ETIC Bibliography1

Use of ElectrochemicalTechniques In metalConservation

Metal WG

Bibliographyon

the use of electrochemical techniques in metal conservation

This bibliography has been compiled by Dr Kilian Anheuser, Conservateur responsable dulaboratoire, des ateliers de restauration et de la conservation prventive at the Muse d'art etd'histoire in Geneva (Switzerland).

Contributors were: Annemie Adriaens, Kilian Anheuser, Gabriela Cicileo, Virginia Costa,Christian Degrigny, Gerhard Eggert, Marc Gener, Ilonne de Groot, Paola Letardi, KarenLeyssens, Paul Mardikian, Bart Schotte, Karen Stemann Petersen, Hisasi Takenouti andDenise Witschard.

Initials after an entry indicate the author of any comment.

To avoid a lengthy and confusing list of out-of-date and difficult to obtain papers thefollowing general rules have been applied :

Preference was given to recent publications (post 1990) in refereed papers. Student projects and internal reports were not normally included, assuming that the

authors and their supervisors would have published any relevant contents. Somereports of particular interest are listed though at the end of the bibliography.

The older literature which is today only of historical interest has been largely omittedfrom this list. It can be easily accessed through references in the publications listedbelow.

General introductionCosta, Virginia (2003). "Electrochemistry as a conservation tool: an overview", in:

Conservation Science 2002. Ed. Joyce H. Townsend, K. Eremin and A. Adriaens,Archetype, London, 88-95. The application of electrochemical methods to the

ETIC Bibliography2

conservation of metallic works of art is reviewed. The two application fields inconservation - treatment and research - are both considered. (KL)

Degrigny, Christian (2001). "Du dgagement des canons par lectrolyse la consolidationrductrice des plombs altrs ou lhistoire de loptimisation des techniques derestauration du mtal par voie lectrolytique". Cahier technique de lAraafu 7, 32-35.

Degrigny, Christian, et Nol Lacoudre (1999). "Les techniques lectrolytiques", in : A laRecherche du Mtal Perdu,. Ed. H. Roudet-Meyer, Errance, Paris, 114-127. A reviewof the use of electrochemical techniques in conservation in France (CD)

Eggert, Gerhard (1994). "Metallreduktion in Flssigkeiten", in: Peter Heinrich, Ed.Metallrestaurierung, Callwey, Mnchen, 126-137. Introductory, easy to read paper onthe theory of electrolytic methods in metals conservation. The references are nowrather dated. (KA)

Espi, Laurent, Lacoudre, N., Beldjoudi, T. and Dugot J. (2000). "L'lectrochimie au servicedu patrimoine musical"; Techn 12, 19-27.

North, N.A., "Conservation of metals", in: Conservation of marine archaeological objects,Ed. C. Pearson, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1987, 207-252. Remains a referencebook for iron treated by electrolysis. (PM)

Investigation and treatment of aluminium alloysBailey, G. (2004) The stabilization of A wrecked and corroded aluminium aircraft, in the

proceedings of the ICOM-CC Metal interim meeting METAL 04, 453-464Degrigny, Christian (1990). "Mise au point dun traitement cathodique de stabilisation de

pices en alliages daluminium dgrades par corrosion en milieu aqueux". Thse dedocteur-ingnieur de lUniversit de Paris VI, 169p. Corrosion (pitting) andelectrolytic stabilisation of aircraft remains made of aluminium alloys. Study of thesensitivity of aluminium alloys to cathodic corrosion (CD).

Degrigny, Christian (1991). "Conservation et stabilisation d'alliages d'aluminium prlevs surdes paves aronautiques immerges en eau douce: les conditions du traitementlectrolytique". Conservation, restauration des biens culturels: revue de l'ARAAFU,311, 27-39.

Degrigny, Christian (1992). "Traitements lectrolytiques de vestiges subaquatiques de grandesdimensions a base d'alliages d'aluminium", in : Conservation et restauration d'objetsmetalliques. Archologie en Yvelines, Document de travail 5. Versailles: Conseilgnral des Yvelines, 30-49.

Degrigny, Christian (1993). "La mise au point d'un traitement cathodique de stabilisation devestiges aronautiques immergs en alliages d'aluminium", in : Saving the twentiethcentury: the conservation of modern materials, Ed. D. Grattan, Canadian ConservationInstitute, Ottawa, 373-379.

Degrigny, Christian (1995). "Stabilisation de moteurs d'avion immergs". Studies inConservation 40, 10-18. An English translation made by the Canadian ConservationInstitute staff can be provided by the author (CD)

Hallam, David L., Adams, C.D., Bailey, G. and Heath, Graham, A. (1997). "Redefining theelectrochemical treatment of historic aluminium objects", in: Metal 95, Ed. Ian D.Macleod, Stphane L. Pennec and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London, 220-222.The use of electrochemical techniques to redefine the conditions for theelectrochemical treatment of aluminium exposed to saline environments is discussed.(KL)

ETIC Bibliography3

Investigation and treatment of copper alloysAl-Kharafi, F. M., and Shalaby, H.M. (1995). "Corrosion behavior of annealed and hard-

drawn copper in soft tap water". Corrosion 51, 469-481.Ammeloot, F., Fiaud, C. and Sutter, E.M.M. (1997). "Application of photoelectrochemical

methods for the characterization of Cu(I) oxide layers modified in the presence ofcorrosion inhibitors". Electrochimica Acta 42, 3565-3574. The influence of azole-typecorrosion inhibitors (benzotriazole, mercaptobenzothiazole or mercaptobenzoxazole)on the photoelectrochemical behaviour of copper electrodes under open-circuitpotential was investigated in a 0.5M NaCl solution. A correlation between theinhibition efficiency of an inhibitor, the oxide layer thickness, the polarizationresistance and the semiconducting properties of the Cu2O layer more or less stabilizedby the inhibitor was proposed. (KL).

Angelini, E., Bianco, P., Rosalbino, F. and Zucchi, F. (1995). "A comparative study ofmethods for the assessment of recovery techniques for aged copper". Science andTechnology for Cultural Heritage 4, 1-10.

Aucouturier, Marc, Keddam, M., Robbiola, L. and Takenouti, H. "Les patines des alliages decuivre : processus naturel ou uvre de lhomme". Techn, in press.

Bartolini, Marco, Cigna, R., Colombo, B., D'Ercoli, G., Marabelli, M. and Marano, M. (1998),"Misure di elettrocondensazione capillare e controlli elettrochimici per il restauro deibronzi di Riace", Bollettino d'Arte - Serie speciale.

Bartuli, Cecilia, Cigna, R., Colombo, B. and Marabelli, M. (1996). "Valutazione dei fenomenicorrosivi in corso sulla superficie del Marco Aurelio." Materiali e Strutture - problemidi conservazione 6, 127-136.

