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TITLE

Is There Life Outside our Home Planet ?

PURPOSE

Every part of our body has unique functions. They are perfectly synchronized and in

total harmony. Once that chain of harmony is broken or even slightly altered by misuse or

excessive pressure by going against nature,it will not function properly. Likewise our little

world of humanity at this giant spaceship called earth is not functioning well for past few

centuries. We are not doing well. There is sadness, depression, injustice, violence, cruelty,

immorality and disequilibrium on personal, family, social, economic and spiritual levels. Why?Because parts of humanity are not in harmony with each other and there is misuse and

excessive pressure by going against the flow of nature.

Despite seemingly advanced technology and ideas, most human beings are suffering.

The glitzy marketing has created an illusion of well-being and great prosperity. Our inner

world and its nature are altered with hardly any synchronization with universal energy. We

have created suffocating barriers and walls around our soul. Our communion with nature is at

minimum level.We have become insensitive to relationships with other humans and other species of

this planet and maybe the extrateresstrial one.Is there life outside uor home planet -the

Earth? How does one survive in this age of mechanization? How do we find true mission of

our life & soul in this world or even in universe?. How to find our self and recognize our true

identification and potential ?How does the on going scientific researches affect our beliefs

and faith?What are the Theories that man had formulated related to subject which is extra

terrestrial life?,

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THESIS

I.INTRODUCTION

AIl of you have been to the movies in the past couple of years, you might have seen

such blockbusters as Independence Day, Contact, or Men in Black. Hollywood is constantly

releasing films that deal with the subject of outer space, and in particular the idea of other life

in outer space.It turns out that the mind of the human being is fascinated by the possibility of

other life in the universe. As early as the fifth century B.C., the Greeks discussed the

possiblity that life existed elsewhere. Being the imaginative humans that we are, almost

everyone has guessed at one time or another what life elsewhere in the universe might look

like. However, scientists who look for signs of life outside of the planet earth probably have a

much different idea of what these life forms might look like. They arent looking for little green

men running around with space guns as you might have seen in Mars Attacks, but instead are

looking for something quite different.

Many people make a distinction between the origin of life and the evolution of life. In

this view, biological evolution refers to the gradual development of the diversity of living things

from a common ancestor, while the ultimate origin of life is a separate question.

This is a legitimate point, but evolution is about much more than just biology. The

evolutionary worldview is that all of physical existence, both living and non-living, arose

through purely natural processes. With this broad definition of evolution, abiogenesis--the

spontaneous appearance of life from non-living matter--is a necessity. If life did arise on earth

by itself, it would be inconceivable that this is the only planet upon which there is life.

Otherwise, the earth would be a remarkably special place, and that could easily lead totheistic ideas. Consequently, most evolutionists believe that life must exist elsewhere in the

universe.

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A .Concept

a1. Extraterrestrial life (from the latin words:extra("beyond", or "not of") and

terrestris("of or belonging to Earth")) is defined as life that does not originate fromEarth.

Referred to as alien life, or simply aliens, these hypothetical forms of life range from simple

bacteria-like organisms to beings far more advanced than humans.

B.Background

b1.Alien life, such as bacteria, has been theorized to exist in the Solar system and

quite possibly throughout the Universe. This theory relies on the vast size and consistent

physical lawsof the observable universe. According to this argument, made by scientists such

asCarl Sagan and Stephen Hawking it would be improbable for life notto exist somewhere

other than Earth.This argument is embodied in the Copernican principle, which states that

the Earth does not occupy a favored position in the Universe, and the mediocrity principle,

which holds that there is nothing special about life on Earth.Life may have emerged

independently at many places throughout the Universe. Alternatively life may form less

frequently, then spread between habitable planets through exogenesis.

Suggested locations at which life might have developed, or which might continue to

host life today, include the planets Mars,Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moons Titan

and EnceladusIn May 2011, NASA scientists reported that Enceladus "is emerging as the

most habitable spot beyond Earth in the Solar System for life as we know it".Life may appear

on extrasolar planets, such asGliese 58recently discovered to be near Earth mass and

apparently located in theirstar's habitable zone, with the potential to have liquid water.

