The United States from 1877 to 1914 Progressivism: For whites only Many progressives were racists...
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Transcript of The United States from 1877 to 1914 Progressivism: For whites only Many progressives were racists...
The United States from 1877 to 1914
Progressivism: For whites only
• Many progressives were racists• Supported progressive reforms at the same
time that they supported Jim Crow laws• Some claimed they supported Jim Crow
segregation as the only realistic means to protect black people from white violence
• Supported eugenics sterilization laws• Supported city commission and “at large”
voting systems to weaken immigrant votes
The United States from 1877 to 1914
Ways to stop the voting
• Poll taxes, 1 or 2 dollars, paid in advance of the election
• No assistants allowed for illiterate voters• Literacy tests requiring elaborate
recitation of state constitutions• Grandfather clauses (did your
grandfather vote before the Civil War?)
The United States from 1877 to 1914Disenfranchisement in the
South (by percentage of adult male population eligible to
vote)1876 1900 1912
Alabama 72% 38% 22%
Georgia 63% 22% 18%
Louisiana 74% 20% 18%
Mississippi
80% 18% 17%
South Carolina
100% 20% 17%
The United States from 1877 to 1914
Booker T. Washington
• Born in Virginia just
before the Civil War
• 1881 founded the Tuskegee
Normal and Industrial Institute
The United States from 1877 to 1914
Race riot: Atlanta, Georgia, 1906
• 25 blacks killed• 1 white killed• 4 blacks beaten
to death
The United States from 1877 to 1914
DuBois’ three questions for Booker T. Washington, 1903
• How can blacks advance themselves economically if they have no political power?
• How can blacks have pride in themselves if they are second class citizens?
• How can blacks maintain good common schools without teachers trained in colleges and universities?
The United States from 1877 to 1914
Race riot: Springfield, Illinois, 1908
• 4000 national guard troops brought in to stop the riot
• NAACP founded a year later
The United States from 1877 to 1914
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• New Orleans black community sends Homer Plessy to test Louisiana train segregation law
• Supreme Court rules seven to one to uphold the “Separate Car Act” as long as there were equal accommodations for everyone
• Harlan’s lone dissent: “The arbitrary separation of citizens on the basis of race . . . Is a badge of servitude wholly inconsistent with the civil freedom and equality before the law . . . “
The United States from 1877 to 1914
The Niagara Movement meeting of 1905 and public concern over the Springfield riot of 1908 resulted in the founding of the NAACP in 1909.
Niagara civil rights meeting of 1905
The United States from 1877 to 1914
Themes of The Souls of Black Folk (1903)• Challenge to Booker T. Washington• Challenge to the William Dunning School of
Reconstruction at Columbia University• “The problem of the twentieth century is the
problem of the color line.”• Argument that Black people possess a “double
consciousness” (both American and Black)• Call for a “talented tenth” to come forward• Questions the extent to which self-help can
further the African-America community.• Questions the extent to which commercial
ambitions can help the black community