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tanikaJ. Trap. Agric. Sci. 22 2): 85 - 94 1999) ISSN: 1511-3701 Universiti Putra Malaysia Press
The Use of Medicinal Plant Species by the Te mu an Tribe of Ayer Hitam
Forest, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia FARIDAH HANUM and NURULHUDA HAMZAH
Department of orest Production Faculty of orestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia 434 UPM Serdang Selangor
eywords: Medicinal plant species , uses, plant parts, method o f application, Temuan tribe, AyerHit am F ores t
ABSTRAK
asil awal kajian ke atas kegunaan spesies tumbuhan ubatan oleh masyarakat Temuan di Ayer Hitam
persembahkan. Walaupun hutan ini dikelilingi oleh kegiatan pembangunan sosio ekonomi yang pesat iaerupakan gedung ubat yang agak mencukupi untuk masyarakat Temuan ini. 98 spesies tumbuhan yangempunyai nilai perubatan serta 4 kegunaan telah direkodkan. Kegunaan telah dikumpulkan dalam tujuhra penggunaan iaitu minum makan kunyah tampal sapu mandi dan syampu.
ABSTRACT
eliminary results of a study on the use of medicinal plant species by the indigenous people from the Temuanbe at Ayer Hitam orest are presented. Although this forest is surrounded by rapid socio economic developmentis ironically a substantial pharmacopoeia for the Temuans. A total of 98 plant species with 4 different uses
ere recorded and they were grouped into seven methods of application namely drink eat chew poultice rub bathd shampoo.
INTRODUCTION
ants have been used for many thousands ofears to treat human disorders and pains. To th e
origines, plants which are found in theirrroundings ar e not only important sources ofod and materi a ls for shelter but also valuableurces of medicines. In m an y d ev el op in g
ountries of th e world, pharmacognosy owes i tsevelopment to a certain extent to the aborigines
n d native medicine men, wh o through historyave u se d t he therapeutic qualities of herbs withpecial skills Gimlett 1939). ha s beendicated that of th e 7000 species of angiosperms
n d 600 species of ferns in Malaysia, about 1150pecies ar e reported to have medicinal propertiesL atiff 1985). While many species are moreopularly known and used than o ther s, m anypecies form the minor ingredients of a decoctionr components of a wider curative concept.
SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODS
his study was conducted in Compar tments 12,4 and 15 of th e Ayer Hitam Forest, Selangor,
Peninsular Malaysia. The details of th e site havebeen presented in a companion paper FaridahHanum 1999). This forest is inhabited by about150 aborigines or orang asli f ro m th e Temuantribe wh o still rely on th e fores t resources fo rtheir living.
Data were gathered following a methodmodified from Martin 1995). In this study, fourpermanent 1-ha plots lOOm x 100m) that havebeen
established for otherstudies in
theforest
were used. The informants were two elderlymedicine me n from th e Temuan tribe an d theywere walked i nt o t he plots and asked to identifyall plant species that were used as medicines intheir community. Information on th e plant partsused, uses and method of use were recordedonly when there was mutual agreement betweenth e two medicine men. Discussion on th eadministration an d method of application of th emedicinal p lan t species was conducted in th eMalay language, which is fairly understood byboth parties. When a misunderstanding of termscropped up, anothe r Temuan wh o worked in
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I FARIDAH HANUM and
th e Universiti Putra Malaysia and well-versed inboth th e Malay an d Temuan languages clarified.The data collected were supported by herbariumvoucher specimens which a re depos it ed at th eHerbarium Faculty of Forestry, Universiti PutraMalaysia. Turner 1995) was used as th e mainreference with regards to the name of plants inthis study.
