friend's girlfriend. The three deictic
are in the same context, but refer to different references.
1.2.2. Spatial Deixis
According to Purwo (43), the demonstrative pronouns system
in Indonesian is not parallel with the place pointing. In Indonesian,
demonstrative pronouns is only known by two distinctions, ini and
itu. Demonstrative ini is used to refer to a place that near to the
speaker, and the demonstrative itu is used to point at a place that far
away from the speakers. Deictic ini and itu has a similarity with the
demonsntrative sini, situ and sana. Deicitic situ and sana used to
refer to a place that far from the speaker, whereas deictic sini is used
as the same as demonstrative ini which refers to a place that near to
the speaker. The demonstrative pronouns of place sini, situ and sana
respectively coupled with the preposition di-, ke-, or dari-, so it will
be di sini, di sana, di situ, ke sini, kesana, etc (Purwo 44).
23
Example (12) (Nur Riza and Santoso 278):
Context: Habib discusses the participants' answer which was
slightly deviated from the topic of discussion.
“Lho, kosek-kosek. Ndak..ndak.., ini persoalan karena pakai idiom-
idiom fiqih. Mutawatir ya? Serius-serius, gak popo. Luweh soko
tiga. Tiga itu siapa? Kamu, temenmu, ini, tiga ini mutawatir ndak?
Hah?”
Deictic ini in the utterance refers to different references.
Deictic ini in the utterance “Ndak..ndak.., ini persoalan” refers to the
issue that being discussed, then, deictic ini in the utterance “kamu,
temanmu, ini” refers to the participants of the workshop or the third
person singular. Meanwhile, deictic ini in the utterance “tiga ini
mutawatir tidak?” refers to the three persons appointed by the
speaker. The three utterance of deictic ini are spoken by the same
person at the same place. However, these three forms refer to
different references.
1.2.3. Time Deixis
Time deixis can be a deixis when the reference is the speaker
(Purwo 71). For example, deictic sekarang dotted when the speaker
reveals the word (in a sentence), or called when the utterance
happened. Then, deictic kemarin dotted on the day after the speech
24
occurred, as well as the deictic besok dotted on the day before the
speech occurred. To determine deictic kemarin, besok and sekarang,
it is determined by calculation based on the unit of calender.
Meanwhile, for the determination of other deictic such as dulu, tadi,
and nanti are not certainty and relative. The deictic dulu and tadi
dotted to the time before the speech occurred. Deictic dulu pointed
further into the past than the deictic tadi. Meanwhile, deictic nanti
dotted at the time after the speech occurred. Deictic nanti point to
the future.
Example (13) (Nur Riza and Santoso 278):
Context: Habib discussed the truth in times that were falling
apart.
“Nah, sekarang, zaman sekarang, karena ada potensi itu, ya tow?
Kesadaran bahwa setiap kebenaran itu, dalam kebenaran K kecil ya!
Bisa dipersoalkan orang, maka, orang sistemnya keroyokan.”
From the utterance above, there is deiktic sekarang and
zaman sekarang. The two deictic forms are words and phrases. The
form of phrase zaman sekarang is actually the repetition of the
deictic sekarang. However, the references of the two forms are
different. The reference of deictic sekarang is the time when the
utterance occur, i.e. Saturday night, April 16, 2016. Meanwhile, the
25
phrase zaman sekarang refers to the period that is wider. The phrase
refers not only to Saturday night, but to the times of the year of 2016.
D. Contrastive Analysis
1. Definition of Contrastive Analysis
The theory of contrastive analysis (CA) was first introduced by Fries
and then developed by Lado in linguistics across culture book. Lado (in
Salim 2013) states that contrastive analysis is a systematic branch of applied
linguistics that deals with linguistic descriptions of two different structures
or languages.
Lado (in Parera 107) provided three procedures in contrastive analysis:
a. Place one of the best structural descriptions of the language.
Descriptions should include form, meaning and distribution.
b. Summarize all the structures in an overview. A linguist should
summarize all possibilities on every level of analysis of language that
is studied and compared.
c. Compare these two languages structure by structure.
In contrastive analysis, there are interference and transfer terms (Parera
105). Interference arises because of the non-familiarization of first-language
speaker with the second language that being studied. Lado (in Parera 106)
uses interference terms for second language learning and other languages.