Bartuli, Cecilia, Cigna, R. and Fumei, O (1999). "Prediction of durability for outdoor exposedbronzes: estimation of the corrosivity of the atmospheric environment of theCapitoline Hill in Rome". Studies in Conservation 44, 245-252.

Bartuli, Cecilia, Angelucci, S. and Lanuti, S. (1999). "Polarization Resistance measurementsfor the monitoring of the corrosion rate of protected copper alloy sculptures", inProceedings of Art 99: 6th international conference on non-destructive testing andmicroanalysis for the diagnostics and conservation of the cultural and environmentalheritage (Rom), Ed. Istituto centrale per il restauro, Associazione italiana prove non-distruttive, Euroma, Rome, 1343-1359.

Bastidas, J. M., Alonso, M.P., Mora, E.M. and Chico, B. (1995). "Corrosion of bronze byacetic and formic acid vapours, sulphur dioxide and sodium chloride particles".Werkstoffe und Korrosion 46, 515-519.

Bastidas, J. M., Lopez-Delgado, A., Lopez, F.A. and Alonso, M.P. (1997). "Characterizationof artificially patinated layers on artistic bronze exposed to laboratory SO2contamination". Journal of Materials Science 32, 129-133.

Bertholon, Rgis, Bell, B., Blengino, J-M. and Lacoudre, N. (1997). "Stabilisation de lacorrosion d'un objet archologique en alliage cuivreux par lectrolyse faiblepPolarisation dans le sesquicarbonate de sodium", in: Metal 95, Ed. Ian D. Macleod,Stphane L. Pennec and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London, 209-219. Describesthe stabilisation of an archeological object of quaternairy bronze (Cu / Sn / Zn / Pb)by means of electrolyse with weak polarization in 1wt% sesquicarbonate. (KL)

Bertrand, A. (1999). "Mise en vidence du phnomne de dcuprification dans les bronzes partir dun alliage de synthse 13% en masse dtain. Extension la comprhensiondu mcanisme des bronzes archologiques". Thse de doctorat de luniversit P. et M.

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Curie, Paris, 184 p. An essential document for the use of electrochemical techniques tounderstand the alteration of bronze artefacts (CD).

Brostoff, L. (2003). "Coating strategies for the protection of outdoor bronze art andornamentation", PhD report, University of Amsterdam. Use of ElectrochemicalImpedance Spectroscopy to assess the protective properties of coatings (CD)

Brunoro, G., Zucchi,F., Tommesani, L. and Garagnani, G.L. (1995). "Protection of bronzes bypretreatments with heterocyclic compounds". Science and Technology for CulturalHeritage 4, 1-11.

Brunoro, G., Frignani, A., Colledan, A. and Chiavari, C. (2003). "Organic films for protectionof copper and bronze against acid rain corrosion". Corrosion Science 45, 2219-2231.

Christy, A.G., Lowe, A., Otieno-Alego, V., Stoll, M. and Webster, R.D. (2004). "Voltammetricand raman microspectroscopic studies on artificial copper pits grown in simulatedportable water". Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 34, 225-233.

Cicileo, Gabriela P., Cresp, M.A. and Rosales, B.M. (2002). "Patina protectiveness evaluationof bronze monuments exposed to a urban atmosphere", in: Proceedings of the 15thInternational Corrosion Congress, ICC, Granada, CD-Rom proceedings, n 3411.

Cicelio, G.P., Crespo, M.A. and Rosales, B.M. "Comparative study of patinas formed onstatuary alloy by means of electrochemical and surface technique analyses". In press inCorrosion Science, Elsevier, UK.

Colledan, A., Chiavari, C., Brunoro, G. and Garagnani, G.L. (2001). "Studio del degrado dileghe bronzee: effetto delle piogge acide", in: Proc. La scienza dell'arte, Bressanone.Elsevier.

Cortes, J.F. and Rodriguez, F.J. (2002). "Effect of relative humidity on the formation ofartificial patina on copper substrate", in: Proceedings of the 15th InternationalCorrosion Congress, ICC, Granada, CD-Rom proceedings, n 6571.

Crespo, M.A., Cicelio, G.P. and Rosales, B.M. (2000). "Effect of the acid rain on 3 alloys usedfor monuments construction", in: Proceedings SIBAE 2000, P097, Oaxaca, Mxico 7-12 May 2000.

Crespo, M.A., Cicelio, G.P. and Rosales, B.M. (2000). "In-situ characterization of patinasformed on statuary alloys in laboratory and Buenos Aires city monuments", in:Proceedings IV NACE Latinamerican Region and Latincorr 2000, Cartagena deIndias, Colombia, 17 - 23 Sep. 2000.

Crespo, M.A., Cicelio, G.P. and Rosales B.M. (2002). "Evaluation of the black crustsbehaviour in Bronze Monuments exposed to an Urban Atmosphere", in: IV CongresoInternacional de Rehabilitacion del Patrimonio Arquitectnico y Edificacion -CICOP, San Bernardino, Paraguay, 8-12 setiembre 2002.

D'Ercoli, Giorgio, Marabelli, M. and Santin, V. (1997). "Monumenti bronzei - Valutazionedello stato conservativo mediante la resistenza di polarizzazione", in: Proc. LXIVRiunione SIPS, Roma, 225-233.

DErcoli, G. (2004). Polarisation resistance measurement. NdT for patina and coatingscharacterization on a bronze monument, in Monumenti in Bronzo AllAperto,Esperienze di Conservazione a confronto, Nardini Editore, Florence, 113-117.

Es-Salah, K., Rahmouni, K., Ait Chikh, Z., Takenouti, H. and Srhiri, A. (2002). "Effetinhibiteur du amino-triazole a la corrosion de Cu70-Ni30 dans NaCl 3% en prsencedammoniac", in: Acte du 15me Forum sur Impdance Electrochimique, Ed. C.Gabrielli, Paris, 189-198.

Es-Salah, K., Keddam, M., Rahmouni, K., Srhiri, A. and Takenouti, H. "Aminotriazole ascorrosion inhibitor of Cu-30Ni alloy in 3 % NaCl in presence of ammoniac".Electrochimica Acta, in press.

ETIC Bibliography5

Feng, Y., Teo, W-K., Siow, K-S., Tan, K-L. and Hsieh, A-K. (1996). "The corrosion behaviourof copper in neutral tap water". Corrosion Science 38, 369-395.

Fischer, W. R., Wagner, D., Siedlarek, H., Finger, B., Hnel, I. and von der Bank, N.(1997). "The influence of chloride ions and light on the corrosion behaviour of copperalloys in aqueous environments with special regard to bronze disease", in: Metal 95,Ed. Ian D. MacLeod, Stphane L. Pennec and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London,89-94. By anodic polarization of copper in chloride containing electrolytes at neutralpH a twofold reaction layer is formed, copper(I)-chloride underneath copper(I)-oxide.The influence of light and wet-dry cycles are investigated by several electrochemicaltechniques. (KL)

Guilminot, Elodie, Degrigny, C., Hiron, X. and Dalard, F. (1998). "Protection d'un cuivrearchologique par le benzotriazole (BTA) en milieu aqueux de polythylne glycol(PEG)", in: Metal 98, Ed. William Mourey and Luc Robbiola, James & James,London, 234-241.

