163 Bucci, W. (2010, in press) The Uncertainty Principle in the Psychoanalytic Process. In J. Petrucelli (Ed.) Knowing, Not-Knowing and Sort-of-Knowing: Psychoanalysis and the Experience of Uncertainty (pp. 203-214). London: Karnac Books.

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The Uncertainty Principle Psychoanalytic ProcessWilmaBucci,Ph.D. InhispaperTheanalystsselfrevelation,Brombergsays:

in

the

Change...takesplacenotthroughthinking,IfIdothiscorrectly,thenthat willhappenbut,rather,throughanineffablecomingtogetheroftwominds inanunpredictableway.(Bromberg,2006,p.147) IhavereferredtothisasBrombergsuncertaintyprinciple;inthispaper,Iwilltryto deconstructthisprincipleandalsoextenditinsomeways. TheConceptofIneffable

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AtaconferenceinRomeinJuly,2007,onPsychoanalyticTheoriesofUnconscious MentalFunctioningandMultipleCodeTheory, 1 twoofthespeakers,GiuseppeMoccia (2007),andGiuseppeMartini(2007),bothmembersoftheItalianPsychoanalyticSociety, surveyedthedomainofimplicitorunconsciousprocessesfrompsychoanalyticand philosophicalperspectives,startingwithFreudsoriginalinsightconcerningthe nonrepressiblepartoftheunconscious: Everythingthatisrepressedmustremainunconscious;butletusstateat theveryoutsetthattherepresseddoesnotcovereverythingthatis unconscious.Theunconscioushasthewidercompass:therepressedisapart oftheunconscious. (Freud,1915,p.166). SinceFreudstime,thefieldsofphenomenologyandhermeneuticshavemore deeplystudiedandvalorizedthatwidercompass,asMartiniandMocciapointedout, givingitmanylabelsandemphasizingmanydifferentaspects.ThusMartini(2007) characterizedthisdomainastheunrepresentable;theperturbingandineffablesphere thatescapestheclarifyingambitionofinterpretation.Heidegger(1959)referredtothe realitythatescapestheword;Gadamer(1989)referredtotheenigmaticquestion; Ricoeur(1970)totheuntranslatable.Jaspers(1963)discussedthisdomainasthe incomprehensible,bothonapsychopathologicallevelasreferringtodelirium,butalsoin

1

Conference of the Italian Psychoanalytic Society and the International Psychoanalytical Association, Rome, 2007.

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moregeneralphilosophicalterms,asreferringtobodilyexperience.Bion(1962)referred totheunthinkable,theunknown,unknowable,infinitewithoutform;Bollas(1987)from asomewhatdifferentperspectivereferredtotheunthoughtknown.Therearealso relatedconceptsinthewritingsofFerenczi,Winnicott,PieraAulagnier,Loch,Matte Blanco,Ferrari,andmanyothers. Ibelievethatallofthesewriters,philosophersandpsychoanalystsareattempting tocharacterizethesameepistemologicaldomain,buttheircharacterizationsare divergentandtosomeextentcontradictory.TheknownthatisunthoughtofBollasis differentfromtheunknown,theunknowableofBion.Andbotharedifferentfromthe incomprehensibleofJaspers,andtheunrepresentableofMartini.Theuntranslatableof Ricoeur,andHeideggersconceptoftherealitythatescapesthewordaresimilartoone another,butdifferentfromtherest. Isuggestthattheconceptualstrugglethatweseeherearisesbecauseallthese writersarestilltrappedintheimplicitcontradictionsoftheclassicalpsychoanalytic metapsychology,whileexplicitlytheymayrejectthisframework.Freudsformulationof twodistinctsystemsofthoughtwithinthepsychicalapparatus,includingasystemof thoughtoutsidetheverbalcategoricaldomain,wascertainlyoneofhismostprofound insights.Butincharacterizingthissystem,Freudwascaughtintheinconsistenciesofthe energytheorythathehimselfformulated,aswellasinhisimplicitvaluingoflanguage overnonverbalforms.Ontheonehand,hecharacterizedtheprimaryprocessasa165