Meanwhile, the term of transfer is used to refer to a process of using
26
experience that automatically tries to respond the new challenges. There are
two types of transfers, namely negative transfer and positive transfer (Perera
106). Negative transfer occurs when an old behaviours or forms are not
present in new situations, whereas positive transfer occurs when the old
habits and new habits have similarities.
2. Contrastive analysis between languages
Contrastive analysis between languages has two forms, namely
contrastive analysis of micro linguistic and contrastive analysis of macro
linguistic.
2.1. Contrastive Analysis of Micro Linguistic
Micro linguistic analysis is adapted with pure linguistic subsystems,
i.e. phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic subsystems
(Parera 110). In other words, micro lingustic analysis is a linguistic field
that studies about language from the inside of the language structure itself
(Tarigan 124).
2.2. Contrastive Analysis of Macro Linguistic
The macro linguistic analysis compares the elements of language as
a signalling system that becomes the basis for doing analysis in-depth
(Parera 112). In other words, macro linguistic analysis is a linguistic
science used to study about utterance based on situation (Tarigan 172).
27
According to Parera (112), there are three principal features of
microlinguistic contrastive analysis:
a. Fields that related to communication skills
b. Fields that associated with linguistic events within the scope of
extra-linguistic.
c. Fields that related to linguistic arrangement that exceed the sentence
units.
From those three basic characteristics, Tarigan (176) extends the
scope of contractive analysis of macro linguistic, that is vertically and
horizontally. Vertically, the analysis is used to enlarge the linguistic
units. While horizontally, the analysis is done to include the social
cultural background in linguistic.
The extended of the scope of this analysis can be achieved in two
ways, namely text analysis and discourse analysis (Tarigan 177). Text
analysis begins with linguistic forms and is questioned in contexts where
they are compatible. While discourse analysis begins with an outer
frame which moves in to find formal linguistic variables that correlate
with situational variables.
3. Aspects of Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis has two aspects, namely linguistic aspects and
psychological aspects (Tarigan 19). The linguistic aspect deals with the
problem of bilingual comparisons. In this case, there are two important
28
things: what to compare, and how to compare. Meanwhile the psychological
aspects of contrastive analysis include learning difficulties, how to arrange
teaching materials, and how to deliver teaching materials.
To know the differences between two languages, there is one
prerequisite that must be fulfilled, namely the availability of descriptions of
the two languages. The description was obtained through an accurate and
explicit comparison. In addition, the comparison should be consistent with
the linguistic theories used (Tarigan 20).
29
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Descriptions
This chapter explains the analysis of the speech transcripts of Donald Trump
and Joko Widodo with applying contrastive analysis as indicator in data
analysis. The theory is used to know the differences and similarities of person
deixis in English and Indonesian.
The data was found from speech transcripts of Donald Trump and Joko
Widodo that obtained from some sources, such as New York Times,
Washington Post, Pemilu.tempo, News.detik, Sekertaris Kabinet Republik
Indonesia. There are six data found in English and six data in Indonesian.
Table 3.1. The list of data findings
Data
No. English No. Indonesia
1a Trump: “It’s time. I pledge to every
citizen of our land that I will be
president for all Americans, and this
is so important to me.”
1b Joko Widodo: “Pertama-tama, saya
mengucapkan terima kasih dan
penghargaan tinggi kepada bapak
Prabowo Subianto dan bapak Hatta
Rajasa yang telah menjadi sahabat
dalam kompetisi politik untuk
mendapatkan mandat rakyat untuk
30
memimpin negeri ini lima tahun ke
depan.”
2a Trump: “The forgotten men and
women of our country will be
forgotten no longer. Everyone is
listening to you now. You came by
the tens of millions to become part
of a historic movement, the likes of
which the world has never seen
before.”
2b Joko Widodo: “Saya sangat percaya
bahwa World Peace Forum yang ke-6
ini, akan dapat menghadirkan dialog
yang produktif dan memperkuat
usaha kita bersama dalam
menghadirkan kedamaian di negara
kita masing-masing dan tentunya
perdamaian dunia. Di sini ada
pemuka agama, ada pembuat
kebijakan, ada pakar, ada politikus,
ada aktivis dari berbagai belahan
dunia. Anda semua adalah pembela
perdamaian, Anda semua adalah
cahaya-cahaya moral kami, dan kami
semua berutang kepada Bapak, Ibu,
dan Saudara-saudara semuanya
karena telah tanpa pamrih
mempromosikan dan
memperjuangkan perdamaian di
dunia.”