Guilminot, Elodie, Rameau, J-J., Dalard, F., Degrigny, C. and Hiron, X. (2000)."Benzotriazole as inhibitor for copper with and without corrosion products in aqueouspolyethylene glycol". Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 30, 21-28.

Itoh, M., Nishihara, H. and Aramaki, K. (1995). "The protection ability of 11-mercapto-1-undecanol self assembled monolayer modified with alkyltrichlorosilanes againstcorrosion of copper". Journal of the Electrochemical Society 142, 1839-1846.

Keddam, Michel, Srhiri, A., Takenouti, H. and Trachli, B. (2000)."Inhibition de la corrosiondu cuivre en milieu NaCl 0.5M pH 9.3", in: Acte du 13me Forum sur ImpdanceElectrochimique, Ed. C. Gabrielli, Paris, 81-90.

Keddam, Michel, Srhiri, A., Takenouti, H. and Trachli, B. (2002). "Inhibiting effect of azolederivatives on the corrosion of copper and copper alloys in chloride medium", in:Proceedings of the 15th International Corrosion Congress, ICC, Granada, CD-Romproceedings, n 701.

Kruger, Jerome (1992). "Analytical techniques for the study of corroding bronze", in: Theconservation of bronze Sculpture in the outdoor environment: a dialogue amongconservators, curators, environmental scientists, and corrosion engineers, Ed.. TerryDrayman-Weisser, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, USA, 135-159.

Lago, D., de Miranda, L. and Sathler, L. (2002). "Artificial patina process applied to bronzestructures under climate conditions of Rio de Janeiro city", in: Proceedings of the 15thInternational Corrosion Congress, ICC, Granada, CD-Rom proceedings, n 526.

Letardi, P., Beccaria, A., Marabelli, M. and DErcoli, G. (1998). "Application ofelectrochemical impedance measurements as a tool for the characterization of theconservation and protection state of bronze works of art", in: Metal 98, Ed. WilliamMourey and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London, 303-308. This paper describes aresearch project that is developing an in situ application of electro-chemicalimpedance measurements for field monitoring of the protective behaviour of coatingsapplied on bronze works of art. (KL)

Letardi, P., Beccaria, A.M., Marabelli, M. and D'Ercoli, G. (1999). "Non-destructiveelectrochemical impedance measurements: application to the corrosioncharacterisation on bronze works of art", in: Art 99: 6th international conference onnon-destructive testing and microanalysis for the diagnostics and conservation of thecultural and environmental heritage (Rome), Ed. Istituto centrale per il restauro,Associazione italiana prove non-distruttive, Euroma, Roma, 313-319.

Letardi, P., Beccaria, A.M., Marabelli, M. and D'Ercoli, G. (1999). "Applicazione delle misuredi Impedenza Elettrochimica per la Caratterizzazione dei rivestimenti applicati nel

ETIC Bibliography6

campo della conservazione di bronzi artistici", in Proc. Giornate Nazionali sullaCorrosione e Protezione dei Materiali Metallici, Genova: AIM 1999, 267-272.

Letardi, P., Beccaria, A.M., Marabelli, M. and D'Ercoli, G. (2000). "Development ofElectrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a tool for outdoors bronze corrosioncharacterization", in: Proc. 2nd International Congress on Science and Technology forthe Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin (Paris, Amsterdam:Elsevier, 407-411.

Letardi, P. (2000). "Electrochemical impedance measurements in the conservation of metals",in Radiation in Art and Archeometry, Ed. D. C. Creagh and D. A. Bradley, Elsevier,Amsterdam, 15-39.

Letardi, P.a, and Spiniello, R. "Characterisation of bronze corrosion and protection by contact-probe electrochemical impedance measurements", in: Proc. Metal 2001, Ed. I.MacLeod, J. Theile and C. Degrigny (in press).

Letardi, P. (2002). "Outdoor bronze protective coatings: characterisation by a new contact-probe electrochemical impedance measurements technique", in: Proc. La Scienzadell'Arte, Bressanone 2002, 173-178.

Letardi, P. (2002). "Contact-probe EIS characterization of protective coating systems foroutdoor bronze sculpture: atmospheric weathering behaviour in marine environment",in: Proceedings of the 15th International Corrosion Congress, ICC, Granada, CD-Romproceedings, n 5381.

Letardi, P., Marabelli, M., D'Ercoli, G. and Guida, G. (2002). "Comparative study of protectivecoating systems for outdoor bronze sculpture", in: Proc. 3nd International Congresson Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in theMediterranean Basin (Alcal, Spain), 272-275.

Letardi, P. (2003). "Efficacia dei protettivi per i Bronzi esposti in ambiente marino: analisi dilaboratorio e misure in campo", in: Proc. Lo Stato dell'Arte, Torino, 354-363.

Letardi, P. (2004) Laboratory and field tests on patinas and protective coating systems foroutdoor bronze monuments, in the proceedings of the ICOM-CC Metal WG interimmeeting METAL 04, 379-387

Letardi, P. (2004) Electrochemical methods for characterisation and monitoring of patina andcoatings corrosion rate: the EIS technique, in Monumenti in Bronzo AllAperto,Esperienze di Conservazione a confronto, Nardini Editore, Florence, 119-126

Leyssens, K., Adriaens, A., Pantos, E. and Degrigny, C. (2004) Study of corrosion potentialmeasurements as a means to monitor the storage and stabilisation processes ofarchaeological copper artefacts, in the proceedings of the ICOM-CC Metal WGinterim meeting METAL 04, 332-343

Lopez-Delgado, A., Bastidas, J.M., Alonso, M.P. and Lopez, F.A. (1997). "Influence of aceticand formic vapours on patinated artistic bronze". Journal of Materials Science Letters16, 776-779.

Lopez-Delgado, A., Cano, E., Bastidas, J.M. and Lopez, F.A. (1998). "A Laboratory Study ofthe Effect of Acetic Acid Vapour on Atmospheric Copper Corrosion". Journal of theElectrochemical Society 12, 4140-4147.

Mabille, I., Bertrand, A., Sutter, E.M.M. and Fiaud, C. (2003). "Mechanism of dissolution of aCu-13Sn alloy in low aggressive conditions." Corrosion Science 45, 855-866. Thecorrosion of a synthetic Cu-13Sn alloy was investigated by accelerating the corrosionrate through anodic polarization. The composition of the corrosion layer was followedas a function of the polarization time, using SEM and chronoamperometry. (KL)

Millet, B., Fiaud, C., Hinnen, C. and Sutter, E.M.M. (1995). "Correlation betweenelectrochemical behaviour, composition and semiconducting properties of naturallygrown oxide films on copper". Corrosion Science 37, 1903-1918.