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terrestrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediocrity_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581_chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581_chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitable_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediocrity_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581_chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitable_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terrestris

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II.DISCUSSION

A. Ancient and medieval ideas

Anunciacion by Carpaccio

a1.In antiquity, it was common to assume a cosmos consisting of "many worlds"

inhabited by intelligent, non-human life-forms, but these "worlds" were mythological and not

informed by the heliocentric understanding of the solar system, or the understanding of the

Sun as one among countless stars.An example would be the fourteen loka of Hindu

cosmology, or the Nine Worlds of Old Norse mythology, etc. The Sun and the Moon often

appear as inhabited worlds in such contexts, or as vehicles (chariots or boats, etc.) driven by

gods. The Japanese folk tale ofThe Tale of the Bamboo Cutter(10th century) is an example

of a princess of the Moon people visiting Earth.

a2. Such conceptions of a universe consisting of "many worlds" are found in classica l

Greek Philosophy, and later in Christian andJewish theology. The atomistof Greece like

Epicurus took up the idea, arguing that an infinite universe ought to have an infinity of

populated worlds. Ancient Greek cosmology worked against the idea of extraterrestrial life in

one critical respect, however: the geocentric Universe. Championed byAristotle and codified

by Ptolemy, it favored the Earth and Earth-life (Aristotle denied that there could be a plurality

of worlds) and seemingly rendered extraterrestrial life philosophically untenable.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Worldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Bamboo_Cutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Worldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Bamboo_Cutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy

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a3.The Jewish Talmud states that there are at least 18,000 other worlds, but provides

little elaboration on the nature of those worlds, or on whether they are physical or spiritual.

Based on this, however, the 18th century exposition "Sefer HaB'rit" posits that extraterrestrial

creatures exist, and that some may well possess intelligence. It adds that humans should notexpect creatures from another world to resemble earthly life any more than sea creatures

resemble land animals.

a4.Hindu beliefs of endlessly repeated cycles of life have led to descriptions of

multiple worlds in existence and their mutual contacts (Sanskrit word sampark ) means

"contact" as in Mahasamparka ( ) = "the great contact"). According to Hindu

scriptures, there are innumerable universes to facilitate the fulfillment of the separated desires

of innumerable living entities. However, the purpose of such creations is to bring back the

deluded souls to correct understanding about the purpose of life. Aside from the innumerable

universes which are material, there is the unlimited spiritual world, where the purified living

entities live with perfect conception about life and ultimate reality. The spiritually aspiring

saints and devotees, as well as thoughtful men of the material world, have been getting

guidance and help from these purified living entities of the spiritual world from time

immemorial.

a5. According to Ahmaddiya Islam a more direct reference from the Quran is

presented byMirza Tahir Ahmadas a proof that life on other planets may exist according to

the Quran. In his book,he quotes verse 42:29 "And among His Signs is the creation of the

heavens and the earth, and of whatever living creatures (da'bbah) He has spread forth in

both.. according to this verse there is life in heavens. According to the same verse "And He

has the power to gather them together (jam-'i-him) when He will so please"; indicates the

bringing together the life on Earth and the life elsewhere in the Universe. The verse does not

specify the time or the place of this meeting but rather states that this event will most certainly

come to pass whenever God so desires. It should be pointed out that the Arabic term Jam-i-

him used to express the gathering event can imply either a physical encounter or a contact

through communication.In ShiaIslam the 6th Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq has been quoted as saying

that there are living beings on other planets.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja'far_al-Sadiqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja'far_al-Sadiq

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a6. WhenChristianityspread throughout the West, the Ptolemaic system became

very widely accepted, and although the Church never issued any formal pronouncement on

the question of alien life,at least tacitly, the idea was aberrant. In 1277, the Bishop of

Paris,tienne Tempier, did overturn Aristotle on one point: God could have created more thanone world (given His omnipotence). Taking a further step, and arguing that aliens actually

existed, remained rare. Notably, Cardinal Nicholas of Kues speculated about aliens on the

Moon and Sun.