URULHUDA HAMZAH
RESULTS ND DIS USSION
T h e total number of medicinal plan t speciescollected during this study was 98, representing83 genera an d 53 fami lies Table 1 . Amongth e plant families present ZingiberaceaeEuphorbiaceae Lauraceae LeguminosaeMelastomataceae an d Piperaceae comprise manyspecies with purpoted medicinal values from this
TABLE 1Enumeration of medicinal plant taxa in 4 ha plot at Ayer Hitam Forest, Selangor
Family
Acanthaceae
Adiantaceae
AnisophylleaceaeAnnonaceaeApocynaceae
AraceaeAristolochiaceaeAsclepiadiaceaeAspleniaceaeBlechnaceaeCompositae
CostaceaeCyperaceae
Dillenniaceae
Dioscoreaceae
DryopteridaceaeElaeocarpaceaeEuphorbiaceae
FlacourtiaceaeGleicheniaceaeGnetaceaeGramineae
GuttiferaeHypoxidaceaeIxonan thaceaeLauraceae
LecythidaceaeLeguminosae
86
Species
systasia gangetica L.) T.AndersonJusticia gendarussa Burm. fTaenitis blechnoides Willd.) Sw
Cheilanthes tenuifolia Burm.f.) Swnisophyllea disticha Qack) Baill.Goniothalamus macrophyllus Blume) H oo k. f. a nd T ho ms on lstonia angustifolia Wall.Catharanthus T eu L.) G Do nHomalomena sagittifolia Jungh. e x Schot t .Thottea dependens Planch.) KlotzschToxocarpus griffithii Decne. splenium nidus L. lechnum orientale L. lumea balsamifera L. ) D.CElephantopus scaber L.Eupatorium odoratum L.
Costus speciosus Q Konig) Sm.Mapania cuspidata Mig.) UittienKyllinga brevifolia Roub.Dillenia sUffruticosa Griff.) MartelliTetracera indica Christm. Panz.) Merr.Dioscorea glabra Roxb.Dioscorea hispida Dennst.Tectaria crenata Cay.Elaeocarpus stipularis Blume. calypha indica L.Mallotus leucodermis Hook. fMallotus paniculatus Lam.) Mull. Arg.Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. Thonn.Hydnocarpus kunstleri King) Warb.Dicranopteris linearis Burm. f.) Underw.Gnetum gnemon L.Lophantherum gracile Brongn.Themeda arguens L. ) Hack.Mesua ferrea L.Molineria latifolia Dryand.) Herb. ex KurzIxonanthes icosandra JackCinnamomum iners Reinw. lseodaphne intermedia Kosterm.Litsea grandis Wall. ex ees) Hook.f.Cinnamomum porrectum Roxb.) Kosterm.
arringtonia racemosa L . Spreng.Mimosa pudica L.
PERT IKAJ. TRap. AGRIe. SCI VOL. 22 0.2 1999
Vernacular names
Ara songsangGandarusaPaku balu
Telur belangkasKalis utanGajah beranakPulaiKemunting cinaKeladi kemoyangTelinga beruangMelati hutanDaun semumPaku ikanSembungTapak sula imanBusuk-busukSetawar hutanPandan tikusRumput tekiSetawanMempelasUbi torakUbi gadongPaku kikirMendongGalak kucingBalik angin bopengBalit gajahDukung anakSetumpulResamMelintajau /melinjauRumput kelulutMisai adamPenaga lilinLembaPagar anakKayu manis hutanKeledang utanMedang claun Ie ba rKayu manis
Putat kedulSemalu
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I FARIDAH HANUM a nd N UR UL HU DA HAMZAH
forest Table 1 . There ar e 140 different usesrecorded from the medic inal p lants listed an dgrouped into seven methods of application viz.,drink, eat, chew, rub poultice, bath an d shampoo Table 2 . Majori ty of th e medicinal plant specieswere decoctions of different plant par ts mainlytaken as a drink. The rest of th e medicinal plantparts were either used as a rub bath orpoultice. To a small extent some plant parts werechewed such as th e stem of Costus speciosus withbetel nut to relieve coughs, an d sometimes eatenraw such as th e ripe fruits of Gnetum gnemon fora laxative. A medicinal plant species may be
multipurpose in use suc h as th e leaves of systasiagangetica which can b e u se d as a bath poultice orrub fo r different treatment of diseases. The sameplant parts when prepared in different ways willalso treat different health problems as shown by lpini conchigera Table 2 . Ocassionally, there isa mixture of plant parts from different species fo rth e treatment of certain diseases. An exampleincludes decocting together leaves of Piper caninumwith roots of Labisia pumila for th e relief of throatache.