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Otero, E., and Bastidas, J.M. (1996). "Cleaning of two hundred year-old copper works of artusing citric acid with and without benzotriazole and 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole". Werkstoffe und Korrosion 47, 133-138.

Otieno-Alego, Vincent, Hallam, D., Viduka, A., Heath, G. and Creagh, D. (1998)."Electrochemical impedance studies of the corrosion resistance of wax coatings onartificially patinated bronze", in: Metal 98, Ed. William Mourey and Luc Robbiola,James & James, London, 315-319.

Otieno-Alego, Vincent, Heath, G., Hallam, G. and Creagh, D. (1998). "Electrochemicalevaluation of the anti-corrosion performance of waxy coatings for outdoor bronzeconservation", in: Metal 98, Ed. William Mourey and Luc Robbiola, James & James,London, 309-314. The corrosion performance of five commercial waxy coatings forlong-term protection of outdoor bronze sculptures was investigated by electrochemicalimpedance spectroscopy. (KL)

Pan, Silvia, Bertholon, R. and Lacoudre, N. (1991). "La dchloruration des alliages cuivreuxpar electrolyse faible polarization dans le sesquicarbonate de sodium". Studies inConservation 36, 33-43. The electrolytical treatment with weak polarization in sodiumsesquicarbonate permits the extraction of the chlorides and the preservation of thestable alteration products. The method has been applied successfully to archaeologicalobjects from both marine and land sites. (KL)

Price, C., Hallam, D., Heath, G., Creagh, D. and Ashton, J. (1997). "An electrochemical studyof waxes for bronze sculpture", in: Metal 95, Ed. Ian Donald MacLeod, Stphane L.Pennec and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London, 233-241. Artificially andnaturally aged wax coatings on bronze were compared to unaged samples using XRD,SEM, FTIR, EIS. (KL)

Robbiola, Luc (1990). "Caractrisation de laltration de bronzes archologiques enfouis partir dun corpus dobjets de lge du bronze. Mcanismes de corrosion." Thse dedoctorat de lUniversit Paris VI, 207 p. + annexes.

Robbiola, Luc, Pereira, N., Thaury, K., Fiaud, C. and Labb, J-P. (1998). "Decuprificationphenomenon of Cu-Sn alloys in aqueous solution in nearly neutral pH conditions", in:Metal 98, Ed. William Mourey and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London, 136-144.A recent model to explain the formation of bronze patinas has been developed on thebasis of a decuprification phenomenon. In order to check this point, experiments havebeen carried out on a synthetic single-phase Cu-13Sn alloy (wt %) in a 0.01 M Na2SO4solution. Both electrochemical (voltametric and chronoamperometric curves) andsurface characterization methods (SEM, EDSX, IR) have been utilized. (KL)

Rocca, E., Bertrand, G., Rapin, C. and Labrune, J.C. (2001). "Inhibition of copper aqueouscorrosion by non-toxic linear sodium heptanoate: mechanism and ECAFM study".Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 503, 133-140. Voltamperometry andchronopotentiometry established that sodium heptanoate is a good inhibitor. In situelectrochemical AFM has proved that the inhibition is due to the formation of a layer,mainly constituted by a copper heptanoate. (KL)

Rosales, Blanca, Vera, R. and Moriena, G. (1999). "Evaluation of the protective properties ofnatural and artificial patinas on copper. Part I. Patinas formed by immersion".Corrosion Science 41, 625-651.

Rosales, B.M. and Fernandez, A. (2001). "Parameters controlling steel and copper corrosionnucleation and propagation in Antarctica", in: Northern Area Western RegionConference, Shining a Northern Light on Corrosion, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 26-28 Feb. 2001.

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Sequeira, C. A. C. (1995). "Inorganic, physicochemical, and microbial aspects of coppercorrosion: literature survey". British Corrosion Journal 30, 137-153. A literaturesurvey on the corrosion of copper in aqueous solutions. (AA, BS, KL)

Serghini-Idrissi, M., Bernard, M.C., Harrif, F.Z., Joiret, S., Rahmouni, K., Srhiri, A.,Takenouti, H., Vivier, V. et Ziani, M. (2003). "Etude des patines formes sur les picesde monnaie archologiques en bronze", in : Acte du 16me Forum sur ImpdanceElectrochimique, Ed. C. Gabrielli, 101-112.

Shriri, A., Trachli, B., Hajjaji, N., Keddam, M., Takenouti, H., Frignani, A. and Zucchi, F.(2000). "Corrosion inhibition of copper in chloride solution by triazole derivatives",in: 9th European Symposium on Corrosion Inhibitors. Ann. Univ.Ferrara, N.S., Sez:V,Suppl. N. 11, 627 - 637.

Siedlarek, H., Fussinger, B., Hanssel, I. and Fischer, W.R. (1994). "Characterization ofreaction layers on copper surfaces formed in aqueous chloride and sulphate ioncontaining electrolytes". Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45, 654-662.

Souissi, N., Bousselmi, S., Khosrof, S. and Triki, E. (2002). "Chemical and electrochemicalcharacterization of a Punic bronze", in Proceedings of the 15th International CorrosionCongress, ICC, Granada, CD-Rom proceedings, n 713.

Souissi, N., Bousselmi, S., Khosrof, S. and Triki, E. (2003). "Electrochemical behaviour of anarchaeological bronze alloy in various aqueous media: new method for understandingartifacts preservation". Materials and Corrosion 54, 318-325.

Spencer, H. (2003). "Investigation of a potentiostatic reduction treatment for leaded copperalloys", in: Conservation Science 2002, Ed. Joyce H. Townsend, K. Eremin and A.Adriaens, Archetype, London, 148-154. A series of potentiodynamic experiments werecarried out to determine the behaviour of lead-copper mixtures in differentelectrolytes. Potentiostatic reduction of leaded copper samples showed that the leadcorrosion products were reduced successfully. (KL)

Sutter, E.M.M., Fiaud, C. and Lincot, D. (1993). "Electrochemical and photoelectrochemicalcharacterization of naturally grown oxide layers on copper in sodium acetate solutionwith and without benzotriazole". Electrochimica Acta 38, 1471-1479.

Virtanen, Jorma, Aromaa, J., Forsen, O. and Korpinen T. (2002). "Durability of artificialpatina on copper", in: Proceedings of the 15th International Corrosion Congress, ICC,Granada, CD-Rom proceedings, n 41.

Investigation and treatment of ironAcquarone, G., Angelini, E., Rosalbino, F. and Spinelli, P. (1997). "Misure d'Impedenza

Elettrochimica per la valutazione dell'efficacia dei trattamenti protettivi dello stato didegrado di reperti archeologici in ferro", in: Proc. Materiali: ricerca e prospettivetecnologiche alle soglie del 2000, Milano: Federazione delle Associazioni Scientifichee Tecniche, 1483-1489.