31
3a Trump: “We have a great economic
plan. We will double our growth and
have the strongest economy
anywhere in the world. At the same
time, we will get along with all other
nations willing to get along with us.
We will be. We’ll have great
relationships. We expect to have
great, great relationships. No dream
is too big, no challenge is too great.”
3b Joko Widodo: “Baru saja kami
mengucapkan sumpah, sumpah itu
memiliki makna spritual yang dalam,
yang menegaskan komitmen untuk
bekerja keras mencapai kehendak kita
bersama sebagai bangsa yang besar.”
4a Trump: “The men and women of our
military operate as one team, with
one shared mission and one shared
sense of purpose. They transcend
every line of race, ethnicity, creed
and color to serve together and
sacrifice together in absolutely
perfect cohesion. That is because all
service members are brothers and
sisters. They’re all part of the same
family. It’s called the American
family. They take the same oath,
fight for the same flag and live
4b Joko Widodo: “Kita berikan contoh
sekarang, seperti Singapura, sudah
terlalu jauh melewati kita. Apa yang
dia punya? Menurut saya kuncinya
Singapura itu di sumber daya
manusianya. Mereka betul-betul
memperhatikan itu.”
32
according to the same law. They’re
bound together by common
purpose, mutual trust and selfless
devotion to our nation and to each
other.”
5a Trump: “I’ve just receive a call from
Secretary Clinton. She
congratulated us – it’s about us – on
our victory, and I congratulated her
and her family on a very, very hard-
fought campaign. I mean, she — she
fought very hard. Hillary has
worked very long and very hard
over a long period of time, and we
owe her a major debt of gratitude for
her service to our country. I mean
that very sincerely.”
5b Jokowi: “Kita masuk ke hal yang
berkaitan dengan ekonomi, dengan
pembangunan. Kita lihat pada saat
pemilihan Presiden di Amerika.
Presiden terpilih Donald Trump
dipastikan menang. Semua orang
kaget, kalau saya ya biasa saja.
Kekagetan itu kata orang, ini kata
orang, menyebabkan ketidakpastian.
Kalau saya tidak. Banyak orang
mengatakan nanti presiden terpilih
Donald Trump menjadi proteksionis,
bunga bank The Fed fund rate akan
melonjak, dilonjakkan sangat tinggi.
Saya kira presiden terpilih Donald
Trump bukan seperti yang kita
bayangkan. Saya kira dia mempunyai
penciuman bisnis, penciuman
33
ekonomi yang sangat tajam. Tidak
mungkin secara sembrono melakukan
hal-hal yang dibayangkan orang-
orang seperti yang kita lihat sekarang
ini, tidak. Saya masih meyakini
bahwa yang akan dilakukan adalah
hal-hal yang baik, baik untuk
Amerika Serikat sendiri, maupun juga
untuk dunia”
6a Trump: “We, the citizens of
America, are now joined in a great
national effort to rebuild our country
and restore its promise for all of our
people. Together, we will determine
the course of America and the world
for many, many years to come. We
will face challenges, we will
confront hardships, but we will get
the job done.”
6b Joko Widodo: “Kita bersama sama
bertanggung-jawab untuk kembali
membuktikan kepada diri kita,
kepada bangsa-bangsa lain, dan
terutama kepada anak-cucu kita,
bahwa politik itu penuh keriangan;
politik itu di dalamnya ada
kegembiraan; politik itu ada
kebajikan; politik itu adalah suatu
pembebasan.”
B. Data Analysis
In data analysis, the researcher analyses the data by using qualitative
analyses based on the relevant theories.
34
Datum 1a
Context of the sentence: Donald Trump's victory speech
Trump: “It’s time. I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be
president for all Americans, and this is so important to me.”
In that utterance, there is the use of first person singular form that is spoken
by Trump, i.e deictic I. Deictic I is first person singular form that has function
as self-referencing. It is because the deictic I used by speakers or people who
is speaking. Deictic I in the speech refers to Donald Trump. Because Trump
acts as a speaker so deictic I in the utterance “I pledge to every citizen ..” and
utterance “I will be president ..” is referring to himself.
