The United States & The Old World Order

The United States & The Old World OrderTeddy Roosevelt and the Panama Canal—grabbed the strip of land from Colombia in 1903, willed the vast construction through disease-infested jungle that had been a graveyard for the French (Dr. Gorgas resolved yellow fever problem by identifying and eradicating mosquito carrier)

Teddy Roosevelt went against more than a century of tradition and became the first American president ever to leave the country while in office by going to view the construction site of the Panama Canal, eventually completed in 1914, long after his Presidency had ended. During his visit, he saw a steam shovel for the first time, so he stopped his train and hiked through the mud to take a turn at the controls.

Progressive DiplomacyProgressive Diplomacy Foundations of progressive diplomacy—moralism, order,

superiority of Anglo-American stock—open doors of trade/keep them open

Platt Amendment—attached by U.S. to Cuban constitution: U.S.

could step in and kick butt if it needs to…and would, twice (Teller?)

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine—way beyond

Monroe: right to intervene when finances goofy; protect them from themselves

Treaty of Portsmouth—Russo-Japanese War ended in Japan’s favor—but balance of power in East maintained (won’t have to worryabout the Japanese for awhile)

Elihu Root, Roosevelt’s Secretary of State, who said the

country needs to “police the

surrounding premises”; Teddy

Roosevelt poses with members of the

Russian and Japanese delegations at the

Portsmouth Treaty, for which Roosevelt was given the Nobel

Peace Prize.

Gentlemen’s agreement—insult of a proud people, then mutual restrictions of immigration between U.S. and Japan

Great White Fleet—showing

off or intimidating—it came back to hauntus in Japanese naval ambitions

Roosevelt—Progressive (Big Stick) Diplomacy

Taft—Dollar Diplomacy

Wilson—Moral Diplomacy

Officers of the Great White Fleet; the USS Minnesota

passes through another symbol of power, the Panama Canal.

Woodrow Wilson and Moral DiplomacyWoodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy

Twenty-one demands—Japan’s attempt to control

China, opposed by Wilson

Mexican Revolution—a mess Wilson thought he needed

to control, but couldn’t

When Wilson’s Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan wasn’t up to foreign relations problems, Wilson turned to

“Colonel” Edward Mandel House, Wilson’s trusted behind-the-scenes advisor.

Three major players in the Mexican Revolution: Diaz, Huerta, and Carranza.

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa and some of his bandidos when he was fighting with rebel Francisco Madera; Pancho Villa's body after his assassination in 1923.

Pancho Villa on his horse Siete Leguas; Villa with his "official" wife, Luz Corral.

Villa and his forces left Columbus, New Mexico in ruins and 19 dead, prompting

the American invasion of Mexico

under Pershing to “get Villa.”

The Road to WarThe Road to War Causes of World War I—nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and

alliances

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

—this out-of-the way incident created a disastrous domino effect

The militaristic Kaiser Wilhelm, who, like

many European heads of state, was spoiling

for a fight.

The arrest of Gavrilo Princip, a member of the

Black Hand, after his shooting of the Austrian Archduke in Sarajevo.

Princip heading for court. He would be

executed.

Wilson’s neutral ideals—lead world to “higher peace”—impossible

Submarine warfare—British above, Germans below

Sussex pledge—risk for Wilson

Woodrow Wilson wanted to keep Americans playing baseball during

WWI and “impartial in thought as well as action.”

The unterseeboot Deutschland, like the one that sank the Lusitania (above).

Zimmerman telegram—plus unrestricted sub warfare and the prospect of allied loss pushed U.S. into war

Was Jeannette Rankin right? Some historians think so

The Democratic supporters of Wilson campaigned against Republican Charles Evans Hughes with the

slogan, “If you want war, vote for Hughes. If you want peace with

honor, vote for Wilson!”

German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman’s coded note to the German ambassador to Mexico, proposing a German/Mexican alliance.

War and SocietyWar and Society Trench warfare—defensive

advantage; therefore, stalemate

General Pershing, commander of the AEF.

END OF READING

War Industries Board—coordinated production in normally competitive economy

Americans could help out their country’s war

effort by lending it money through buying

bonds.

A poster from the Food Administration

that promoted “wheatless” and

“meatless” days and “victory gardens.”

Bureaucratic state—government, business, and labor working together, though dismantled after WWI, set precedent followed later

National War Labor Board—arbitrated 1000+ labor disputes: don’t strike and you’ll get higher wages, overtime, equal pay for women, rights to unionize and bargain collectively

Women in the workforce—federal government assured women of conditions they never had before

Latino migrations—need for labor forced immigration waivers

African Americans—migration north to “Land of Hope” caused problems in the South and North

Committee on Public Information— “a fight for the minds of men”: pamphlets, posters, “four-minute men,” immigrant pilgrimages

100 percent Americanism—distrust of foreign and non-mainstream, esp. Germans

Espionage and Sedition acts—penalties for hindering war effort or being even remotely unpatriotic

George Creel, director of the Committee on Public

Information; James Flagg’s famous “I Want You for the

U.S. Army” poster.

A Wobblies badge. Their socialistic ideals made them targets of the

government during WWI.

1918 military map

Wilson’s Fourteen Points—proposed new world order:

open diplomacy, free seas, free trade, disarmament, democratic self-rule, “association of nations for collective security”

Global spread of the pandemic—25 million; U.S. one of the

least affected, though may haveoriginated here, but still lethal at675,000

Georges Clemenceau, the French Premier who said of Wilson’s

Fourteen Points, “Even God Almighty has only ten!”

Students at San Diego High School during the flu

epidemic of 1918

League of Nations—submit disagreements

to arbitration, isolate aggressors, respect independence and territory—sounds good?

Wilson’s stroke—ailing League now

dead with both sides attacking treaty versions; war not officially over for U.S. until 1921

Radicals and labor unrest—overblown

Palmer raids—“Red Scare”: bombers,

communists everywhere and nowhere

The “Big Four” taking a break during post WWI discussions: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George,

Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson. Wilson took along no Republican Senators, thus sabotaging

ratification.

Edith Bolling Wilson (above), who became an unofficial president for six weeks while her husband recovered from a stroke; A. Mitchell

Palmer (right), who launched a series of raids during the “Red Scare.”