Almeraya Caderon, F., Burunda, T.A., Lugo, C.J., Gaona Tiburcio, C., Orozco, C.V.M. andMartinez Villafane, A. (2002). "Corrosion of the metallic structure of a historicalbuilding", in: Proceedings of the 15th International Corrosion Congress, ICC,Granada, CD-Rom proceedings, n 354.

Argyropoulos, Vasilike, Rameau, J-J., Dalard, F. and Degrigny, C. (1999). "Testing HostacorIT as a corrosion inhibitor for iron in polyethylene glycol solutions". Studies inConservation 44, 49-57.

Argyropoulos, Vasilike, Degrigny, C. and Guilminot, E. (2000). "Monitoring treatments ofwaterlogged iron-wood composite artifacts using Hostacor IT PEG 400". Studies inConservation 45, 253-264.

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Beaudoin, A., Clerice, M-C., Francoise, J., Labbe, J-P., Loeper-Attia, M-A. and Robbiola, L.(1997). "Corrosion dobjets archologiques en fer aprs dchloruration par la mthodeau sulfite alcalin: caractrisation physico-chimique et rtraitement lectrochimique",in: Metal 95. Ed. Ian D. Macleod, Stphane L. Pennec and Luc Robbiola, James &James, London, 170-177. The limits of a first treatment by the alkaline sulphite methodare discussed. A testing of re-treatment has been realized using two steps: a simpleimmersion in a alkaline sodium sulphite solution followed by an electrochemical phaseunder cathodic polarization. (KL)

Bobichon, Carine, Degrigny, C., Dalard, F. and Khi Tran, Q. (2000). "An electrochemicalstudy of iron corrosion inhibitors in aqueous polyethylene glycol solutions". Studies inConservation 45, 145-153

Carlin, Keith Rodriguez (2001). "Less is more: measure of chloride removal rate fromwrought iron artefacts during electrolysis". Studies in Conservation 46, 68-76. A recentuseful contribution for the conservation of wrought-iron. Even if this article is talkingabout marine wrought iron it addresses serious issues of the relationship betweencurrent densities and chloride removal. (PM)

Carpenter, J., and MacLeod, I. (1993). "Conservation of corroded iron cannons and theinfluence of degradation on treatment times", in: Proceedings of the 10th ICOM-CCtriennial meeting, Washington, 759-766.

Dalard, Francis, Gourbeyre, Y. and Degrigny, C. (2002). "Chloride removal fromarchaeological cast iron by pulsating current". Studies in Conservation 47, 117-121.

De Groot, I., Ankersmit, H., van Langh, R. and Wei, W. (2004) Corrosion layers on historiciron artefacts: Cathodic protection of iron artefacts during cleaning in acid solutions,in the proceedings of the ICOM-CC Metal WG interim meeting METAL 04, 307-314

De Groot, I. and Degrigny, C. (2004) Electrolytic stabilisation of a marine compositeporthole and its framework, in the proceedings of the ICOM-CC Metal WG interimmeeting METAL 04, 427-442

Degrigny, Christian, Morel, O., Morvan, J., Maire, J-M. and Boucard, S. (1995). "Nettoyageet stabilisation de surfaces mtalliques peintes: application la restauration d'unevoiture autochenille". Studies in Conservation 40, 227-236. Electrolytic techniques areused to design the best conservation treatments for iron based materials (CD)

Degrigny, Christian, and Guilminot, E. (2000). "Dfinition dun traitement de conservation-restauration de composites fer / bois gorgs deau". Cahier technique de lAraafu 5, 5-10. A review (CD).

Degrigny, Christian, Baron, G., Christodoulou, P., Tran, K. and Hiron, X. (2002)."Conservation of a collection of waterlogged composite rifles dating from the 17thcentury recovered from the Brescou II marine site", in Proceedings of the 8th ICOM-CC WOAM conference - Stockholm 2001, Ed. Per Hoffmann and al., Bremerhaven,399-411. Electrolytic stabilisation and electrochemical monitoring of the PEGimpregnation of composite waterlogged composite artefacts (CD).

Degrigny, C and Spiteri L (2004). Electrochemical monitoring of marine iron artefactsduring their storage / stabilisation in alkaline solutions, in the proceedings of theICOM-CC Metal WG interim meeting METAL 04, 315-331

Galliano, F., Gerwin, W. and Menzel, K. (1998). "Monitoring of metal corrosion and soilsolution at two excavation sites and in the laboratory", in: Metal 98, Ed. WilliamMourey and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London, 87-91. The use of in situcorrosion potential measurements to monitor the corrosion behaviour of buried iron.(KL)

Gregory, David (1999). "Monitoring the effect of sacrificial anodes on the large iron artefactson the Duart Point wreck, 1997." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 28,

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164-173. The use of in situ corrosion potential measurements to monitor the corrosionbehaviour of marine iron artefacts (CD).

Gregory, David (2000). "In situ corrosion studies on the submarine Resurgam a preliminaryassessment of her state of preservation." Conservation and management ofarchaeological sites 4, 95-100.

Guilminot, Elodie (2000). "Action dun inhibiteur de corrosion du fer en milieu eau-polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 lors des traitements des objets archologiquescomposites de bois gorgs deau / fer". Thse de docteur de lINPG, Grenoble, 170 p.Study of the corrosion mechanism of iron in diluted PEG solutions (CD).

Guilminot, Elodie, Dalard, F. and Degrigny, C. (2000). "Electrochemical study of corrosioninhibitors of iron in PEG 400 solutions", in: Proceedings of the 9th EuropeanSymposium on Corrosion Inhibitors (9 SEIC), Ann. Univ. Ferrara, Supp. 11, 213-225.

Guilminot, Elodie, Dalard, F. and Degrigny, C. (2002). "Mechanism of iron corrosion inwater-polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) mixtures". Corrosion Science 44, 2199-2208.

Hjelm-Hansen, Nils, van Lanschot, J. Szalkay, C.D. and Turgoose, S. (1992)."Electrochemical monitoring of archaeological iron artefacts during treatment", in:Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Non-Destructive Testing,Microanalytical Methods and Environmental Evaluation for Study and Conservationof Works of Art, Instituto Centrale del Restauro, Viterbo, Italy, 4.-8. 10. 1992, 361-373.

Hjelm-Hansen, Nils, van Lanschot, J., Szalkay, C.D. and Turgoose, S. (1993)."Electrochemical assessment and monitoring of stabilisation of heavily corrodedarchaeological iron artifacts". Corrosion Science 35, 767-774.

Van Lanschot, Jette, Mathiesen, T., Szalkay, C.D. and Turgoose, S. (1994). "Non-destructiveelectrochemical measurements of the stability of archaeological iron artifacts", in:Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Non-Destructive Testing of Worksof Art, Berlin 1994, 306-315.

MacLeod, I.D., Mardikian, P., Richards, V. (1993). "Observations of the extraction of iron andchloride ions from composite materials", in: Proceedings of the 4th ICOM Group onWet Organic Archaeological Material Conference, Portland, 199-211.

