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The Use of Familial DNA Searching as an Investigative Tool
Eric J. Duvall – DNA Analyst Denver Police Department Crime Laboratory
Denver, Colorado
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Familial Searching Basics
• Investigators use the DNA database to search for near matches to solve crimes committed by relatives of the people in the database.
• Siblings, parents, and children can be linked to crimes because their relative’s DNA closely resembles DNA found at a crime scene.
• 46% of inmates report that they have a close relative who has been incarcerated
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Familial Searching Benefits
• Familial searching saves both time and money in forensic investigations
• Familial searching promotes justice by solving crime using technology and investigative means
• Familial searching can provide leads in otherwise “cold” investigations
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Familial Searching origins
• In Great Britain, Familial DNA intelligence packages have been produced for 210 specific serious crime investigations.
• Confined to ‘cold case reviews’ and ‘hard to solve’ serious crime investigations.
• 19% hit rate (40 of 210); variety of cases
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Basic Concepts
• Colorado SDIS as of July 2013 – 242,000 offender profiles – 9,000 forensic case profiles
• 85% of hits come from within state
• Denver PD Strategy: Search all of Denver’s forensic
case profiles (single source 13 loci, source ID no) against Colorado offender profiles for potential familial links and rank results for follow-up
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Project startup • Initially we used DNA-View with Dr. Charles Brenner and searched about
1580 forensic profiles against 87,000 offender profiles – 137,600,000 comparisons
• Method of search was optimized for parent-sibling and sibling to sibling matches.
• Did not consider avuncular relationships • Since then we have evolved our approach to familial searching and wrote
new software first in Excel now in SQL Server.
• System runs on parallel processor setup on standalone workstation or server. Each forensic sample takes about 3 seconds to be searched against all offenders.
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• Ranked and generated report for all pairs that ranked with a LR of ≥ 200,000.
– Produced 32 pairs (13 included a female, 19 male) – Ran Y STR on all 19 male pairs
• 6 Y STR Matches on males-> follow-up • 13 Y STR exclusions
– Following up on all 13 female pairs
Results
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Familial search investigations
• Utilize NCIC and other web based databases
• Create a family tree of possible suspects
based on the hit • Contact family members as a last resort
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Denver DNA Database Familial Searches-LDIS level
• Parent LR 361,167 • Sib LR 4,205 • The father was in the
DNA database for a 2002 aggravated assault.
• Y-STR DNA types matched.
• Earwax on cell phone ear bud mixture 2002 Agg. Assault
Father of potential offender
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Father Mother
First Son Second Son Third Son
First Daughter Second Daughter
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First Son was in custody at the 6me of the burglary.
Second Son was in custody at the 6me of the burglary.
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Denver DNA Database Familial Searches First Conviction in the US-SDIS level
• 6 loci shared/18 alleles • Sib LR 558,845 • Parent LR 1,669
• Y-STR DNA types matched.
• A conventional investigation led to the car thief’s brother and a warrant was obtained for the brother’s DNA.
Familial hit to brother Agg. Motor Vehicle The4 Qualifying offense to CODIS
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Denver DNA Database Familial Searches First Conviction in the US
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• Suspect charged with two car break-ins and pled guilty.
• This is the first conviction in the United States
• Conviction date: 9/10/2009
Brother ID by database search 41.1 executed for saliva to confirm
Denver DNA Database Familial Searches First Conviction in the US
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First case filed through familial searching • 2006 MVT case
matches • Strong statistical
support that perpetrator of 2008 TFMV case is his biological brother (who fled to Mexico)
• 99.5% of U.S. population excluded from Y-STR profile
• Case filed as John Doe and guilty plea entered Sept 2009
Y-STR Locus
2008 TFMV
2006 Stolen Motor Vehicle Case
DYS456 16 16 DYS389I 14 14 DYS390 24 24
DYS389II 30 30 DYS458 18 18
DYS19 13 13 DYS385a/b 13 - 14 13 - 14
DYS393 13 13 DYS391 9 9 DYS439 11 11 DYS635 21 21 DYS392 11 11
YGATAH4 12 12 DYS437 14 14 DYS438 10 10 DYS448 20 20
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Colorado Familial Search Policy
• Determined on case by case basis-letter to Director of CBI by Colorado Chief/DA. Significant public safety concern.
• Standard investigative leads have been exhausted. • 6 month search routine is planned and allowed in policy. • Arrestee search allowed in policy. • Exigency recognized and searches can be done. • Demographic information only released to LEA if investigators have
completed mandatory training course. • Male to male requires Y-STR screening prior to information release.
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Colorado Familial Search Policy
• Policy requires confirmation sample to suspect via rule 41.1-Court Order for Non testimonial Identification.
• Provides cautions to investigators about type of information and impact on
families. • Colorado policy published 10/22/2009 and is available: • http://www.denverda.org under DA Resources-> DNA-> Familial DNA
Database Searches • Governor Ritter was briefed and suggested that State Legislators have
review. Safety Committee reviewed policy prior to implementation and had QA period. Strongly supported approach. State AG played key role in drafting and revising policy with CBI and DPD for most of 2008/2009.
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Legal Issues for Familial Search of DNA Database Profiles
• Crime scene DNA is abandoned
• When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation in privacy that they might have had.
United States v. Jones, 707 F.2d 1169, 1171 (10th Cir. 1983)
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Legal Issues for Familial Search of DNA
Database Profiles
• The offender who left DNA at the crime scene has no standing to challenge the familial DNA search. They will not be charged with the crime.
• Constitutional rights are personal and may only
be asserted by one whose rights are infringed. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 US 128, 133-134; 99 S Ct 421; 58 L Ed 2d 387 (1978).
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States with Familial Searching
• California
• Colorado • Virginia
• Wyoming
• Outreach of software to 27 states
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U.S. Success
• Grim Sleeper-California – At least 10 homicides from
1985-2007 – Familial search software
identified a link between the suspect and a son in July 2010
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Resources
• http://www.denverda.org/DNA/Familial_DNA_Database_Searches.htm
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Contact Information
• Eric J. Duvall Denver Police Department Crime Laboratory – DNA Section 1371 Cherokee St. Room 305 Denver, CO 80204 720.337.2043 [email protected]