B. Early modern period

Giordano Bruno, De l'Infinito Universo et Mondi, 1584

b1.There was a dramatic shift in thinking initiated by the invention of the telescope and

theCopernican assault on geocentric cosmology. Once it became clear that the Earth was

merely one planet amongst countless bodies in the universe, the extraterrestrial idea moved

towards the scientific mainstream. The best known early-modern proponent of such ideas

was the Italian philosopherGiordano Bruno,who argued in the 16th century for an infinite

Universe in which every star is surrounded by its own planetary system. Bruno wrote that

other worlds "have no less virtue nor a nature different to that of our earth" and, like Earth,"contain animals and inhabitants"

b2.In the early 17th century, the Czech astronomerAnton Maria Schyrleus of

Rheitamused that "if Jupiter has (...) inhabitants (...) they must be larger and more beautiful

than the inhabitants of the Earth, in proportion to the [characteristics] of the two spheres"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tempierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Kueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Brunohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Brunohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Brunohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Maria_Schyrleus_of_Rheitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Maria_Schyrleus_of_Rheitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tempierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Kueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Brunohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Brunohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Maria_Schyrleus_of_Rheitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Maria_Schyrleus_of_Rheita

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b3.In Baroque literature such as The Other World: The Societies and Governments

ofthe Moonby Cyrano de Bergerac, extraterrestrial societies are presented as humoristic or

ironic parodies of earthly society. The didactic poet Henry Moretook up the classical theme of

the Greek Democritus in "Democritus Platonissans, or an Essay Upon the Infinity of

Worlds" (1647). In "The Creation: a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books" (1712), SirRichard

Blackmore observed: "We may pronounce each orb sustains a race / Of living things adapted

to the place". With the new relative viewpoint that the Copernican revolution had wrought, he

suggested "our world's sunne / Becomes a starre elsewhere". Fontanelle's "Conversations on

the Plurality of Worlds" (translated into English in 1686) offered similar excursions on the

possibility of extraterrestrial life, expanding, rather than denying, the creative sphere of a

Maker.

b4.The possibility of extraterrestrials remained a widespread speculation as scientific

discovery accelerated. William Herschel, the discoverer ofUranus, was one of many 18th

19th century astronomers convinced that the Solar System, and perhaps others, would be

well-populated by alien life. Other luminaries of the period who championed "cosmic

pluralism" included Immanuel Kant and Benjamin Franklin. At the height of the Enlightenment,

even the Sun and Moon were considered candidates for extraterrestrial inhabitants.

C.19th century

c1.In 1854, William Whewell, a fellow ofTrinity College, Cambridge, who popularized

the word scientist, theorized that Mars had seas, land and possibly life forms.] Speculationabout life on Mars exploded in the late 19th century, following telescopic observation by some

observers of apparent Martian canals which were however soon found to be optical

illusions. Despite this, in 1895, American astronomerPercival Lowell published his

book Mars, followed by Mars and its Canals in 1906, proposing that the canals were the work

of a long-gone civilization.[33] This idea led British writerH. G. Wells to write The War of the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Blackmorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Blackmorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whewellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Lowellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(novel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Blackmorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Blackmorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_le_Bovier_de_Fontenellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whewellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Lowellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(novel)

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Worlds in 1897, telling of an invasion by aliens from Mars who were fleeing the planets

desiccation.Spectroscopic analysis of Mars' atmosphere began in earnest in 1894, when U.S.

astronomerWilliam Wallace Campbellshowed that neither water nor oxygen were present

in the Martian atmosphere By 1909 better telescopes and the best perihelic opposition ofMars since 1877 conclusively put an end to the canal theory.

c2.National Aeronautics and Space Administration

[NASA]

In 1958,United States Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration(NASA). Its purpose was to coordinate and conduct all aeronautical and space

activites for the United States of America, except those of the military. Among the manyprograms which NASA now runs, one is the search for life outside our home planet. NASA

is currently examining our neighbor planet Mars for signs of life, as well as the moons of other

planets in our solar system. It has also developed highly advanced technology for the search

of life outside of our own solar system, such as special radars and infrared telescopes.

D. 20th century

Space exploration

d1.TheArecibo messageis a digital message sent toglobular star cluster M13, and is

a well-known symbol of human attempts to contact extraterrestrials.