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systematicmodeofthought,organizedaccordingtoasetofprinciplesthathespecified asthelawsofthedreamwork.Ontheotherhand,healsocharacterizedthissystemas themodeofthoughtassociatedwithunboundenergy,theforcesoftheId,chaotic,driven bywishfulfillmentanddivorcedfromreality.Thisinconsistencycanbeseenthroughout psychoanalytictheory,asinthecommentsofthewritersIhavementionedhere.Weneed toworkthroughsomeoftheseimplicitassumptionssoastodevelopamoreveridical understandingofemotionalmeaningandemotionalcommunication. Inthecontextofthecognitivepsychologyandneuroscienceoftoday,inthe theoreticalframeworkofmultiplecodetheory,Ihavepointedtoaworldofcomplex thoughtthatisnonverbalandevennonsymbolic;thatoccursinitsownsystematicand organizedformat,primarilycontinuousandanalogic;thatisrootedinourbodiesand sensorysystems;andthatcanbeconsciouslyknownandcomprehended;butthatisnot directlyrepresentableinwords.Suchnonsymbolic,orwhatIcallsubsymbolicprocesses occurinperceptionandasimagery,inmotoric,visceral,andsensoryforms,inallsensory modalities.Subsymbolicprocessingisrequiredforavastarrayoffunctionsfromskiing tomusicalperformanceandcreativecookingandfortheinteractionsofballroom dancing,especiallyArgentinetango,ofwhichmorelater.Subsymbolicprocessingin visualandothermodalitiesiscentralincreativescientificandmathematicalwork; researchmathematiciansandphysicistsunderstandthisverywell.Einstein(1949)

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referredtosensoryandbodily,particularlymuscular,experiencesasthebasicelements ofhisthought. Ofgreatestinteresttopsychoanalysis,subsymbolicprocessingisdominantin emotionalinformationprocessingandemotionalcommunicationreadingfacialand bodilyexpressionsofothers;experiencingonesownfeelingsandemotions.Allofthese functionscallforprocessingthatisanalogicandcontinuous,notdiscrete,andthatoccurs inspecificsensorymodalities,notinabstractform.Weknowthisprocessingasintuition, thewisdomofthebodyandinotherrelatedways.Thecrucialinformationconcerning ourbodilystatescomestousprimarilyinsubsymbolicform,andemotional communicationbetweenpeopleoccursprimarilyinthismode.Reiks(1948)conceptof listeningwiththethirdearrelieslargelyonsubsymboliccommunication,asIhave discussedindetailelsewhere(Bucci,2001). Inthecontextofthecognitivescienceoftoday,subsymbolicprocessesare understoodasorganized,systematic,rationalformsofthoughtthatcontinuetodevelop incomplexityandscopethroughoutlife.Theyaremodeledbyconnectionistorparallel distributedprocessing(PDP)systems(McClellandetal.,1989),withthefeaturesof dynamicalsystems. Allprocessing,includingsymbolicaswellassubsymbolicprocessing,may operateeitherwithinoroutsideofawareness.Subsymbolicprocessingoftenoperates withinawareness,butwecannotcaptureit.Mostofushavenotdevelopedtheskillsof167

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focusingattentiononthisprocessingmode,althoughonecanperhapsbegintolearnto dothisinmeditationandusingcertainfeedbackmechanisms,asinthedevicesusedfor selfregulationofbloodpressure,wherepeoplelearntolistentotheirbodies.Wearenot accustomedtothinkingofprocesses,includingsensory,motoricandvisceralprocesses thatcannotbeverbalizedorsymbolized,assystematicandorganizedthought;thenew understandingofsubsymbolicprocessingopensthedoortothisreformulation.It changesourentireperspectiveofpathologyandtreatmentwhenweareabletomakethis shift. Thisformulationcutsthetheoreticalpieinanewway.Subsymbolicprocessesare

lawfulandsystematic,notchaotic.Theyarenotdrivenbywishfulfillment;theycanbe boththoughtandknown,inthesensesofBionandBollas.Butthespecificpsychical terrainthatwearetryingtoexplorecanbemappedonlypartiallyontowords;ifwetry toplacethesignpostsprematurelyapplygeneralmappingsthathavebeenusedin otherterrainswewillfindoutselvesblockedorlost.Thesubsymbolicprocesses constitutetheuntranslatable,inthesenseofRicoeur;therealitythatescapestheword,in thetermsofHeidegger.Theyarenotunrepresentable;butdoexistinwhatMartini(2007) referredtoastheperturbingandineffablespherethatescapestheclarifyingambitionof interpretation. TheConceptofMinds;TheEmotionSchemas

