The Use of Epiphytic Lichens
Transcript of The Use of Epiphytic Lichens
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Republic of the PhilippinesDepartment of Science and Technology
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIH SCH!!LEastern "isayas Campus
Pa#ing$ Palo$ Leyte
In Partial %ul&llment ofThe Re'uirements for Research (
The )se of Epiphytic Lichens for *ir Pollution *ssessment in CertainSites of Tacloban
Submitted by+
,ulie *nne *- Co I".Neutron,oan Christine /armito I".Proton,ammy /arie /onsanto I".Neutron
07 January 2013
Chapter 1
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The Problem and its Settings
Background o the Study
%or most people$ air pollution is measured through the 'uality of
the en0ironment and the health of the residents- *lthough these bases
are 'uite reasonable in some aspects$ these are still not enough to
assess the le0el of air pollution in a certain area- Instrumental de0ices
can be used but most of these de0ices are not accessible for some
communities- So$ #e need an impro0ised$ feasible$ and more practical
approach in assessing air 'uality-
Lichenology researches ha0e pro0en the capability of lichens to
determine air pollution- 1ecause lichens lac2 roots and protecti0e
structures such as stomata and cuticle$ they passi0ely ta2e in any
element present in the atmosphere- This ability ma2es lichens e3ecti0e
biomonitors-
There are se0eral #ays to determine the atmospheric condition
of an en0ironment- %or this research$ t#o methods #ill be e4ecuted-
!ne method #ill be the calculation of I*P 5Inde4 of *tmospheric
6uality7 #herein the fre'uencies and the species of the lichens #ill be
used to determine the le0el of pollution-
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Second method #ill be the chlorophyll degradation analysis
5Nimis$ et- *l$ (8887- * dynamic e'uilibrium e4ists bet#een
atmospheric nutrient9 pollutant accumulation and loss that can ma2e
lichen tissue analysis a sensiti0e tool for the detection of changes in air
'uality caused by the pollutants 51lett$ (88:7- In this method$ samples
of lichens from the monitoring sites #ill be collected and their
chlorophylls #ill be e4tracted from the lichen thallus- The absorbance
of these chlorophylls #ill be e4amined under a spectrophotometer and
the ratio of optical densities of chlorophyll a and b under certain
#a0elengths #ill determine the degradation of chlorophyll-
Statement o the Problem
/ain Problem+ ;hat is the air 'uality of the areas of obser0ation
based on the lichen fre'uency$ the 0ehicle density$ and the chlorophyll
degradationTree(>Tree:
:
I*PO 58-= 7 4
#here i is the total number of species 6i is the ecological
inde4 or the a0erage number of accompanying species and & is
the area accumulated by lichens-
))) Chlorophyll &egradation .nalysis
%or this method$ Conti and CecchettiAs procedures #ill be follo#ed-
*bout (8 mg fresh #eight 5f#7 of lichens 5#eighed in analytical
balance7 #ill be directly e4tracted in ml of D/S! in the
presence of poly0inylpolypyrrolidone 5(- mg ml.=7 to minimi?e
chlorophyll degradation during e4traction in the dar2 for = h at
JoC- *fter incubation$ e4tracts #ill be allo#ed to cool to
ambient temperature$ diluted =+= #ith fresh D/S!$ and the
turbidity of the e4tract #ill be chec2ed at Q8 nm to ensure it #ill
al#ays be less than 8-8=- The absorbance of the e4tracts #ill be
read and recorded at JJ$ J@$ @: and @= nm- Chlorophyll a$
chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a+b #ill be calculated using
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e'uations deri0ed from speci&c absorption coecients for pure
chlorophylls a and b by *rnon. Chlorophyll a/b #ill be used as an
indicator of the measurement of physiological acti0ity of algal
cells- The ratio of optical densities at @: and @= nm 5!D
@:9!D @=7 #ill be interpreted as the phaeophytini?ation
'uotient$ #hich #ill reect the ratio of chlorophyll a to
phaeophytin a- 5Conti$ et- *l$ (8887
Bibliography
=7 /cCourt$ Richard /atthe#- FLichenG /icrosoft Student (88
D"DU- Redmond$ ;*+ /icrosoft Corporation$ (88Q-
(7 1ac2or$ /- 5(88(7- /onitoring *ir Pollution in osice )sing
Lichens-
:7 1ogulyubo0$ * et al- 5(88=7- *ssessment of *ir Pollution by
Lichen Indication /ethod-