MacLeod, Ian D. (1998). "In situ corrosion studies on iron shipwrecks and cannon: the impactof water depth an archaeological activities on corrosion rates", in: Metal 9, Ed.William Mourey and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London, 116-124. Describes amodel to calculate the corrosion rate from in situ corrosion potential measurements.(KL).

MacLeod, Ian D. (1998). "In-situ corrosion studies on iron and composite wrecks in SouthAustralian waters: implications for site managers and cultural tourism". Bulletin of theAustralian Institute for Maritime Archaeology 22, 81-90.

MacLeod, I., Morrison, P., Richards, V. and West, N. (2004) Corrosion monitoring and theenvironmental impact of decommissioned naval vessels as artificial reefs, in theproceedings of the ICOM-CC Metal WG interim meeting METAL 04, 53-74

MacLeod, I., Heldtberg, M., Richards, V. (2004) Corrosion and cathodic protection of iron inseawater: a case study of the James Matthews (1841), in the proceedings of theICOM-CC Metal WG interim meeting METAL 04, 75-87

Mardikian, Paul and David, R. (1996). "Conservation of a French pistol from the wreck of LeCygne (1808)". Studies in Conservation 41, 161-169.

Mardikian, Paul (1997). "The Conservation of Two Composite Objects from The ConfederateAlabama (1864)", in: Proceedings of the Conference on Historical and UnderwaterArchaeology. Corpus Christi. Texas, USA, 128-134.

Meier, C.K. and Mardikian, P. (2004). "When corrosion science meets an icon of maritimehistory". Accepted for publication in NACE Conference, New Orleans, LA.

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Pruckner, F., Theiner, J., Eri, J. and Nauer, G.E. (1996). "In-situ monitoring of efficiency ofthe cathodic protection of reinforced concrete by Electrochemical ImpedanceSpectroscopy". Electrochimica Acta 41, 1233-1238.

Rosales, B.M. (2002) "Weathering steels", in: Proceedings 14th Rolling Conference and 1st.Conference on Steel Uses, Siderurgy Arg, Institute (IAS), San Nicols, Argentina, 4- 7Nov 2002.

Rosales, B.M., Vera, R. and Tapia, C. (2003). "Effect of the exposition angle in the corrosionrate of plain carbon steel in a marine atmosphere". Corrosion Science. 45, 321-337,(2003).

Investigation and treatment of lead and tinAbd El Aal, E. E. (2001). "Cyclic voltametric behaviour of the lead electrode in sodium

sulphate solutions". Journal of Power Sources 102, 233-241.Boctor, W. H., Zhong, S., Liu, H.K. and Dou, S.X. (1999). "An electrometric method for

evaluation of the corrosion of lead alloys". Journal of Power Sources 77, 56-63.Brinic, S., Metikos, M. and Babic, R. (1995). "Characterization of anodic films on lead and

lead alloys by impedance spectroscopy". Journal of Power Sources 55, 19-24.Britton, S.C. et Sherlock, J.C. (1974). "Examination of oxides on tin surfaces by cathodic

reduction, British Corrosion Journal, 2, 96-102.Carradice, Ian A., and Campbell, Stephen A. (1994). "The conservation of lead communion

tokens by potentiostatic reduction". Studies in Conservation 39, 100-106. This paperpresents a practical procedure for the electrolytic reduction of lead carbonatecorrosion on lead artefacts with dilute sulphuric acid as an electrolyte. (KA).

Degrigny, Christian (1998). "Le plomb lpreuve du temps." Revue du Muse des arts etmtiers 23, 55-58.

Degrigny, Christian, and Le Gall, Ren (1999). "Conservation of ancient lead artifactscorroded in organic acid environments: electrolytic stabilization / consolidation".Studies in Conservation 44, 157-169. The authors compare sodium hydroxide, sodiumcarbonate, sodium sulphate and sulphuric acid as electrolytes for the cathodicreduction of lead carbonate corrosion on lead artefacts. (KA)

Dickens, J., Smith, N. and Gerritsen, W. (2004) On again, off again - Cathodic protection ofa lead and ceramic toilet during desalination, in the proceedings of the ICOM-CCMetal WG interim meeting METAL 04, 465-483

Espinoza-Ramos, L. I., Ramirez, C., Hallen-Lopez, J.M., Arce, E., Palomar-Pardav, M. andRomero-Romo, M. (2002). "Electrochemical study of passive layer formation on lead-tin alloys immersed in 5.31 M H2SO4 solution". Journal of the ElectrochemicalSociety 149, B543-B550.

Graedel, T. E. (1994). "Chemical mechanisms for the atmospheric corrosion of lead". Journalof the Electrochemical Society 141, 922-927.

Guo, Y. (1995). "Kinetics of oxidation processes on lead electrode in H2SO4". Journal of theElectrochemical Society 142, 3643-3648.

Guo, Y., Niu, L., Zhang, S. and Chen, S. (2000). "The electrochemical behaviour of PbSO4with different structures on Pb". Journal of Power Sources 85, 38-43.

Hamilton, Donny L. (1999). "Lead, tin and lead tin alloys."http://nautarch.tamu.edu/class/anth605/file14.htm (accessed 27 October 2003). Areview of the techniques used to treat lead, tin or tin alloy. (AA, BS, KL)

Kelly, D., Niessen, P. and Valeriote, E.M.L. (1985). "The influence of composition andmicrostructure on the corrosion of Pb-Ca-Sn alloys in sulphuric acid solutions".Journal of the Electrochemical Society 132, 2533-2538.

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MacLeod, Ian Donald, and Wozniak, R. (1996). "Corrosion and conservation of lead in seawater", in: Preprints of the 11th ICOM-CC triennial meeting (Edinburgh). Ed. JanetBridgland, James & James, London, 884-890.

Murugan Vanmathi, G., and Rangarajan, S.K. (1995). "Characterizing the early stages ofelectrochemical phase formation of lead sulfate films". Journal of the ElectrochemicalSociety 142, 1770-1776.

Stein, N., Rocca, E., Klein, R., Lecuire, J.M. and McRoc, E. (1998). "In situ ellipsometricstudy of lead sulphate film electroformation on lead in a sulphuric acid solution".Electrochimica Acta 44, 445-454.

Taguchi, M., and Sugita, H. (2002). "Analysis for electrolytic oxidation and reduction ofPbSO4 / Pb electrode by electrochemical QCM technique". Journal of Power Sources109, 294-300.

Takehara, Z. (2000). "Dissolution and precipitation reactions of lead sulphate in positive andnegative electrodes in lead acid battery". Journal of Power Sources 85, 29-37.

Vilche, J. R., and Varel, F.E. (1997). "Reaction model development for the Pb / PbSO4system". Journal of Power Sources 64, 39-45.