A radio drama version of Wells' novel broadcast in 1938 over the CBS Radio

Network led to outrage because it supposedly suggested to many listeners that an actual

alien invasion by Martians was in progress. In the wake of this, conspiracy theories on the

presence of extraterrestrials became a widespread phenomenon in the United States duringthe 1940s and the beginning Space Age during the 1950s, accompanied by a surge

ofUFO reports. The term UFO itself was coined in 1952 in the context of the enormous

popularity of the concept of "flying saucers" in the wake of the Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting in

1947. The Majestic 12 documents published in 1982 suggest that there was genuine interest

in UFO conspiracy theories in the US government during the 1940s.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(novel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_explorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_messagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Globular_Cluster_in_Herculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(radio_drama)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_saucerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic_12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(novel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_explorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_messagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Globular_Cluster_in_Herculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(radio_drama)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_saucerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic_12

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The trend to assume that celestial bodies were populated almost by default was

tempered as actual probes visited potential alien abodes in the Solar System beginning in the

second half of the 20th century, and by the 1970s belief in UFOs had become part of the

fringe beliefs associated with the paranormal,New Age, Earth mysteries,Forteana etc. Anumber ofUFO religions developed during the surge in UFO belief during th 1950s to 1970s

period, and some, such as Scientology (founded 1953) and Ralism (founded 1974) remain

active into the present. The idea of "paleocontact", supposing that extraterrestrials ("ancient

astronauts") have visited the Earth in the remote past and left traces in ancient cultures,

appears in early 20th century fiction such as The Call of Cthulhu(1926) and the idea came to

be established as a notable aspect of the Ufology subculture in the wake ofErich von

Dniken'sChariots of the Gods?

(1968).Alien abduction claims were widespread during the1960s and 1970s in the United States.

E.Evolution and morphology: basis of extraterrestrial life

In addition to the biochemical, many have consideredevolution andmorphology

.Science fiction has often depicted extraterrestrial life with humanoid and/orreptilian forms.

Aliens have often been depicted as having light green or grey skin, with a large head, as well

as four limbsi.e. fundamentally humanoid. Other subjects, such as felines and insects, etc.,

have occurred in fictional representations of aliens.

A division has been suggested between universal and parochial(narrowly restricted)

characteristics. Universals are features which are thought to have evolved independently

more than once on Earth (and thus, presumably, are not too difficult to develop) and are so

intrinsically useful that species will inevitably tend towards them. The most fundamental of

these is probably bilateral symmetry, but more complex (though still basic) characteristics

include flight, sight, and limbs, all of which are thought to have evolved several times here on

Earth. There is a huge variety ofeyes, for example, and many of these have radically different

working schematics and different visual foci: the visual spectrum, infrared,polarity and

echolocation. Parochials, however, are essentially arbitrary evolutionary forms. These often

have little inherent utility (or at least have a function which can be equally served by dissimilar

morphology) and probably will not be replicated. Intelligent aliens could communicate through

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mysterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forteanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronautshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronautshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4nikenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4nikenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_locationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mysterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forteanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocontacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronautshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronautshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4nikenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4nikenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_location

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gestures, as deaf humans do, or by sounds created from structures unrelated to breathing,

which happens on Earth when, for instance,cicadas vibrate their wings.

Attempting to define parochial features challenges many taken-for-granted notions

about morphological necessity.Skeletons, which are essential to large terrestrial organisms

according to the experts of the field ofgravitational biology, are almost assured to be

replicated elsewhere in one form or another. The assumption of radical diversity amongst

putative extraterrestrials is by no means settled. While many exobiologists do stress that the

enormously heterogeneous nature of life on Earth foregrounds an even greater variety in

outer space, others point out that convergent evolutionmay dictate substantial similarities

between Earth and extraterrestrial life. These two schools of thought are called "divergionism"

and "convergionism" respectively

F.Scientific search

The scientific search for extraterrestrial life is being carried out both directly and indirectly

f1.Direct search Scientists are directly searching for evidence of unicellular life within

the Solar System, carrying out studies on the surface of Mars and examining meteors which

have fallen to Earth. A mission is proposed to Europa, one ofJupiter's moons with a possible

liquid-water layer under its surface and might contain life.