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@7 1righigna$ L- 5n-d-7- The use of tropical bromeliads 5Tilandia
spp-7 for monitoring atmospheric pollution in the to#n of
%lorence$ Italy-
7 Holt$ E- 5(8==7- 1ioindicators+ )sing !rgansims to /easure
En0ironmental Impacts-
J7 ett$ *- et- al- 5(887- Learning #ith Lichens+ )sing
Epiphytic Lichens *s 1ioindicators of *ir Pollution-
Q7 Smith$ - 5n-d-7- Lichens as 1ioindicators- National Science
teachers *ssociation-
7 Hutchinson$ ,- 5=J7- *ir 6uality and Lichens. * Literature
Re0ie# Emphasi?ing the Paci&c North#est$ )S*-
7 Lichenland- 5n-d7- )nited States %orest Ser0ice- National
Lichens V *ir 6uality Database and Clearinghouse-
=87 ;att$ D- *- 5n-d-7- THE 1I!DI"ERSITW *SSESS/ENT T!!LS
PR!,ECT
==7 *prile$ -- 5n-d-7- /onitoring Epiphytic Lichen 1iodi0ersity
to Detect En0ironmental 6uality and *ir Pollution+ the Case
Study of Roccamon&na Par2-
Chapter 9
*esults and &iscussion
The &rst method of the study re'uires the determination of the
fre'uency of lichens- *ltogether$ there are sites- Each sites has :
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trees- Site do not ha0e any 'uali&ed tree- S!$ the total number of
subBect trees is =(-
This table sho#s the description of the sites-
SITE N!- SITE N*/E RE/*RS
= RTR PL*X* Located at the center of the cityLocated near a school %re'uent typesof 0ehicles are public motorcycles and
tricycles( %*/ILW P*R Located at the east side of the city
Located at the seaside *dBacent to aroad Located near a botanical garden%re'uent 0ehicles are Beepneys$ and
cars: /)NICIP*L H*LL Located at the north of the city Near a
port %re'uent 0ehicles are motorcycles@ ST! NIN! SHRINE Located at the south of the city
;aiting area for Beepneys and publictransportations *dBacent to a road
Located near a gasoline station%re'uent type of 0ehicles are Beepneys
PETR!N Located at the #est of the city *gasoline station %re'uent type of
0ehicles are cars$ truc2s$ and Beepneys
This table sho#s the 0ehicle density 5the a0erage number of 0ehicles
passing in the sites per minute7 in each site- The more 0ehicles means
greater e4posure to pollutant-
SITE N!- *"ER*E "EHICLEDENSITW
50ehicles 9minute7
= =-J( (8-(: =:@ =J-
:(-
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This table sho#s the a0erage phaeophytini?ation 'uotient of the
chlorophylls of the lichen samples in each site- This parameter is an
indicator of chlorophyll damage- =-@ is the ideal 0alue for una3ected
chlorophyll-
Phaeophytini?ation 'uotient is in0ersely related to 0ehicle
density but directly related to lichen fre'uency- Thus$ the higher the
0alue for this parameter$ the lesser damage on the chlorophyll-
This is the order of the sites in ascending order of
phaeophytini?ation 'uotient-
Site Y Site (Y Site @Y Site :Y Site =
*s aforementioned$ the 0alue optimum 0alue for una3ected
chlorophyll is =-@ and lesser 0alues mean more damaged chlorophyll-
Setting =-@ as 8 damage$ here are the 0alues for the chlorophyll
damage in each site+
Site = ............. 8-8Q
Site ( ............. :-J8@8Q=
Site : .............. 8-J:J@(
Site @ .............. (-8J=Q
Site ................ no 0alue
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Sites "ehicle
Density
Site
s
Lichen
%re'uency
Sites Phaeophytini?atio
n 6uotient
:(- 8 .( (8-( ( @-8@: ( =-:@@:@ =J- @ =:-88(=:@Q @ =-:Q==:@= =-J = =:-QJ(::( = =-:J(J: =: : =@-=::= : =-:(=8
This table sho#s the results of the three parameters combined- "ehicle
density #as arranged and ran2ed in descending order #hile lichen
fre'uency and phaeophytini?ation 'uotient #ere ran2ed in ascending
order- It is clear that the three parameters correspond accordingly
based on the theoretical relations-
Chapter :
Summary
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This research is an analysis on the atmospheric condition of &0e
certain sites in Tacloban based mainly on the fre'uency$ and the
chlorophyll degradation of the resident epiphytic lichens-
%or many years no#$ lichenology researches ha0e pro0en the
capability of lichens$ most preferably epiphytic 5gro#s on trees7$ as
biomonitors$ bioaccumulators$ and bioindicators- This is because
epiphytic lichens lac2 real roots and they depend mainly on deposition