When compared with some re levantethnobotanical l i teratures mainly o f Burkill
TABLE 2Temuan administration an d application of medicinal plant species
Scientific names
calypha indica
denanthera malayana
lpi nia conchigera
lseodaphne intermedia
lstonia angustifolia
nisophyllea disticha
quilaria malaccensis
systasia gangetica
arringtonia racemosa
lechnum orientale
lumea balsamifera
Uses an d parts used
Root an d leaf decoction fo r skin complaints ulcer,constipation an d brochitis; whole plant decoction forstomach cleansing an d aphrodisiac
Leaf an d bark decoction as antiseptic
Root decoction to clean hair from fleasProunded leaves t o t re at boils and swelling on stomachafter childbirth.Pounded rhizome for p a in i ns id e bone
Powdered rhizomes with water fo r s tomach ache
Juice from leaves to prevent insect bitesPounded bark with water to protect from shingles
Pounded leaves applied on head to tr eat high fever
Leaves pounded to t re at p ai n i ns id e b on es
Bark a nd r oo t decoction as tonic preparat ion duringpregnancy, after chidbirth an d various other diseases ofwomen
J ui ce f ro m leaves fo r eye treatmentLeaves chewed raw an d applied externally to woundLeaves mixed with paku merah to relieve pain insidebone
Leaves of roots an d bark fo r itch an d chicken po x
Pounded roots an d leaves to treat skin complaintsDecoction of plant f or d rops y
Leaf decoction for cough an d distended stomach,high blood and insomia B
l ot io n a ft er chi ld bi rt h to whole body and on headfo r headache
PERT NIK J TRap AGRIC. SCI. VOL NO 2 1999
Method of application
Drink
Ru b
ShampooPoultice
Ru b
Poultice
Ru bDrink
Poultice
Ru b
Drink
BathPoulticeRub
Ru b
RubDrink
Drink
Rub
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TH E USE OF MEDICI AL PlANT SPECIES Y TH E TEMU
ABLE 2 Continued)
TRlBE
atharanthus roseus
heilanthes tenuifolia
nnamomun iners
nnamomun porrectum
oscinium fenestratum
ostus speciosus
urcuma aeruginosa
urcuma zedoaria
erris microphylla
illenia suffruticosa
icranopteris linearis
ioscorea glabra
ioscorea hispida
iplazium allantoideum
issocheata gracilis
o n x grandis
Elaeocarpus stipularis
Elephantopus scaber
Etlingera elatior
Decoction of stem, leaves and root to treat diabetes,insect bites period pains an d high blood pressureDecoction of leaves an d stems for h ea lt h y hair
Juice of leaf f or f oo d p oi so ni ng a nd r oo t decoctiongiven after childbirthPoultice of leaves squ eezed i n to wo un d , pounded leavesfor rh eu mat ism
Juice of l ea f f or f oo d p oi so ni ng an d root decoction givenaf ter ch ildb ir th an d gi ven t o girls at tain ing matur ity
Stem a nd r oo t decoction as aphrodisiac an d given afterchilbirthAsh of roots or stems to treat nose ulcer
Root decoct ion given af ter ch ilb ir th an d high fever
Scrape of stem applied to leprous skinPounded stems rubbed fo r skin complaintsStem eaten with betel nu t to tre at cough.Decoction of leaves to t re at s to ma ch a ch e an d stomachu lc er s i n childrenDecoction of rhizome as tonic
Rhi zo me d ecoc ti on for treatment after childbirth
Rhizome as universal tonic to regain s tr en gt h f or w om enan d constipationPounded rhizomes fo r woundPounded rhizomes as medi ci ne for after childbirth
Decoction of pounded leaves fo r skin complaints
Pounded leaves for rheu mati sm
Juice of leaves to treat high fever
Pounded leaves to cure sores
Leaves pounded fo r sores of yaw
Pounded leaves rubbed at armpits to p rev ent b od y odour
Leaves decoction as an antidote f or I po h poison
Decoction of leaves an d roots for cooling body during feverJuice of stems applied f or s na ke bitesPoulice of leaf or s te m f or eye refreshment
Pulped leaves to cure sores
Leaf an d root decoction as supplement after childbirth,tonic deworming, veneral disease an d coughPounded leaves fo r distended stomach an d wound
Rhi zo me mi xed with Piper tl to eliminate excessive gasaf ter ch ildbi r th