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ReturningtoBrombergsuncertaintyprinciple,Ihaveformulatedtheconceptof

ineffablecomingtogetherasemotionalcommunication,whichislargelysubsymbolic. Forminds,Irefertoamorecomplexstructure,theemotionschema,thatincludes componentsofallthreeprocessingsystems:subsymbolicprocesses,symbolicimagery, andlaterlanguage. Emotionschemasaretypesofmemorystructuresthatconstitutetheorganization

oftheselfintheinterpersonalworld.Theyareformedonthebasisofrepeated interactionswithcaretakersandothersfromthebeginningoflife.Thesubsymbolic sensory,somaticandmotoricrepresentationsandprocessesconstitutetheaffectivecore oftheemotionschemathesourceofthevarietiesofarousalandpleasureandpainthat constituteemotionalexperience.Ineacheventoflife,theprocessesoftheaffectivecore willbeactivatedinrelationtothepeople,placesandactivitiesthatfigureinthatevent; thuswebuildmemoriesofpeopleandeventsthatgiveuspleasureorpain,thatactivate happiness,ordread,orawishtoattack.Autobiographicalmemoryisbuiltoutofsuch events;thisisthebasisfortheorganizationoftheselfintheinterpersonalworld. Theemotionschemasdevelopinaninterpersonalcontext;thebabywholaughs

andsmilesandhasfeelingsofjoycanseeandheartheotherpersonalsosmilingand laughingandmakingthecorrespondingsounds;theexpressionsoftheotherbecomes incorporatedintheschemaofjoy.Ifthechildwhocrieshearssympatheticsoundsand seesaparticularfacialexpression,alongwithfeelingasoothingtouch,thechilds169

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schemasofpainorfearwilldeveloptoincorporateresponsesofturningtoothersand expectationsthatotherscanhelp.Ifthecaretakertypicallyrespondstothechildscries withannoyanceorwithdrawal,schemasofnegativeexpectationsandassociated responseswilldevelop. DissociationwithintheEmotionSchemas Everypersonhasmultipleemotionschemas,includingschemasofselfand

schemasofothers,integratedtovaryingdegrees.Dissociationsmayoccurwithinthe schemas,andamongthem.Somedegreeofdissociationisnormativeandnecessaryto allowustofunctionsmoothlyinourlives;noteverydesireorexpectationorresponse willbeformulatedinsymbolicform(Bucci,2007a,b).Insomecases,however, dissociationsoccurinresponsetoeventsthatareextremelypainful,experiencedas threatstolifeortotheorganizationoftheself.Withsuchdissociation,itisnotonlythat wehaventmadeaconnectiontosymbolicforms,notonlythattheschemamaynever havebeenformulated,butthatweavoidsuchintegration.Iftheparentisherselfor himselfthesourceofthenegativeaffect,actinginsuchawayastoelicitpainorrageor terrorinthechild,thistypeofavoidantdissociationwilloccurandwillbecrystallized andreinforced.Wemustavoidknowingwhoorwhatisthesourceoftheextremepainin ordertogoonwithlife,toretaintheconnectiontothecaretakerthatisemotionallyand physicallyessentialforsurvival,andtomaintainasenseofself.Theinitialdissociationis alifesavingevent;ifthedissociationiscrystallizedsothatnewemotionalinformation170

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cannotbetakenin,itbecomestheproblemthatinterfereswithlifeandbringspatientsto treatment. TheConceptoftheUnpredictableintheAnalyticInteraction Analystandpatienteachcometothesessionwithasetofemotionschemas, developedinthecourseoftheirlives,affectedbyeventsoflifeoutsidethesessionaswell asbyeventswithin.Theinteractionisinherentlyunpredictable,asBromberghassaid. Themeetingoftheemotionschemasthathavebeenactivatedisnewandunique;this particularinteractionwithactivationoftheseparticularemotionschemasineach participanthasneverexistedpriortothemoment.Theschemasthatareactivatedare dominatedbytheaffectivecoreandinsomecaseswillbedissociated,certainlyforthe patient,andalsotoacertaindegreefortheanalyst.Insuchcases,theaffectivecoreof sensoryandsomaticexperienceisnotconnectedtothesourceoftheactivationandthe connectionisavoided;thusbothparticipantsmaybearousedinparticularwaysandmay notknowwhy.Thisinteractivearousal,whichislargelyunsymbolizedfeelingsofrage orhumiliationordespair,whosemeaningisnotknownoriswronglyknownisthe potentialsourceandcontentofthetherapeuticwork;itisalsothepotentialthreat. Inamoregeneralsense,theinteractionisalsounpredictableinthattherapists todaymustnegotiatethisterrainlargelywithouttheexplicittraditionalguidesoftheory andtechnique.Theanalystcannolongerassumethatthereisaparticularrepressed scenariothatisguidingthepatientsexperiencethatheorsheisavoiding,andthatcan171