There is some limited evidence that microbial life might possibly exist (or have existed)

on Mars.[An experiment on the Viking Mars lander reported gas emissions from heated

Martian soil that some argue are consistent with the presence of microbes. However, the lack

of corroborating evidence from other experiments on the Viking lander indicates that a non-

biological reaction is a more likely hypothesis. Independently, in 1996, structures

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resembling nanobacteriawere reportedly discovered in a meteorite,ALH84001, thought to be

formed ofrock ejected from Mars. This report is controversial.There are four main clues which

bring some scientists to this conclusion. One is that the meteorite is definitely of Martian

origin and that it contains carbonate globules. The second is the presence of polycyclic

aromatic compounds, which are complex organic molecules. The third piece of evidence

is the presence of iron and other compounds which appear to be like those made by

bacteria. The last, and perhaps most intriguing , is the pictures of the possible fossilized

bacteria themselves. When taken separately, these pieces of evidence probably wouldnt

amount to much. But what is compelling is that all of these pieces of evidence occurr within

millimeters of each other.However, skeptics still remain. Some simply arent sure, while others

are certain that this meteorite contains no evidence of former life.. However, all agree thatconvincing evidence would contain proof that the fossils had cell walls, that the cells had been

divided, and that chemicals more closely related to living organisms as we know them be

found. And so, the debates continue. While these debates over ALH84001 occur, the science

community continues its pursuit in finding signs of life, extant or extinct, on Mars.

Electron micrograph of martian meteoriteALH84001 showing structures that some scientists

think could be fossilized bacteria-like life forms.

In February 2005, NASA scientists reported that they had found strong evidence of

present life on Mars.[48] The two scientists, Carol Stokerand Larry Lemke of NASA'sAmes

Research Center, based their claims on methane signatures found in Mars' atmosphere

resembling the methane production of some forms of primitive life on Earth, as well as on

their own study of primitive life near the Rio Tinto riverin Spain. NASA officials soon denied

the scientists' claims, and Stoker herself backed off from her initial assertions.Though such

findings are still very much in debate, support among scientists for the belief in the existence

of life on Mars seems to be growing. In an informal survey conducted at the conference atwhich the European Space Agency presented its findings, 75 percent of the scientists in

attendance were reported to believe that life once existed on Mars, and 25 percent reported a

belief that life currently exists there.In November 2011, NASA launched the Mars Science

Laboratory (MSL) rover which is designed to search for past or present habitability

on Mars using a variety of scientific instruments. The MSL is scheduled to land on Mars

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at Gale Craterin August 2012.The Gaia hypothesis stipulates that any planet with a robust

population of life will have an atmosphere in chemical disequilibrium, which is relatively easy

to determine from a distance by spectroscopy. However, significant advances in the ability to

find and resolve light from smaller rocky worlds near their star are necessary before suchspectroscopic methods can be used to analyze extrasolar planets.

On March 5, 2011, Richard B. Hoover, an astrobiologist with the MarshallSpace Flight

Center, speculated on the finding of allegedmicrofossils similar

to cyanobacteria in CI1 carbonaceous meteorites.However, NASA formally distanced itself

from Hoover's claim.See Hoover paper controversy for more details

. In August 2011, findings by NASA, based on studies ofmeteorites found

on Earth,suggests DNA and RNA components (adenine,guanine and related organic

molecules), building blocks for life as we know it, may be formed extraterrestrially in outer

space.In October 2011, scientists reported that cosmic dust contains complex organic matter

("amorphous organic solids with a mixedaromatic-aliphatic structure") that could be created

naturally, and rapidly, by stars.[One of the scientists suggested that these compounds may

have been related to the development of life on Earth and said that, "If this is the case, life on

Earth may have had an easier time getting started as these organics can serve as basic

ingredients for life.

f2.Indirect search

i.}Terrestrial Planet FinderA planned Infrared interferometer for finding Earth-

likeextrasolar planets (as of 2011, it has not received the funding from NASA which it needs

that funding is going towards theKepler mission).

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It is theorized that any technological society in space will be transmitting information.

However, if there is an advanced extraterrestrial society, there is no guarantee that they are

transmitting information in the direction of Earth or that this information could be interpreted

as such by humans. The length of time required for a signal to travel across the vastness ofspace means that any signal detected, or not detected, would come from the distant past.