PERTANIKAJ TRap. GRlC SCI VOL NO.2, 1999
Drink
Drink
Drink
Poultice
Drink
Drink
Ru b
Drink
PoulticeRu bChewDrink
Drink
Bath
Drink
PoulticeEat
Ru b
Poultice
Bath
Poultice
Ru b
Ru b
Drink
Bath
Ru bPoultice
Poultice
Drink
Poultice
Chew
89
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TABLE 2 Continued
Eupatorium odoratum
Eurycoma longifolia
Ficus aurantiacea
Ficus grossularioides
Ficus lepicarpa
Flemingia macrophylla
Gironniera nervosa
Gnetum gnemon
Goniothalamus macrophyllus
Gonystylus affinis
Helminthostachys zeylanica
Homalomena sagittifolia
Hydnocarpus kunstleri
uanura wallichiana
Ixonanthes icosandra
Ixora concinna
Justicia gendarusa
Kyllinga brevifolia
Labisia pumila
Litsea grandis
9
I FARIDAH HANUM an d NURULHUDA HAMZAH
Leaves pounded fo r wound an d stop bleeding
Decoction of roots as aphrodisiac for men and used astonic
Root decoction as aphrodisiacLeaves pounded for tootache
Crushed bark to treat ring worms an d shingles
Pounded leaves to treat ring worms
Pounded leaves fo r stomach ache
Root decoction to prevent skin diseases
Ripe fruits for s to mach cleansing an d preventconstipation
Decoction of root to eliminate excessive gas in bodyD ec oc ti on u se d as lotion to treat body pains an drheumatismPounded leaves an d bark fo r skin complaints
Oil from wood to treat asthma
Decoction of leaves as tonic after childbirthRhizome mixed with Piper tl for cough and venerealdiseases
Decoction of r oo t a nd leaves for feverPounded roots applied on distended stomach
Decoction of bark fo r internal disorders an d skin disease
Roots an d leaves fo r birth control for woman
Decoction of root fo r whooping coughJuice of leaves rubbed f or c he st pains
Flowers decoction to treat dysentry an d stimulate gastricsecretions
Leaves pounded with lemon for deworming an ds to mach ach ePounded roo ts for mouth during fits
Pounded roots applied externally fo r skin complaints
Roots decoction to treat haemorrhoids an drheumatism. Roots mixed with decoction o f o th er herbsgiven after childbirth.
Bark decoction as t oni c to t re at p ain inside sores an dheadacheLeaf poultice to treat insect bites an d snake bites
PERTANlKAJ TRap. AGRIC SCI VOL NO.2, 1999
Poultice
Drink
DrinkRub
Poultice
Rub
Rub
Bath
Eat
DrinkRu b
Bath
Ru b
DrinkEa t
DrinkPoultice
Drink
Ea t
DrinkRu b
Drink
Poultice
Ru b
Poultice
Drink
Drink
Poultice
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TH E USE OF MEDICINAL PlANT SPECIES BY TH E TEMUAN TRIBE
ABLE 2 Continued
phantherum gracile
copodium muum
godium microphyllum
godium circinnatum
allotus leucodermis
allotus paniculatus
apania cuspidata
elastoma malabathricum
esua erre
imosa pudica
olineria latifolia
phioglossum pendulum
xyspora bullata
avetta wallichiana
eperomia pellucida
hyllanthus amarus
hyllagathis gri fithii
hysalis minima
per betle
Decoction of root fo r childbirth treatment, mixed withtea as carminative an d stomach ache treatmentRoots decoction to treat swelling on body
Decoction of p lant s for cough an d asthma
Leaf decoct ion to treat fever an d high temperatureLeaves chewed to prevent fits
E xu da te f ro m rhizome as insect repellent and to treataquatic animal bites and snake bites
Decoction of roots to treat skin complaints
Decoction of roots to treat after childbirth
R oo t d ec oc ti on f or treatment after childbirth an d leaves
to treat diarrhoea
Decoction with other plants given after childbirth,pounded leaves fo r tooth ache an d eliminate excessivegas ins ide body For l eu ko rea, mix with sugar an dgingerFruits pounded to treat small woundPounded roots and leaves for skin complaints
Decoction of seed oil root an d flowers t ak en aft erchildbirthDecoction of dried flowers fo r external skin complaints
Root decoction as tonicPounded leaves fo r swelling on body
Decoction of rhizome with reca for menorrhagia
Juice of leaves t o c lean se an d t re at h ai r
Roots and leaves decoction given after childbirth