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beuncovered.Theanalystcanalsonotassumeasetofrulesandparametersthatdefine thecorrectwaytowork.Thesechangesbringfreedomfromtheoriesandtechniquesthat donotfit;theybringtheuncertaintyoffreedomaswell. Subsymbolicexperienceistheguidetotheunchartedterrainoftheanalytic interchange.Bothparticipantsmustlearntofollowthis,toreceiveandsendsignalsthat areoutsideofthesymbolicdomain. TheUncertaintyPrincipleofTango Intango,theleaderandfollowergenerallydonotfollowaspecifiedsequenceof steps;tangodiffersfromotherballroomdancesinthatrespect.Bodilycommunicationis crucial;theleaderneedstofeelthefollowerspositionateverymomenttoenablehimto signalthenextmoves;thefollowerneedstobepoisedtoreceiveandrespondtothe leaderssignals.Thisinvolvesatypeofnormativedissociationforbothpartners;the interactionoccursprimarilyinthesubsymbolicbodilyzone;verbalguidanceistooslow, toolimited,violatestheflowofthedance.Ateverymomentbothparticipantsneedtobe inanactivatedandopenstatethatthetangodancerandteacherDardoGalletto 2 calls maybe.Theleadertriestosignalamove,maybeitwillwork,maybeitwillnot,each partnerneedstocontinuouslyreceivebodilyinformationfromtheotherand continuouslytestandshiftthesignalstoproducearesponse.ThisisDardosuncertainty principleintango,atruedynamicalsysteminatechnicalsense,dependenton

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Artistic Director and Choreographer, New Generation Dance Company

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transmissionofsufficientinformationtooverrideuncertaintyandexceedtheresponse threshhold.Thestateofmaybeinvolvesthecapacitytorelyonanalogicinformation withoutsymbolicguideposts;toremainsuspendedsometimesononefootinthezone ofsubsymbolicprocessing,withouttheusualsupportofsymbolicimagesorwords. Somepeoplecannotbeartheuncertainty;theywanttorepeatfixedroutines;thefearof losingonesbalance,andthehumiliationofmiscommunicationfeeltoogreat;theydonot getfarinlearningtango. Thesubsymboliccommunication,thestateofmaybe,thecapacitytoendurea

stareofuncertainty,arenecessaryfortango,butitisalsotruethattheyarenotsufficient. Tangodancersalsoneedtobringatleasttwoadditionalpsychicsupportstothemilonga, thedance:oneisbasicknowledgeofstepsandtechniques,theotherisattitude.Itisall verywelltobeopenandsuspendedononefoot,butwithoutsomemovement vocabulary,someknowledgeofthepositions,thecommunicationcannotwork.Hereis oneplacewherethesymbolsystemmustentertango,asforanydanceandsport. Teacherstrytobreakdownthesequencesintotheirelements,toanalyzethestepsand techniques,toteachthenamesofthesteps.Theyalsoanalyzethewaystousethebody andthefeet:relaxthehips,feeltheupperandlowerbodyseparately,keeptheupper bodyfacingthepartner.Toalargeextent,teachersworkbyshowingtheirown movementsasimages.Dardodemonstratesaspecificwayofholdingthebodyandof moving;thestudentswatchandtranslatethemovestotheirownbodilysystems.Dardo173

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alsoemphasizesmetaphortocharacterizethemovements,andthengoesbeyondthatto characterizeattitudeandattunementaswell.Wedonotonlyrelaxourhipsandturnour upperbodies,wewalklikeArgentinewoman(orArgentineman,whichisquite different).Wemustdelightinourpartnerasinadeliciousmealofgrilledmeat;wemust feelourpartner,notjustloveanddelightbutafarmorecomplexrangeoffeelings includingaspectsofdominanceandsubmissionandtheirconsequences. TheChoreographyoftheAnalyticInterchange Inpsychoanalysisasintango,thesubsymbolicexplorationandtheconnectionto thesymbolicdomain,withintherelationship,aswellaswithineachparticipants autobiographicalmemory,arenecessaryforbothparticipants.Thepatientisstruggling totalk,orisnottalking,ortalkingaboutnotwantingtotalk,ortalkingabouthowthe analystlooks,orhowtheroomsmells,orwhethertheroomistoocoldortoohot.Wecan seethepatientasbeginningtoenactadissociatedschemathatrepresentsaparticular expectationaboutanotherperson. Theanalystwillbehavinghisownstruggles,determined,asthepatientsare,by

theemotionschemasthatareactivated.Thereisaflowofsubsymbolicexperiencegoing onwithintheanalyst,linkedtosymbolicrepresentationtovaryingdegrees. Withthesynergyofthemoment,aninteractionwilloccurthatisbotholdand

new:oldinthatitisbasedontheemotionschemaswithwhicheachparticipant habituallyinteractswiththeinterpersonalworld,andwithwhicheachhasenteredthe174