Nevertheless, projects such as SETI are conducting an astronomical search for radio activity

which would confirm the presence of intelligent life. A related suggestion is that aliens might

broadcast pulsed and continuous lasersignals in the optical, as well as infrared, spectrum;

[65] laser signals have the advantage of not "smearing" in the interstellar medium, and may

prove more conducive to communication between the stars. While other communication

techniques, including laser transmission and interstellar spaceflight, have been discussed

seriously and may well be feasible, the measure of effectiveness is the amount of information

communicated per unit cost. This results in radio transmission as the method of choice.

G.Extrasolar planets :List of planetary systems

Astronomers search for extrasolar planets that they believe would be conducive to life,

such as Gliese 581 c, Gliese 581 g, Gliese 581 dandOGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, which have

been found to have Earth-like qualities. Current radiodetection methods have been

inadequate for such a search, since the resolution afforded by recent technology is

inadequate for a detailed study of extrasolar planetary

Illustration :Artist's Impressionof Gliese 581 c, the first

extrasolar planet discoveredwithin its star's habitable zone.

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On April 24, 2007, scientists at theEuropean Southern Observatory in La Silla,

Chile said they had found the first Earth-like planet. The planet, known as Gliese 581 c, orbits

within the habitable zone of its starGliese 581, a red dwarfstar which is 20.5 light years (194

trillion km) from the Earth. It was initially thought that this planet could contain liquid water, butrecent computer simulations of the climate on Gliese 581 c by Werner von Bloh and his team

at Germany's Institute for Climate Impact Research suggest that carbon dioxide and methane

in the atmosphere would create a runaway greenhouse effect. This would warm the planet

well above the boiling point of water (100 degrees Celsius/212 degrees Fahrenheit), thus

dimming the hopes of finding life. As a result of greenhouse models, scientists are now

turning their attention to Gliese 581 d, which lies just outside of the star's traditional habitable

zone.

On May 29, 2007, theAssociated Press released a report stating that scientists

identified twenty-eight new extra-solar planetary bodies. One of these newly-discovered

planets is said to have many similarities to Neptune.[70]

In May 2011, a planet in the Gliese system was found capable of sustaining life.

Researchers believe Gliese 581 d, which orbits a red dwarf 20 light years away, not only

exists in the "Goldilocks zone" where water can be present in liquid form, but is big enough tohave a stable carbon dioxide atmosphere and "warm enough to have oceans, clouds, and

rainfall," according to France's National Centre for Scientific Research. [71]

In December 2011, NASA confirmed that 600-light-year distant Kepler-22b, at 2.4 times

the radius of Earth, is potentially the closest match to Earth in terms of both size and

temperature.

Since 1992, hundreds of planets around other stars ("extrasolar planets" or"exoplanets") in the Milky Way Galaxyhave been discovered. As of January 23, 2012,

the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia listed 728 confirmed extrasolar planets; they range from

the size of terrestrial planets somewhat larger than Earth to gas giants larger than Jupiter.[74]

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g1.Venus

The planet Venus may have had habitable conditions in the past. Carl Sagan, David

Grinspoon and Dirk Schulze-Makuch have put forward theories that microbes could exist in

the stable cloud layers 50 km above the surface based on the premises of hospitable climates

and chemical disequilibrium.

g2.Mars

Life on Mars has been long speculated. Liquid water is widely thought to have existed

on Mars in the past, and there may still be liquid water beneath the surface. The origin of the

potential biosignature ofmethanein Mars atmosphere is unexplained, although abiotic

theories have also been proposed.[78] By July 2008, laboratory tests aboard NASA's PhoenixMars Lander had identified water in a soil sample. The lander's robotic arm delivered the

sample to an instrument which identifies vapours produced by the heating of samples.

Photographs from the Mars Global Surveyorfrom 2006 showed evidence of recent (i.e. within

10 years) flows of a liquid on the Red Planet's frigid surface. There is evidence that the Red

Planet had a warmer and wetter past: dried-up river beds, polar ice caps, volcanoes and

minerals that form in the presence of water have all been found. In 2008, the Phoenix Mars

Lander captured photos of water ice found by scooping the top layer or surface.