Investigation and treatment of silverBernard, M.C., Dauvergne, E., Evesque, M., Keddam, M. and Takenouti, H. "Reduction of

silver tarnishing and the protection against subsequent corrosion". Corrosion Science,accepted

Costa, Virginia (2001). "The deterioration of silver alloys and some aspects of theirconservation." Reviews in Conservation 2, 18-34. A descriptive review of materialsand methods used for cleaning, consolidating and protecting silver artifacts,accompanied by an extensive bibliography. (KL)

Degrigny, Christian, and Morel, M. (1992). "Mise au point dun traitement lectrolytique denettoyage dinstruments de musique vent", in: Conservation et restauration d'objetsmetalliques. Archologie en Yvelines, Document de travail 5. Versailles: Conseilgnral des Yvelines, 50-61.

Degrigny, Christian, Jerme, M. and Lacoudre, N. (1993). "Surface cleaning of silvered brasswind instruments belonging to the Sax collection." Corrosion Australasia 18, 16-18.Definition of a protocol for the electrolytic reduction of silver tarnish on silvered brassartefacts (CD).

Degrigny, Christian, and Jerme, M. (1993). "Mise au point dune procdure de traitementdinstruments de musique en laiton argent sulfur". Science et Technologie de laConservation et de la Restauration des uvres dart et du patrimoine 3, 60-65.

Degrigny, Christian, Wry, M., Vescoli, V. et Blengino, J-M. (1996). "Altration et nettoyagede pices en argent dor." Studies in Conservation 41, 170-178. Application ofelectrolytic reduction to gilt silvered artefacts (CD).

Degrigny, Christian, and Witschard, D. "Electrolytic cleaning of silver plates from the shrineof St Sigismonds children of St Maurice Abbey." Paper presented at the Exposure2001 conference, Hildesheim 2001, submitted for publication.

Eggert, Gerhard (1990). "Die Sprdigkeit des Resafasilbers und die Konsequenzen fr seineRestaurierung", in: T. Ulbert, ed. Der kreuzfahrerzeitliche Silberschatz aus Resafa-Sergiupolis, Resafa III, Ed. T. Ulbert, Mainz: von Zabern, 104-109.

Evesque, M., Keddam, M., Klein, L., and Takenouti, H. "The formation of self-assemblingmembrane of hexadecane-thiol on silver to prevent the tarnishing". ElectrochimicaActa, in press.

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.Keddam, Michel, Klein, L., Takenouti, H., Trachli, B. (2002). "Prevention to Tarnishing ofSilver and Copper-alloy by a Thin Electropolymerised Coating", in: 15th InternationalCorrosion Congress, Granada, CD-Rom proceedings, n 701

Lacoudre, Nol, Beldjoudi, T. and Dugot, J. (1998). "Influence des conditions dexposition etde protection des surfaces sur laltration de plaquettes en laiton argent au Muse dela Musique Paris", in: Metal 9, Ed.. William Mourey and Luc Robbiola, James &James, London, 265-270. Electrochemical study of small brass plates exposed todifferent museum environments with and without the application of a corrosioninhibitor. (KL)

Morel, Olivier, and Degrigny, C. (1992). "Mise au point d'un traitement lectrolytique denettoyage d'instruments de musique vent", in : Conservation et restauration d'objetsmetalliques. Archologie en Yvelines, Document de travail 5. Versailles: Conseilgnral des Yvelines, 50-61.

Niemeyer, Barbara (1997). "Early 20th-century restorations and modern conservationtreatments on archaeological silver objects", in: Metal 95, Ed. Ian D. MacLeod,Stphane L. Pennec and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London, 190-195.Descriptions of several cleaning operations on archaeological silver objects from theearly 20th century until now (case studies). (KL)

Stemann-Petersen, Karen, and Taarnskov, B. "Electrolytic cleaning of silver and gilt silverthreads in silk textiles." Paper presented at the Exposure 2001 conference, Hildesheim2001, submitted for publication. Cleaning tarnished silver and gilt silver decorationson silk textiles by electrolysis was examined and compared with earlier used cleaningtechniques for silver and gilt silver threads on silk. (KL)

Other and mixed subjectsAldaz, A., Espana, T., Montiel, V. and Lopez-Segura, M. (1986), "A simple tool for the

electrolytic restoration of archaeological metallic objects with localized corrosion".Studies in Conservation 31, 175-176. A plastic cylinder contains the electrolyticsolution within which there is a cylindrical bar of carbon that acts as a anode. Aporous separator is placed on the end. A drop of solution is placed on the area of theobject to be restored and the porous tip is put in contact with this area. Thus, theelectrical contact is made and the reduction of the corrosion products proceedsnormally. (KL)

Amirudin, A., and Thierry, D. (1995). "Electrochemical sensor for monitoring atmosphericcorrosion of polymer coated metal". British Corrosion Journal 30, 214-220.

Bartolini, Marco, Cigna, R., Colombo, B., D'Ercoli, G., Marabelli, M. and Marano, M. (1999)."Capillary condensation measurements and electrochemical tests for conservation ofartistic metals", in: Proceedings of ART 96 - 5th International Conference on Non-Destructive testing and Microanalysis for the diagnostics and Conservation of theCultural and Environmental Heritage (Budapest), 117-130.

Bartolini, Marco, Colombo, B., Marabelli, M., Marano, A. and Parisi, C. (1997). "Non-destructive tests for the control of ancient metallic artifacts", in: Metal 95, Ed. IanDonald MacLeod, Stphane L. Pennec and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London,43-49.

Bernard, M.C., Dauvergne, E., Evesque, M., Keddam, M. and Takenouti, H. . "Reduction ofsilver tarnishing and the protection against subsequent corrosion". Corrosion Science,in press.

Bertholon, Rgis (2001). "Nettoyage et stabilisation de la corrosion par lectrolyse", in: Laconservation des mtaux, Ed. Claude Volfovsky. Conservation du patrimoine 5. Paris:

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CNRS, 83-101. Case study of the treatment of cast iron and bronze cannons frommarine archaeological sites. (KA)

Bonora, P. L., Deflorian, F. and Fedrizzi, L. (1996). "Electrochemical ImpedanceSpectroscopy as a tool for investigating underpaint corrosion". Electrochimica Acta41, 1073-1082.

Cicileo, Gabriela P., Crespo, M.A. and Rosales, B.M. "Comparative Study of patinas formedon statuary alloys by means of electrochemical and surface techniques". CorrosionScience, in press.

De la Baume, S. (1987). "Archaeological wood desalting by electrophoresis", in:Conservation of wet wood and metal. Proceedings of the ICOM-CC Metal andWaterlogged Organic Archaeological Materials, Ed. Ian MacLeod, Fremantle:Western Australia Museum, 153-161.

D'Ercoli, Giorgio, Letardi, P., Marabelli, M., Santin, V. (1999). "The resistance of polarizationfor the testing of corrosion: practice and problems", in: Art 99: 6th internationalconference on non-destructive testing and microanalysis for the diagnostics andconservation of the cultural and environmental heritage (Rome), Ed. Istituto centraleper il restauro, Associazione italiana prove non-distruttive, Euroma, Roma, 1727-1738.