Datum 1b
Context of the sentence: Pidato kemenangan Joko Widodo
Joko Widodo: “Pertama-tama, saya mengucapkan terima kasih dan
penghargaan tinggi kepada bapak Prabowo Subianto dan bapak Hatta
Rajasa yang telah menjadi sahabat dalam kompetisi politik untuk
mendapatkan mandat rakyat untuk memimpin negeri ini lima tahun ke
depan.”
In the utterance above, there is the use of first person singular form used by
Jokowi, that is saya. Deictic saya is a form of first person singular used to
designate a person who is speaking or called speaker. In this case, deictic saya
in utterance “Pertama-tama, saya mengucapkan terima kasih..”" refers to
35
Jokowi as the person who is speaking. In Indonesian, generally, deictic saya is
used in formal situations.
From the analysis of the first person singular usage in person deixis in datum
1a and 1b, it can be compared that the use of first person singular in English
and Indonesian is equal or comparable, because both are equally used as self-
referencing which refers to the speakers. However, the referent of first person
forms may change if it is spoken by others.
Datum 2a
Context of the speech: Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech
Trump: “The forgotten men and women of our country will be forgotten no
longer. Everyone is listening to you now. You came by the tens of millions
to become part of a historic movement, the likes of which the world has
never seen before.”
In the utterance, it is found the use of second person deictic, that is you.
Deictic you are the second person form used to appoint hearers or the
audiences. From the utterance, it can be seen that there are two uses of deictic
you. First, deictic you in speech “Everyone is listening to you now” acts as an
object. Secondly, deictic you in the sentence “You came by the tens of millions
...” acts as the subject, however, the referent of both deictic you are same. It
refers to the audiences who is coming at the inauguration of Donald Trump.
Datum 2b
36
Context of the sentence: Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo dalam Pembukaan
World Peace Forum (WPF) ke- 6
Joko Widodo: “Saya sangat percaya bahwa World Peace Forum yang ke-6
ini, akan dapat menghadirkan dialog yang produktif dan memperkuat usaha
kita bersama dalam menghadirkan kedamaian di negara kita masing-masing
dan tentunya perdamaian dunia. Di sini ada pemuka agama, ada pembuat
kebijakan, ada pakar, ada politikus, ada aktivis dari berbagai belahan dunia.
Anda semua adalah pembela perdamaian, Anda semua adalah cahaya-
cahaya moral kami, dan kami semua berutang kepada Bapak, Ibu, dan
Saudara-saudara semuanya karena telah tanpa pamrih mempromosikan dan
memperjuangkan perdamaian di dunia.”
In the utterance above, it is found the use of second person deictic, that is
anda. In Indonesian, deictic anda is generally used in formal situations. Same
as English, deictic anda is a second person form that is used to appoint a hearer
or the audiences. From the utterances above, there are two uses of deictic anda.
The use of deictic anda in the uterances “Anda semua adalah pembela
perdamaian”, and “Anda semua adalah cahaya-cahaya moral kami” refers to
the same referent, as it has been mentioned, that is religious leaders,
policymakers, experts, politicians and activists.
From the analysis of second person usage in person deixis in datum 2a and
2b, it can be compared that the use of second person in English and Indonesian
37
is comparable, because both of the deictic usage are equally used to refer to
hearer or audiences.
Datum 3a
Context of the sentence: Donald Trump’s Victory Speech
Trump: “We have a great economic plan. We will double our growth and
have the strongest economy anywhere in the world. At the same time, we
will get along with all other nations willing to get along with us. We will be.
We’ll have great relationships. We expect to have great, great relationships.
No dream is too big, no challenge is too great.”
In that utterance, it is found the use of first person plural deictic, i.e. we.
Deictic we is the first person plural form used to designate groups including the
speakers themselves. From the utterances above, there are six utterances that
use deictic we that is “We have a great economic plan, “We will double our
growth ...”, “We will be”, “We'll have great relationships”, and “We expect to
have great ...” refers to the same referent, namely President Trump as a speaker
and the people of American.
Datum 3b
Context of the sentence: Pidato Pelantikan Joko Widodo – Jusuf Kalla
Joko Widodo: “Baru saja kami mengucapkan sumpah, sumpah itu memiliki
makna spritual yang dalam, yang menegaskan komitmen untuk bekerja
keras mencapai kehendak kita bersama sebagai bangsa yang besar.”
38
In that utterance, it is found the use of first person plural deictic, that is kami.