For decades, debates have been common and fierce as to whether life existed on our closest

eighboring planet, Mars. Many believed that other beings, Martians, did indeed exist, and

were highly intelligent. Others claimed that there was no proof of this, and that life as we know

it was, in fact, not possible due to the extreme conditions of the Martian environment. In 1976,

NASA sent two landers, Viking I and Viking II, to the surface of Mars to determine if life did

indeed exist. However, when these landers executed their experiments, they showed rather

convincingly that there were no organic compounds above the one part per billion level in the

upper few centimeters of the surface. The landers also reported on the environment of Mars,

with temperatures falling to 120o Fahrenheit (48.9oC) below 0 at night. So, for a while the

debate subsided surrounding the existence of life on Mars.

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g3.Ceres

The (dwarf planetasteroid) Ceres has been the subject of some speculation that life

could have evolved early on Ceres and have survived up to the present. [80] However not

enough is currently known about Ceres to advance theories of life.

g4.Jupiter

Carl Saganand othersin the 1960s and 70s computed conditions for

hypothetical amino acid-based macroscopic life in theatmosphere of Jupiter, based on

observed conditions of this atmosphere. However, the conditions do not appear to permit the

type of encapsulation believed necessary for molecular biochemistry, so life is thought to beunlikely.However some of Jupiter's moons may have habitats to sustain life. Scientists have

suggested that heated subsurface oceans of water may exist deep under the crust of on all

four of the Galilean moonsIo, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. The EJSM/Laplaceis

planned to determine the habitability of these environments. However Europa is seen as the

main target for the discovery of life.

g5.Europa

Subsurface oceans such as the one pictured ofEuropa, could possibly harbour basiclife forms.Jupiter's moon Europa has been subject to speculation of life due to the strong

possibility of liquid water beneath its thick ice layer. Hydrothermal vents on the bottom of the

ocean, if they exist, may warm the ice and could be capable of supporting

multicellularmicroorganisms.It is also possible that Europa could support aerobic macrofauna

using oxygen created by cosmic rays impacting its surface ice.

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g6.Saturn

While Saturn is itself considered inhospitable to life, the planet's natural satellites, Titan

and Enceladus have been speculated to possess possible habitats for life.

g7.Titan

Titan (Largest moon ofSaturn) is the only known moon with a significant atmosphere.

Data from the CassiniHuygensmission refuted the hypothesis of a

global hydrocarbonocean, but later demonstrated the existence ofliquid hydrocarbon lakes in

the polar regionsthe first liquid lakes discovered outside of Earth.Analysis of data from the

mission has uncovered aspects of atmospheric chemistry near the surface which are

consistent withbut do not provethe hypothesis that organisms there are consuming

hydrogen, acetylene and ethane, and producing methane.An alternate explanation for the

hypothetical existence of microbial life on Titan has already been formally proposedtheorizing

that microorganisms could have left Earth when it suffered a

massive asteroid orcometimpact (such as the impact that created Chicxulub crateronly

65 mya), and survived a journey through space to land on Titan.

g8.Enceladus

Enceladus(Moon ofSaturn) has some of the conditions for life including geothermal

activity and water vapor as well as possible under-ice oceans heated by tidal effects. The

Cassini probe detected carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen -- all key elements for

supporting living organisms - during a fly-by through one of Enceladus's geysers spewing ice

and gas in 2005. The temperature and density of the plumes could indicate a warmer, watery

source beneath the surface. Still, no life has been confirmed.

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H.Recent history

h1.The failure of the SETI program to announce an intelligent radio signal after

decades of effort has at least partially dimmed the prevailing optimism of the beginning of the

space age. Notwithstanding, the unproven belief in extraterrestrial beings continues to be

voiced in pseudoscience, conspiracy theories, and in popular folklore, notably "Area 51"

and legends. It has become a pop culture trope given less-than-serious treatment in popular

entertainment with e.g. theALF TV series (19861990), The X-Files (19932002),

etc.The SETI program is not the result of a continuous, dedicated search, but instead utilizes

what resources and manpower it can, when it can. Furthermore, the SETI program only

searches a limited range of frequencies at any one time.In the words of SETI's Frank Drake,

"All we know for sure is that the sky is not littered with powerful microwave transmitters".

[36] Drake noted that it is entirely possible that advanced technology results in communication

being carried out in some way other than conventional radio transmission. At the same time,

the data returned by space probes, and giant strides in detection methods, have allowed

science to begin delineating habitability criteria on other worlds, and to confirm that at

least other planets are plentiful, though aliens remain a question mark. The Wow! signal, from

SETI, remains a speculative debate.In 2000, geologist and paleontologistPeter

Ward and astrobiologistDonald Brownleepublished a book entitled Rare Earth: Why

Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe. In it, they discussed the Rare Earth hypothesis,

in which they claim that Earth-like life is rare in the Universe, while microbial life is common.