Hallam, D., Thurrowgood, D., Otieno-Alego, V. and Creagh, D. An EIS Method forassessing thin oil films used in museums, in the proceedings of the ICOM-CC MetalWG interim meeting METAL 04, 388-399

Huet, N., Forrires, C. et Genin, J-M. (1997). "Etude pralable de la pole sel de Salins lesBains: tat physico-chimique de conservation et moyens mettre en oeuvre pour larestauration", in: Metal 95, Ed. Ian D. Macleod, Stphane L. Pennec and LucRobbiola, James & James, London, 127-130. Description of a stabilisation treatmentby electrolysis. (AA, BS, KL)

Keddam, Michel, Hugot-Le-Goff, A., Takenouti, H., Thierry, D. and Arevalo, M-C. (1992)."The influence of a thin electrolyte layer on the corrosion process of zinc in chloride-containing solutions". Corrosion Science 33, 1243-1252.

Lee, S., and Staehle, R.W. (1995). "Coulometric reduction of oxides formed on copper, nickeland iron". Journal of the Electrochemical Society 142, 2189-2195.

Lins, Andrew, and Malenka, S. (2000). "The use of mercury salts in gold electroplating", in:Gilded metals: history, technology and conservation, Ed. Terry Drayman-Weisser,Archetype, London, 267-282.

Mardikian, P. and Lacoudre, N. (1990). "Le Titanic une histoire de corrosion" Neptunia 178,2-7.

Montluon, J. et Lacoudre, N. (1988). "Les objets du Titanic, la mmoire des abmes", Herv,Paris.

Nishikata, A., Ichihara, Y. and Tsuru, T. (1995). "An application of electrochemicalimpedance spectroscopy to atmospheric corrosion study". Corrosion Science 37, 897-911.

Nishikata, A., Ichihara, Y. and Tsuru, T. (1996). "Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ofmetals covered with a thin electrolyte layer". Electrochimica Acta 41, 1057-1062.

Pirnt, A., Mszros, A. and Lengyel, B. (1995). "A comparison of electrochemical andanalytical chemical methods for the determination of the corrosion rate with veryefficient inhibitors". Corrosion Science 37, 963-973.

Rammelt, U., and Reinhard, G. (1992). "Application of electrochemical impedancespectroscopy (EIS) for characterizing the corrosion-protective performance of organiccoatings on metals". Progress in Organic Coatings 21, 205-226.

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Reedy, Chandra L., Corbett, R.A. and Burke, M. (1998). "Electrochemical tests as alternativesto current methods for assessing effects of exhibition materials on metal artefacts".Studies in Conservation 43, 183-196. Experiments with electrochemical testing arereported here, using typical exhibition and storage materials in conjunction with lead,copper and silver coupons. The polarization resistance test provides a quantitativemeasure of corrosion rate in milli-inches per year for a specific metal used inconjunction with a particular material. (KL)

Scully, J. (2000). "Polarization resistance method for determination of iInstantaneouscorrosion rates". Corrosion 56, 199-218.

Sembrat Jr., Joseph (1998). "Reliable methods for the measurement and inspection ofprotective barrier coatings for outdoor monuments", in: Metal 1998, Ed.. WilliamMourey and Luc Robbiola, James & James, London,. 286-290. A study aboutequipment and techniques currently used in the protective coatings industry that couldbe used by the conservators of outdoor monuments. (GC)

Zhang, S. H., and Lyon, S.B. (1993). "The electrochemistry of iron, zinc and copper in thinlayer electrolytes". Corrosion Science 35, 713-718.

Unpublished reports available from CDAuger, N. et Carrois, F. (2000) "Validation et optimisation de la ralisation des prouvettes

artificielles base fer simulant laltration des objets archologiques", Projet de findtudes de lISITEM, Nantes. Use of corrosion potential measurements for thevalidation of artificially corroded iron based coupons to simulate archaeological ironartefacts (CD).

Corbin, S., et Delsaut, C. (1997). "Altration dobjets anciens en tain." Projet de fin dtudesde lISITEM, Nantes. Preliminary electrolytic reductions on oxidized tin artefacts(CD).

de Groot, Ilonne (2003). "Corrosion layers on historic iron artefacts, research into thedissolution of iron corrosion layers by acid under cathodic protection." Unpublisheddissertation. Amsterdam: Institute for Cultural Heritage.

Degrigny, Christian (1991). "Traitements lectrolytiques de vestiges subaquatiques de grandesdimensions base dalliages daluminium au laboratoire de restauration delAustralian War Memorial." Rapport de mission.

Degrigny, Christian (1997). "Etude de la dgradation des objets en plomb dans les collectionspubliques et des moyens de les stabiliser et de les conserver long terme." Rapportinterne ArcAntique, Nantes. 42 p. Electrolytic stabilisation of lead artefacts frompublic collection with the two steps treatments (cathodic reduction at constantpotential in neutral solution followed by anodic oxidation at constant potential insulphuric acid (CD).

Degrigny, Christian (2000), "Protocole de traitement des lments en argent de la chsse desEnfants de St Sigismond". Rapport interne ArcAntique, Nantes, 15p. Use ofelectrochemical techniques to study the damage on silver plates and specify theparameters of the electrolytic conservation process (CD)

Degrigny, Christian (2000), Altration des tuyaux dorgues en tain et alliages tain-plomb delglise St Sauveur du Petit Andely, Rapport interne ArcAntique, Nantes, 74p.Electrolytic techniques are suggested as a possible conservation process to stabiliseorgan pipes covered with blisters (CD)

Giordana, S. (1998). "Altration des fontes de fer issues du milieu marin et dfinition duntraitement de stabilisation." Mmoire de stage du DEA Mtallurgie et Matriaux,Universit de Paris IX.

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Heldtberg, M. (2002). "Investigations into corrosion and cathodic protection of ferrous metalsin the marine environment." Final year dissertation of EVTEK.

Kokko, R. E (2002). "Sacrificial anodes: implications to in-situ conservation on the wreck ofKronprins Gustav Adolf (1788)." Final year dissertation of EVTEK.

Lamy, C (1997). "Stabilisation dobjets archologiques chlorurs en alliage cuivreux."Rapport interne ArcAntique, Nantes, 50 p + annexes.

McLennan, C., and Degrigny (1993), C. "The electrolytic treatment of aluminium alloys:observations on surface appearance." Rapport EDF-Valectra, D.5001/DGY/RA921169.

EU reportsCriteria for the stability of archaeological and historical artefacts and standards for the

assessment of conservation procedures, EU programme report, Contract NSTEP-CT90-0115 (1994).

Turgoose, S., Hawkins, C., Wrathall, N., Kalsbeek, N., van Lanschot, J., Mathiesen, T. andSjgren, A., Development and improved conservation procedures for archaeologicaliron, EU programme report, Contract CT94-0561 (1996)