for nutrients- Thus$ traces of almost e0ery element in the atmosphere
can be detected in lichens ma2ing these organisms the manifestations
of the atmospheric 'uality of the en0ironment-
This study aims to come up #ith a 'uantitati0e record of the
atmospheric condition of Tacloban as of (8=(- This #as conducted
through a passi0e biomonitoring using epiphytic lichens- The study
comes in t#o methods-
The &rst method focuses on the fre'uency of the lichens- %i0e
graphically chosen sites #ere determined and in each site$ three
'uali&ed trees #ere selected for replication purposes- The areas of
accumulation of lichens #ere ac'uired by using a =8cm by 8cm
fre'uency ladder positioned at the north$ east$ south$ and #est faces of
the trees-
The 0ehicle density of each site #as also recorded- To generali?e
this 0ariable$ the 0ehicle sur0ey #as conducted on a Sunday$ a
/onday$ a ;ednesday$ and a %riday-
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To balance out the uctuating instantaneous 0ehicle density$ the
sur0ey #as conducted for minutes at+ +88am to +:8am =(+88pm to
=(+:8pm and @+88pm to @+:8pm-
The second method concerns the chlorophyll content of the
photobiont- The chlorophylls of the samples #ere e4tracted and
e4amined through a spectrophotometer under the #a0elengths
@=nm$ @:nm$ JJnm$ and J@nm- Through *rnonAs e'uation$ the
chlorophyll a$ the chlorophyll b$ the total chlorophyll$ and the
degradation of chlorophyll to phaeophytin #as ac'uired-
Results ha0e sho#n a positi0e relation bet#een the 0ehicle
density and the fre'uency of the lichens 5area of accumulation o0er
area of bar27 but both are in0ersely related to 0ehicle density- The
combined results suggests this order of the sites according to
descending atmospheric condition+ Site :Y Site =Y Site @Y Site (Y Site
- 5See Table for site description7-
/oreo0er$ based on the chlorophyll degradation$ the chlorophylls
of the lichens in each site are close to =-@$ a 0alue considered as
optimum for una3ected chlorophyll a- Thus$ the air 'ualities of the
sites are still generally healthy-
The establishment of this research #ill bene&t Tacloban as #ell
as its residents- This #ill gi0e them a sense of a#areness regarding
their atmosphere and at the same time$ this #ill introduce a 0ery
practical #ay of assessing the en0ironmental 'uality of a place- This
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#ill also be useful in 2eeping trac2 of TaclobanAs ecological history- *nd
later on$ the same 2ind of research can be e4tended and related to
traces of pollutants in the atmosphere and the number of occurences
of diseases caused by e4posure to certain pollutants-
Conclusion
The order of sites according to ascending atmospheric pollution+
:Y=Y(Y@Y
"ehicle density is one of the determinants of atmospheric 'uality
in Tacloban-
The chlorophyll degradation and lichen fre'uency are directly
related #hile
0ehicle density is in0ersely related to both-
TaclobanAs atmosphere$ in general$ is still healthy considering
that the
degradation percentage of the chlorophyll of resident
lichens is about = to @-
*ecommendations
Increase number of sites and trees
*dd the follo#ing parameters+
*- Inde4 of *ir Purity
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1- Inde4 of Poleotolerance
C- Determina@on of Le0els of Pollutant through as
Chromatography
D- Relate results to a sur0ey on diseases #hich can be caused by
e4posure
to pollutants
.BST*.CT
This research is a statistical analysis on the atmospheric
condition of &0e certain sites in Tacloban based mainly on the
fre'uency$ and the chlorophyll degradation of the resident epiphytic
lichens-
This study aims to come up #ith a 'uantitati0e record of
the atmospheric condition of Tacloban as of (8=(- This #as conducted
through a passi0e biomonitoring using epiphytic lichens- The study
comes in t#o methods-
The &rst method focuses on the fre'uency of the lichens- %i0e
graphically chosen sites #ere determined and in each site$ three
'uali&ed trees #ere selected for replication purposes- The areas of
accumulation of lichens #ere ac'uired by using a =8cm by 8cm
fre'uency ladder positioned at the north$ east$ south$ and #est faces of
the trees-
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