Flowers decoction to prevent f ro m c ou gh , r oo tsdecoction given af ter ch ildbi r thLotion f rom b ar k to treat nose ulcers
Decoction of plants to treat rheumatism
Decoction of plant fo r diarrhoea, high blood pressureDecoction of plant with goat milk for diabetesDecoction of plants for cleansing wound an d skin complaints
Decoction of root mixed with other plants given afterchildbirth and to treat irregular menses
Decoction of p la nt s t o treat high feverRipe fruits to avoid stomach u lc er a nd stomach ache
Leaves to cure disease of mucous membrance of th emouth
PERTANIKAJ TRap. AGRIC SCI VOL NO.2, 1999
Drink
Ru b
Drink
BathChew
Rub
Bath
Bath
Drink
Drink
PoulticeRu b
Drink
Ru b
DrinkPoultice
Drink
Shampoo
Drink
Drink
Ru b
Drink
DrinkDrinkRu b
Drink
DrinkEa t
Chew
9
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TABLE 2 Continued)
Piper ninum
Piper l n tum
Piper umbellatum
Plocoglottis lowii
Psychotria sarmentosa
Pterisanthes sp
Pyrrosia piloselloides
Pyrrosia nummularifolia
Scaphium macropodum
Schizaea dichotoma
Scoparia dulcis
Selaginella ciliaris
Selaginella wildenowii
Tacca leontopetaloides
Taenitis blechnoides
Tectaria crenata
Tetracera indica
Themeda arguens
Thottea dependens
Tinospora macrocarpa
9
I FARIDAH HANUM an d URULHUDA HAMZAH
Decoction with abisia pumil Kac ip Fatimah) r oo ts tocure throat-ache
Decoction of p lant s for malaria, toothache, rheumatism,deworming, fever an d influenzaEaten raw to cure stomach ulcer
Decoction of plant to prevent malaria, t reat cough ,influenza, kidney ache, rheumatism an d tooth ache
Juice of pounded leaves to t rea t skin complaint
Roots an d leaves decoction given after childbirthDecoction of plants to cure fever
Pounded roots rubbed for relieving swellings
Decoction of plant to treat cough, diarrhoea an dgonorhoeaDecoction of plants to t rea t shingles an d r ing worms
Decoction from leaves to cure cough an d fits
Decoction of plants to treat high fever, an d cooling downf or r ef re sh in g b od yRip e fruits to treat high body tempera ture
Decoction of roots to treat cough an d th ro at ache
Decoction of plant to eliminate excessive gas in the bodyaf ter ch ildbi r th
L ot io n f ro m leaves fo r skin complaints
Decoction of leaves to cleanse wound
Decoction of roots with selayar hitam for good kidneyfunctionDecoction of roots to eliminatate excessive gas afterchildbirth
Decoction of plant to t re at r in g worm an d shingles
Decoction of plants to t reat venerea l disease like gonorrhoea
Root decoction to treat high blood pressure an d high feverLeaves an d roots pounded together fo r skin itch
Decoction o f r oo t as aphrodisiac, blood cleansing an dbody refresh ingPlant poultice to t rea t lumbago
Leaves pounded fo r skin complaints; r ub be d b eh in d e arfo r fever
Decoction of leaves fo r vermifuge an d choleraJuice of leaves to t r ea t wound
Decoction of rhizome to e limina te excessive gas afterchildbirth
PERT lKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI VOL. 22 0.2 ,1999
Drink
Drink
Ea t
Drink
Ru b
DrinkBath
Ru b
Drink
Bath
Drink
Drink
Ea t
Drink
Drink
Ru b
Bath
Drink
Drink
Drink
Drink
DrinkPoultice
Drink
Poultice
Ru b
DrinkRub
Drink
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TH E USE OF MEDICINAL PlANT SPECIES Y TH E TEMU
TABLE 2 Continued
TRIBE
Toxocarpus grifjithii
Vitex p nn t
Vitex tri olia
Zingiber aromatica
Zingiber cassumunar
Zingiber grifjithii
Zingiber ofjicinale
Zingiber puberulum
Zingiber spectabile
Fruits eaten raw fo r general well-being
Decoction of bark an d leaf for stomach-ache an dgiven af ter ch ildbi r th
Bark an d leaves pounded with other plants to treatfever an d wounds
Decoction of stem as diurret ic, roots decoction tore duce h igh fever an d after childbirth
Decoction for cough an d on e of ingredients fo rt rad i tional tonic
Decoction of leaves with black pepper fo r s toma chache
Decoction of root to eliminate excessive gas in thebodyPounded f lowers to avoid faintingLotion from leaves to treat rheumatism