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session;newinthateachisconfrontingaparticularperson,ataparticulartimeand place,inaparticularrole,forthefirsttime. Forbothparticipants,itisnecessarynotonlytobeopentosubsymbolic experienceandtorespondtoit,butalsotobewillingtoenduresomedegreeofpainful activation;thewillingnesstoenduretheactivationinturnrequiressomecapacityto containit.Asthearousalandtheinteractionproceed,bothparticipantswillbesearching andexploringintheirassociationsandresponses,intheirpastlives,andintheirpresent interactions;bothwillbeexaminingtheirexperience,toconstructformulationsthatwill enablethemtoexploretogether.Theconnectionsfromthesubsymbolictothesymbolic modearenecessarytoenablesharingofexperience,toputdownsignpostsintheshared terrain,andtoopennewexploration. Theviewoftreatmentproposedhere,inwhichbothparticipantsenterwith

dissociatedschemas,bothengageinexplorationofsubsymbolicdomains,bothmake newconnectionstosymbolicexperience,isverydifferentfromamodelinwhicha patientisviewedascominginwithunconsciousexperiencethathasbeenpreviously formulatedandthenrepressed,theanalysthasaneutralaffectivestance,andthe analystinterpretsthepatientsassociationswiththegoalofinsightanduncoveringthe repressedcontents. Toworkinthemodeofuncertainty,theanalyst,likethepatientneedstodevelop

theskillsofoperatingintheimplicitinteractivedomain.Byvirtueofexperienceand175

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trainingandperhapsotherfactors,theanalystmaydevelopthistoarelativelyhigh degreeandmayhaveasomewhatgreatersenseofsafetyinnegotiatingthetroubled waters. Whatdoestheanalystbring,whatdoestheanalystneed,tosupportworkinthis

mode?Hereareafewpossibilities: Intango,theteacherortheexperienceddancerhasanadvantageinsymbolic

vocabulary,notnecessarilyverbal.Heknowsasetofsequencesandhowtodirecthis moves.Similarly,theanalysthasmoresymbolizedemotionalcategorieswithwhichto identifywhatisoccurringnotnecessarilymorecategorieswithdiagnosticnames,not evenmoreverbalcategories,butmoreschemas,moremeanings:thispatientislike othersIhaveseen,orothersIhaveknownorreadabout;thistangleislikeothersI havebeencaughtin. Thereareobviousdifferencesinfeelingstatesbetweentherapistandpatienton

manylevels,differencesindegreeoffear,ofrisk,andofpainwithwhichtheyenterthe therapeuticrelationship.Themodulationofaffectiveintensitysupportstheanalysts capabilitytoseeknewzonesofinteraction,ratherthantorepeatpastprotective sequences. Thereisalsoageneraldifferenceinattitudethatisnotsoobvious.AsIhave

suggestedelsewhere(Bucci,2007a,b),analystshavedeveloped,implicitly,acapacity forflexibleshiftinginselfstates,acapacitytofinddifferentpartsofthemselvesthatare176

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genuinebutcontextdetermined.ThisinvolvesaparticularanalyticattitudethatI characterizeasanormativeandadaptivedissociatedmode,notunlikethemodeofthe actorwhoisimmersedinarole,butwithmoreuncertainty,withoutascript.Thestate thatisactivatedinthetherapistinthesession,theloveorhateorfearorshame,isfully genuineatthemoment,necessarilyopentosomedegreeofrisk,butinthecontextofa backgroundknowledgethatitisonlyonewayofbeing,thatthereareotherwaysof beingthatwillbeactivatedindifferentcontexts,andthattheyareallheldwithinone overallautobiographicalframe.Itisthatbackgroundknowledge,whichislikelytobe implicit,thatallowstheimmersioninthemomentthatisnecessaryforanalytic exploration. Beyondallthis,tosupportthefreedomofemotionalexploration,Isuggestthat

analystsalsorequireasystematicgeneralpsychologicaltheorythatspecifically accountsfortheuniqueandunpredictableinteractionsoftheanalyticinterchange thatmakestheinteractions,infact,morepredictableincertainrespects.Ifcliniciansdo nothaveanexplicittheoreticalframeworktoguidetheminasituationofuncertainty andrisk,theywilldrawonanimplicitone.Theproblemwithimplicittheoriesisthat theymaytendtoleadcliniciansinwaysthatareunrecognized,andunexamined,down theslipperyslopeofassumptionsconcerningspecificrepressedscenariostobe uncovered,ortechniquesinvolvinginterpretationofresistance,orfromanother perspective,recoursetoprojectiveidentificationdefinedintermsofthepatients177