Deictic kami is an exclusive first person plural form that is used to refer to the
first person and the third person. In a speech, deictic kami can be used instead
of deictic saya. From the utterances above, there is one deictic usage of deictic
kami in speech “Baru saja kami mengucapkan sumpah…” that refers to
President Jokowi as a speaker
From the analysis of the first person plural usage in datum 3a and 3b, it is
can be compared that the use of first person plural in English and Indonesian
languages is slightly different, since the use of deictic we refers to a group with
the speakers themselves, whereas deictic kami refers not only to speakers and
the third person but also refers to the speaker- itself (in a speech).
Datum 4a
Context of the sentence: Trump’s Speech on Afghanistan: President Trump
addressed the nation on Monday from Fort Myer military base in Arlington, Va.,
to lay out his military plans for Afghanistan.
Trump: “The men and women of our military operate as one team, with one
shared mission and one shared sense of purpose. They transcend every line
of race, ethnicity, creed and color to serve together and sacrifice together in
absolutely perfect cohesion. That is because all service members are
brothers and sisters. They’re all part of the same family. It’s called the
American family. They take the same oath, fight for the same flag and live
39
according to the same law. They’re bound together by common purpose,
mutual trust and selfless devotion to our nation and to each other.”
In the utterance above, it is found the use of third person plural, that is they.
Deictic they are the third person plural form used to refer to the object or person
more than two persons without distinguishing a gender, and without involving
the speakers. From the utterances above, there are four utterance that use deictic
they, which have different references. The use of deictic they in the speech of
“They transcend every line of race...” refers to the men and women in American
military. Then, in the utterance “they're all part of the same family” the deictic
they refers to the service members. And the utterance “They take the same
oath…” and “They’re bound together by common purpose,..” refers to the
American Family.
Datum 4b
Context of the sentence: Arahan Presiden RI Joko Widodo Pada Penerimaan
Peserta Program Pendidikan Reguler LEMHANAS
Joko Widodo: “Kita berikan contoh sekarang, seperti Singapura, sudah
terlalu jauh melewati kita. Apa yang dia punya? Menurut saya kuncinya
Singapura itu di sumber daya manusianya. Mereka betul-betul
memperhatikan itu.”
In the utterance, it is found the use of third person plural, i.e. mereka. Deictic
mereka is a third person plural form that is used to refer to objects other than
speakers and hearers whose numbers are more than two. From the utterance
40
above, there is only one usage of deictic mereka, which is in the utterance
“Mereka betul-betul memperhatikan itu”. Deictic mereka in the utterance refers
to the Singaporean people.
From the analysis of the use of third person plural in datum 4a and 4b, it can
be seen that the use of third person plural in English and Indonesian language
has similarities, because the use of both deictic refers to the same object or
person except speakers and hearers that more than two, without distinguishing
gender.
Datum 5a
Context of the sentence: Donald Trump’s Victory Speech
Trump: “I’ve just receive a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated
us – it’s about us – on our victory, and I congratulated her and her family
on a very, very hard-fought campaign. I mean, she — she fought very hard.
Hillary has worked very long and very hard over a long period of time, and
we owe her a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country. I mean
that very sincerely.”
In the utterance, it is found the use of third person singular deictic, namely
she. Deictic she is a third person singular form that is used to point to the object
that is different from the speaker and hearer. Deictic she is only used to refer
to female. From the utterances above, there are two utterance that use deictic
she, such as “She congratulated us”, and “she fought very hard” which are both
refers to Hillary Clinton.
41
Datum 5b
Contect of the sentence: Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo pada Pertemuan
Tahunan Bank Indonesia 2016
Jokowi: “Kita masuk ke hal yang berkaitan dengan ekonomi, dengan
pembangunan. Kita lihat pada saat pemilihan Presiden di Amerika. Presiden
terpilih Donald Trump dipastikan menang. Semua orang kaget, kalau saya
ya biasa saja. Kekagetan itu kata orang, ini kata orang, menyebabkan
ketidakpastian. Kalau saya tidak. Banyak orang mengatakan nanti presiden
terpilih Donald Trump menjadi proteksionis, bunga bank The Fed fund rate
akan melonjak, dilonjakkan sangat tinggi. Saya kira presiden terpilih
Donald Trump bukan seperti yang kita bayangkan. Saya kira dia
mempunyai penciuman bisnis, penciuman ekonomi yang sangat tajam.
