The Urinary System

• Regulation of plasma [ ] of Na, K, Cl, Ca, lost in urine

• Blood volume/pressure via release of erythropoietin and renin

• Blood pH stabilization

• Elimination of urea & uric acid

• Vitamin D3 derivative synthesis (calcitriol)

Urinary System (cont’d)

• Kidneys

• Ureter

• Urinary bladder

• Urethra

Kidney AnatomyLocation & External AnatomyLocation & External Anatomy

• Retroperitoneal

• T12-L3

• 12cm long,6cm wide,3cm thick

• Convex lateral surface, concave medial surface (renal hilus)

• Renal capsule,adipose capsule

• Renal fascia

Kidney AnatomyInternal AnatomyInternal Anatomy

• Renal Cortex

• Renal Medulla

• Medullary pyramids

• Renal columns

• Renal pelvis

• Major/minor calyces

Kidney Histology

• Nephron(cortical,juxtaglomerular) renal tubule

• Renal corpuscle(glomerulus,capsule)

• PCT, loop of Henle(ascending,descending limbs)DCT

• Collecting system(collecting duct, papillary duct)

Kidney Histology (cont’d)

• Capsular epithelium

• Capsular space

• Glomerular epithelium(podocytes)

• Vascular pole

• Juxtaglomerular apparatus-macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, & mesangial cells (renin/erythropoietin release)

Kidney Angiology

• Renal artery >segmental> interlobar > arcuate>interlobular>afferent arterioles> glomerulus>efferent arterioles>peritubular capillaries>,vasa recta>venules>interlobular veins>arcuate veins>interlobar veins>renal vein

Kidney Innervation

• Sympathetic

• Regulation of blood flow/pressure via arteriole innervation

• Release of renin

• Reabsorption of H20 & Na

Urine transport, storage & elimination

• Histology-Minor/major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder,proximal urethra comprised of transitional epithelium.

• Ureters- mucosa, longitudinal (inner), circular (outer), adventitia.

Urinary Bladder

• Urachus• Lateral umbilical ligaments• Rugae• Ureteric openings, internal urethral opening

(trigone)• Histology-mucosal, submucosa,

muscularis(inner/outer longitudinal)(middle circular)

Urethra

• Thin walled muscular tube

• Mostly stratified columnar

• Female-3 to 5cm long; external urethral meatus

• Male-18 to 20cm long; prostatic, membranous, penile.

• UG diaphragm

Reproductive System

• Primary sex organs-gonads

• Accessory reproductive-ducts, glands, external genitalia

Male Reproductive System

• The scrotum

• The testes

• Seminiferous tubules,epididymis,ductus deferens

• Leydig cells

• Angiology-testicular arteries, pampiniform plexus

Male Reproductive SystemThe penis & accessory glands The penis & accessory glands

• Glans, prepuce

• Corpus spongiosum,cavernosum

• Seminal vesicles-60% semen volume(alkaline fluid, fructose)

• Prostate-1/3 of semen vol.(citrate, acid phosphatase,hyaluronidase).

Male Reproductive System Reproductive TractReproductive Tract

• Epididymis-head, body, tail

• Functions in gauging composition of tubular fluid,recycling & functional maturation of spermatozoa

• Urethra

Spermatogenesis

• Spermatogonia>Primary spermatocyte>Secondary spermatocyte> Spermatids>Spermatozoa

• Spermiogenesis

• Spermatozoa-head(acrosome),middle piece, flagellum

Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries

• Uterine tubes

• Uterus

• Vagina

Female Reproductive SystemOvariesOvaries

• Angiology-ovarian arteries, veins

• Ovarian follicles (primary,secondary,Graafian)

• Oogenesis-oogonium, primary oocyte,secondary oocyte, ovum

Female Reproductive SystemThe Uterus & VaginaThe Uterus & Vagina

• Body,cervix

• Uterine tube

• Uterine cavity,endometrium(10%), myometrium(90%)

• Vaginal canal

Female Reproductive SystemExternal GenitaliaExternal Genitalia

• Labia majora,minora

• Clitoris

• Bartholin’s glands

The Mammary Glands

• Pectoral fat pad

• Nipple, areola

• Lactiferous duct

• Lactiferous sinus

• Suspensory ligament

• Angiology-branches of int.thoracic artery