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intolerableaffectssomehowbeingplacedinthetherapist.Inplaceofsuchimplicit assumptions,weneedasystematictheorythatprovidesanunderstandingofaffect emerginginacomplexwayfromthetherapistsandpatientsownemotionalschemas inthecontextoftheirrelationshiphoweachconnectsdissociatedstateswithin him/herself;howeachpersonconnectstotheotheronseverallevels;howeach connectstheeventsofthepresenttomemoriesofthepast;andhowallthese connectingprocessescanbeusedtobringaboutchange. Beginningwithuncertaintyandrisk,wecantrytoincreasethezoneofthe

symbolicandthepredictable,withoutlosingtherichnessofthetreatmentsituation.We needtoaddressthisgoalbothinthespecificinteractionsofthetreatmentsituationandin thedevelopmentoftheguidingprinciplesoftheory,andweneedtobuildthis knowledgefrombothclinicalandresearchsources. 178

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References Bion,W.R.(1962)Atheoryofthinking.InternationalJournalofPsychoAnalysis,43. Bollas,C.(1987)TheShadowoftheObject:PsychoanalysisoftheUnthoughtKnown. N.Y.:ColumbiaUniversityPress. Bromberg,P.M.(2006),Theanalystsselfrevelation:Notjustpermissible,butnecessary.In AwakeningtheDreamer:ClinicalJourneys.Mahwah,NJ:TheAnalyticPress,pp.128 150. Bucci,W.(2001).PathwaysofEmotionalCommunication.PsychoanalyticInquiry,21:4070

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Bucci,W.(2007a)Dissociationfromtheperspectiveofmultiplecodetheory:PartI; Psychologicalrootsandimplicationsforpsychoanalytictreatment.Contemporary Psychoanalysis,43,165184. Bucci,W.(2007b)Dissociationfromtheperspectiveofmultiplecodetheory:PartII;The spectrumofdissociativeprocessesinthepsychoanalyticrelationship.Contemporary Psychoanalysis,43,305326. Freud,S.(1915)TheUnconscious.TheStandardEditionoftheCompletePsychologicalWorks ofSigmundFreud,Vol.14,p.166 Gadamer,H.G.(1989).Hermeneuticsandpsychiatry.InH.G.Gadamer(Ed.)The EnigmaofHealth:TheArtofHealinginaScientificAge.(TranslatedbyJ.Gaiger andN.Walker)Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress. Heidegger,M.(1959)OntheWaytoLanguage(TranslatedbyP.D.Hertz)SanFrancisco: Harper&Row,1982. Jaspers,K.(1963)GeneralPsychopathology(TranslatedbyJ.HoenigandM.W.Hamilton) Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress. Martini,G.(2007)Newprospectsonunconsciousmentalfunctioningandtheirreflectionsonthe clinicalpractice.PaperpresentedatConferenceoftheItalianPsychoanalyticSocietyand theInternationalPsychoanalyticalAssociation,Rome,2007

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Moccia,G.(2007)Psychoanalytictheoriesofunconsciousmentalfunctioningandmultiplecode theory.PaperpresentedatConferenceoftheItalianPsychoanalyticSocietyandthe InternationalPsychoanalyticalAssociation,Rome,2007 McClelland,McClelland,J.L.,Rumelhart,D.E.,&Hinton,G.E.(1989),Theappealof paralleldistributedprocessing.InD.E.Rumelhart,J.L.McClelland,andthePDP ResearchGroup,eds.ParallelDistributedProcessing:Explorationsinthe MicrostructureofCognition(Volume1:Foundations),pp.344.Cambridge,MA: MITPress. Reik,T.(1948),ListeningwiththeThirdEar:TheInnerExperienceofaPsychoanalyst. NewYork:PyramidBooks,1964. Ricoeur,P.(1970)Freudandphilosophy;anessayoninterpretation.NewHaven:Yale UniversityPress.

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