Pounded plants to t rea t toothacheRhizome pound with flowers of xora sp. to treatstomach-ache, rheumatism an d headache
Decoction of leaf to treat fever
Juice from leaves to treat eye-ache an d swelling
Ea t
Drink
Poultice
Drink
Drink
Drink
Bath
Ru bRu b
PoulticeEa t
Drink
Bath
1966 , a substantial amount of overlap in theuse of medicinal plant species by t he Tem ua nswith other people elsewhere occurs, suggestingthat these species ar e indeed effective in th etreatment of certain diseases. Thus, these speciessho uld b e taken as clues for the development ofnew drugs. Medicinal plant resources can beused directly as pharmaceuticals plant extractsand products , serve as t emplates for chemicalsynthesis of related medicinal compounds andused as investigative or evaluative tools in thedrug development and t est in g p ro ce ss ofchemical compounds.
ON LUS ON
The Temuans have no t lost their traditionalknowledge in th e use of medicinal p lan ts as apanacea for various health problems an d diseasesdespite t he ir e xp osur e to th e socio-economictransformation and improved communicationssur rounding the forest. It is however f ea re d th atwhen th e Temuan elderlys have gone anddevelopment further seeps into this forest, bothknowledge and medicinal plant resources will
also per ish. is not unlikely that knowledgeand resources will remain with habitat loss orconversion fo r other land uses.
The conservation of th e medicinal plantspecies in this fores t can be done in two ways:conservation in natural areas an d cultivation. Inth e former, whi ch is more desirab le as plantspecies grow naturally and cheaper inmanagement , there is a risk of encroachment.Encroachment in the Ayer Hitam Forest is ratherrampant especially in th e northern part. Beingth e only larger forest left in th e midst ofdevelopment in th e Klang Valley the otherbeing Bukit Nenas Forest Reserve , it is inevitablethat species of economic value especially thosewith medicinal properties will be over-exploitedby local vendors. So as to safeguard th emedicinal plant resources of this forest,theauthor would like to suggest a n a rb or etum i.e.an area devoted to th e cultivation of a wideselection of woody plants tr ee s, s hr ub s,vines,etc. to be set up as a back-up. Althoughth e main objective of an arboretum is not forth e conservation of medicinal plants, allocations
PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 0.2 ,1999 93
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I. FARIDAH HANUM and
can be given fo r this n ob le p urp os e in th efenced part of th e forest. An arboretum ca nsimultaneously b e m a in t ai n ed as both centres ofresearch educat ion and recreational areas.
KNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was carried out with funding fromIRPA 08-02-04-0089 fo r which t he a ut ho rs ar egrateful T h e co o p era t io n o f Erak themi d d l eman for th e T em uan s is greatlyappreciated
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BURKILL I H. 1966. A Dictionary EconomicProducts the Malay Peninsula Vols I llKuala Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture anCooperatives
F RJ H H M, I 1999. Plant Diversity an dConservation Value of Ayer Hitam Forest,
URULHUDA HAMZAH
Se1angor, Peninsular Malaysia. PertanikaJ TropAgric Sci 22 2 : this volume.
G I M L E T I J D 1939. A Dictionary Malayan MedicineSingapore: Oxford University Press.
LATIFF A. 1985. Ethnobotanical an d phytochemical
studies on Malaysian Menispermac eae. MalaysAppl iol 14 2 : 68 - 75.
MARTI G J 1995. Ethnobotany a Methods ManualLondon: Chapman an d Hall. 268 p
SABARIAH Z K RI 1987. Kajian Ethnobotani di TigaKampung Daerah Sering Kota BharuKelantan Tesis Sm Sn 67 p. UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia.
TURNER I M. 1995. A Catalogue of th e VascularPlants of Malaya. Gardens Bulletin Singapore 47 1 2 :
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