Tidak mungkin secara sembrono melakukan hal-hal yang dibayangkan
orang-orang seperti yang kita lihat sekarang ini, tidak. Saya masih meyakini
bahwa yang akan dilakukan adalah hal-hal yang baik, baik untuk Amerika
Serikat sendiri, maupun juga untuk dunia”
In the utterance above, it is found the use of third person singular deictic,
that is dia. Deictic dia is a third person singular form that is used informally to
mention objects except speakers and hearers, without differentiating a gender.
From the speech above, there is one utterance that uses deictic dia, which is in
the utterance “Saya kira dia mempunyai penciuman bisnis,..”. Deictic dia in
the utterance refers to Donald Trump.
42
From the analysis of the use of third person singular in datum 5a and 5b, it
can be seen that the use of third person plural in English and Indonesian have
differences. In English, third person singular deictic distinguishes a gender,
such as deictic she only refers to female. However, in Indonesian, deictic dia
can refer to male and female, without distinguishing a gender.
Datum 6a
Context of the sentence: Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech
Trump: “We, the citizens of America, are now joined in a great national
effort to rebuild our country and restore its promise for all of our people.
Together, we will determine the course of America and the world for many,
many years to come. We will face challenges, we will confront hardships,
but we will get the job done.”
In that utterance, it is found the use of first person plural deictic, i.e. we.
Deictic we is the first person plural form used to designate groups including the
speakers themselves. From the utterances above, there are five utterance that
use deictic we. The use of deictic we can be found in the uterances “We, the
citizens of America…”, “we will determine the course of America…”, “We
will face challenges”, “we will confront hardships”, “we will get the job done”
refers to the same referent, that is President Trump as a speaker and the citizen
of America.
Datum 6b
Context of the sentence: Pidato kemenangan Joko Widodo
43
Joko Widodo: “Kita bersama sama bertanggung-jawab untuk kembali
membuktikan kepada diri kita, kepada bangsa-bangsa lain, dan terutama
kepada anak-cucu kita, bahwa politik itu penuh keriangan; politik itu di
dalamnya ada kegembiraan; politik itu ada kebajikan; politik itu adalah
suatu pembebasan.”
In that utterance, it is found the use of first person plural deictic, that is
deictic kita. Deictic kita is an inclusive first person plural form that is used to
refer to the first person and the second person. From the utterances above, there
are three utterances that use deictic kita that is, in the utterances “Kita bersama
sama bertanggung-jawab…”, “untuk kembali membuktikan kepada diri kita”,
and then “dan terutama kepada anak-cucu kita” referring to President Jokowi a
speaker with the Indonesian people. In addition, the deictic kita in the utterance
“Kita bersama sama bertanggung-jawab…” has a role as a subject. Then, dictic
kita in utterance “untuk kembali membuktikan kepada diri kita”, and “dan
terutama kepada anak-cucu kita” acts as an object.
From the analysis of the first person plural usage in datum 6a and 6b, it can
be described that the use of first person plural in English and Indonesian
languages is slightly different, since the use of deictic we in English is not like
in Indonesian which is distinguished by exclusive and inclusive forms.
Indonesian has exclusive form kami, and inclusive form kita.
44
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Contrastive analysis is an analysis that pointed out the differences and
similarities between the source language and the target language. Meanwhile,
deixis is a phenomenon in which the understanding of the meaning of certain
words and phrases in an utterance contains the contextual information. It means
that deixis concerns on the interpretation of an utterance that depends on the
analysis of the context of utterance itself.
Based on the analysis in the previous chapter, it is known that there are some
similarities and differences between English and Indonesian in deixis,
especially person deixis. The most prominent differences appear in the third
person singular and first person plural. Third person singular in English has two
forms of deictic used to distinguish male and female, such as deictic he only
refers to male and deictic she refers to female. Meanwhile, Indonesian only has
one form of third person singular that is called dia, without differentiating a
gender. Then, first person plural in Indonesian has two forms, that is exclusive
and inclusive. The exclusive form is for deictic kami, and the inclusive form is
for deictic kita. Meanwhile, English only has one deictic in first person plural,
that is we.
45
Besides the differences, the researcher also found the similarities of deixis
use in English and Indonesian, i.e. in person deixis especially on first person
singular, second person and third person plural.
B. Suggestions
The researcher would like to suggest other researchers to develop and find
another materials to be analysed such as movie transcripts and novels. Besides,
the researcher hopes to further researchers to develop a theory of contrastive
analysis (CA) and deixis that is easy to understand by students who want to
learn the theory. In addition, the researcher hopes the coverage of the further
research can be more expanded and better as unit analysis in order to have an
extra comprehensive research in contrastive analysis and deixis.
46
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Donald Trump’s Victory Speech. From:
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/us/politics/trump-speech-
transcript.html
Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech. From:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/20/donald-
trumps-full-inauguration-speech-transcript-
annotated/?utm_term=.9126e0f5f1d5
Trump’s Speech on Afghanistan: President Trump addressed the nation on Monday
from Fort Myer military base in Arlington, Va., to lay out his military
plans for Afghanistan. From:
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/21/world/asia/trump-speech-
afghanistan.html
Pidato Kemenangan Joko Widodo. From:
https://pemilu.tempo.co/read/news/2014/07/22/269595082/Ini-Isi-
Pidato-Kemenangan-Jokowi-JK
48
Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo dalam Pembukaan World Peace Forum (WPF)
ke- 6, 1 November 2016, di Istana Negara, Jakarta. From:
http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-dalam-pembukaan-
world-peace-forum-wpf-ke-6-1-november-2016-di-istana-negara-
jakarta/
Pidato Pelantikan Joko Widodo – Jusuf Kalla. From:
https://news.detik.com/berita/2723911/ini-pidato-lengkap-jokowi-saat-
pelantikan-presiden
Arahan Presiden RI Joko Widodo Pada Penerimaan Peserta Program Pendidikan
Reguler LEMHANAS, di Istana Negara, Jakarta, 18 November 2014.
From: http://setkab.go.id/arahan-presiden-ri-joko-widodo-pada-
penerimaan-peserta-program-pendidikan-reguler-lemhanas-di-istana-
negara-jakarta-18-november-2014/
Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo pada Pertemuan Tahunan Bank Indonesia 2016,
22 November 2016, di Jakarta Hall Convention Center, Jakarta. From:
http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-pada-pertemuan-
tahunan-bank-indonesia-2016-22-november-2016-di-jakarta-hall-
convention-center-jakarta/
49
APPENDIXES
No. Speech transcripts of President Donald Trump
Donald Trump’s Victory Speech
From: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/us/politics/trump-speech-
transcript.html
1 Trump: “I’ve just receive a call from Secretary Clinton. She congratulated
us – it’s about us – on our victory, and I congratulated her and her family
on a very, very hard-fought campaign. I mean, she — she fought very hard.
Hillary has worked very long and very hard over a long period of time, and
we owe her a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country. I mean
that very sincerely.”
2 Trump: “It’s time. I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be
president for all Americans, and this is so important to me.”
3 Trump: “We have a great economic plan. We will double our growth and
have the strongest economy anywhere in the world. At the same time, we
will get along with all other nations willing to get along with us. We will
be. We’ll have great relationships. We expect to have great, great
relationships. No dream is too big, no challenge is too great.”
Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech
From: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/20/donald-
trumps-full-inauguration-speech-transcript-
annotated/?utm_term=.9126e0f5f1d5
4 Trump: “We, the citizens of America, are now joined in a great national
effort to rebuild our country and restore its promise for all of our people.
50
Together, we will determine the course of America and the world for many,
many years to come. We will face challenges, we will confront hardships,
but we will get the job done.”
5 Trump: “The forgotten men and women of our country will be forgotten no
longer. Everyone is listening to you now. You came by the tens of millions
to become part of a historic movement, the likes of which the world has
never seen before.”
Trump’s Speech on Afghanistan: President Trump addressed the nation on
Monday from Fort Myer military base in Arlington, Va., to lay out his
military plans for Afghanistan.
From: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/21/world/asia/trump-speech-
afghanistan.html
6 Trump: “The men and women of our military operate as one team, with one
shared mission and one shared sense of purpose. They transcend every line
of race, ethnicity, creed and color to serve together and sacrifice together
in absolutely perfect cohesion. That is because all service members are
brothers and sisters. They’re all part of the same family. It’s called the
American family. They take the same oath, fight for the same flag and live
according to the same law. They’re bound together by common purpose,
mutual trust and selfless devotion to our nation and to each other.”
51
No. Speech Transcripts of President Joko Widodo
Pidato Kemenangan Joko Widodo
From: https://pemilu.tempo.co/read/news/2014/07/22/269595082/Ini-Isi-Pidato-
Kemenangan-Jokowi-JK
1 Joko Widodo: “Pertama-tama, saya mengucapkan terima kasih dan
penghargaan tinggi kepada bapak Prabowo Subianto dan bapak Hatta
Rajasa yang telah menjadi sahabat dalam kompetisi politik untuk
mendapatkan mandat rakyat untuk memimpin negeri ini lima tahun ke
depan.”
2 Joko Widodo: “Kita bersama sama bertanggung-jawab untuk kembali
membuktikan kepada diri kita, kepada bangsa-bangsa lain, dan terutama
kepada anak-cucu kita, bahwa politik itu penuh keriangan; politik itu di
dalamnya ada kegembiraan; politik itu ada kebajikan; politik itu adalah
suatu pembebasan.”
Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo dalam Pembukaan World Peace Forum
(WPF) ke- 6, 1 November 2016, di Istana Negara, Jakarta
From: http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-dalam-pembukaan-
world-peace-forum-wpf-ke-6-1-november-2016-di-istana-negara-jakarta/
3 Joko Widodo: “Saya sangat percaya bahwa World Peace Forum yang ke-6
ini, akan dapat menghadirkan dialog yang produktif dan memperkuat usaha
kita bersama dalam menghadirkan kedamaian di negara kita masing-
masing dan tentunya perdamaian dunia. Di sini ada pemuka agama, ada
pembuat kebijakan, ada pakar, ada politikus, ada aktivis dari berbagai
52
belahan dunia. Anda semua adalah pembela perdamaian, Anda semua
adalah cahaya-cahaya moral kami, dan kami semua berutang kepada
Bapak, Ibu, dan Saudara-saudara semuanya karena telah tanpa pamrih
mempromosikan dan memperjuangkan perdamaian di dunia.”
Pidato Pelantikan Joko Widodo – Jusuf Kalla
From: https://news.detik.com/berita/2723911/ini-pidato-lengkap-jokowi-saat-
pelantikan-presiden
4 Joko Widodo: “Baru saja kami mengucapkan sumpah, sumpah itu memiliki
makna spritual yang dalam, yang menegaskan komitmen untuk bekerja
keras mencapai kehendak kita bersama sebagai bangsa yang besar.”
Arahan Presiden RI Joko Widodo Pada Penerimaan Peserta Program
Pendidikan Reguler LEMHANAS, di Istana Negara, Jakarta, 18 November
2014
From: http://setkab.go.id/arahan-presiden-ri-joko-widodo-pada-penerimaan-
peserta-program-pendidikan-reguler-lemhanas-di-istana-negara-jakarta-18-
november-2014/
5 Joko Widodo: “Kita berikan contoh sekarang, seperti Singapura, sudah
terlalu jauh melewati kita. Apa yang dia punya? Menurut saya kuncinya
Singapura itu di sumber daya manusianya. Mereka betul-betul
memperhatikan itu.”
Sambutan Presiden Joko Widodo pada Pertemuan Tahunan Bank
Indonesia 2016, 22 November 2016, di Jakarta Hall Convention Center,
Jakarta
From: http://setkab.go.id/sambutan-presiden-joko-widodo-pada-pertemuan-
tahunan-bank-indonesia-2016-22-november-2016-di-jakarta-hall-convention-
center-jakarta/
53
6 Jokowi: “Kita masuk ke hal yang berkaitan dengan ekonomi, dengan
pembangunan. Kita lihat pada saat pemilihan Presiden di Amerika.
Presiden terpilih Donald Trump dipastikan menang. Semua orang kaget,
kalau saya ya biasa saja. Kekagetan itu kata orang, ini kata orang,
menyebabkan ketidakpastian. Kalau saya tidak. Banyak orang mengatakan
nanti presiden terpilih Donald Trump menjadi proteksionis, bunga bank
The Fed fund rate akan melonjak, dilonjakkan sangat tinggi. Saya kira
presiden terpilih Donald Trump bukan seperti yang kita bayangkan. Saya
kira dia mempunyai penciuman bisnis, penciuman ekonomi yang sangat
tajam. Tidak mungkin secara sembrono melakukan hal-hal yang
dibayangkan orang-orang seperti yang kita lihat sekarang ini, tidak. Saya
masih meyakini bahwa yang akan dilakukan adalah hal-hal yang baik, baik
untuk Amerika Serikat sendiri, maupun juga untuk dunia”