Ward and Brownlee are open to the idea of evolution on other planets which is not based on

essential Earth-like characteristics (such as DNA and carbon).The possible existence of

primitive (microbial) life outside of Earth is much less controversial to mainstream scientists,

although, at present, no direct evidence of such life has been found. Indirect evidence has

been offered for the current existence of primitive life on Mars. However, the conclusions thatshould be drawn from such evidence remain in debate.

In September 2010, it was reported that the U.N. General Assembly had appointed Mazlan

Othman as their official extraterrestrial liaison by the UK paperThe Sunday Times.[40] This

claim was later refuted.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_Fourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_proposed_in_religion_and_ufologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALF_(TV_series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Fileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_habitabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ward_(paleontologist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ward_(paleontologist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Brownleehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Brownleehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazlan_Othmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazlan_Othmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_Fourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_proposed_in_religion_and_ufologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALF_(TV_series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Fileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_habitabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ward_(paleontologist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ward_(paleontologist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Brownleehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazlan_Othmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazlan_Othmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life

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Theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking2010 warned that humans should not try to contact

alien life forms. He warned that aliens might pillage Earth for resources. "If aliens visit us, the

outcome would be much as when Columbus landed inAmerica, which didn't turn out well for

the Native Americans," he said.Anthropologist Jared Diamond has expressed similarconcerns. Scientists at NASA and Penn State University published a paper in April 2011

addressing the question "Would contact with extraterrestrials benefit or harm humanity?" The

paper describes positive, negative and neutral scenarios.

Richard Hoover, an astrobiologist at the U.S. Space Flight Center in Alabama, claimed that

filaments and other structures in rare meteorites appear to be microscopic fossils of

extraterrestrial beings that resemble algae known as cyanobacteria objects. Future

telescopes should be able to image planets around nearby stars, which may reveal the

presence of life either directly or through spectrography and would reveal key information,

such as the presence of free oxygenin a planet's atmosphere:

I.Religion

By the way, the unique Earth contains no religious connotations. On the contrary. It has

been the religious argument going back to the Middle Ages--namely, that God "in all His

plentitude" created many "worlds" populated with humans.

The creation worldview is very different, because, as usual, we start with very different

assumptions. We believe that life exists on earth because God created life here, but He first

had to fashion the earth to be a suitable habitation for life. The evolutionist must believe that

life is inevitable wherever conditions are suitable for life, but creationists understand that even

if conditions on another planet could sustain life, life there is not possible--unless God created

life there or permitted life somehow to travel to that planet from earth.

While we cannot prove biblically that God did not create life elsewhere, the strong

implication of Scripture is that He did not. These very different predictions of the special

creation and evolution models mean that the search for life elsewhere amounts to a powerful

test between the two theories of origin.

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The Catholic Church has not made a formal ruling on the existence of

extraterrestrials. However, writing in the Vatican newspaper, the astronomer, FatherJos

Gabriel Funes, director of the Vatican Observatory near Rome, said in 2008 that intelligent

beings created by God could exist in outer space.

J. UFO and Phenomenon Articles

UFOs were also observed in Argentina, Azores, Canada, Chile, Columbia, Ireland, Kuwait.

Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, and the United Kingdom.

j1.Special Reports

Mars South Pole

Dr. Buchli writes, "This pole is over 50 feet tall and is 15 feet in diameter. It is completely

smooth all the way up. Any attempt to zoom in on it increases the interference.

Mars Moon Phobos On March 7th, the European Space Agency's Mars Express

spacecraft performed a flyby of Mars' larger moon, Phobos, and managed to take the most

detailed pictures of the moon's surface to date. The Mars Express orbits Mars and it's

elliptical orbit brings it close to Phobos every five months. The spacecraft was taking images

of a particular area that may be used as a landing site by the Russian Phobos-Grunt

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(meaning 'Phobos-Soil') mission planned for next year. According to Science News, Gerard

Neukum of the Free University of Berlin said that researchers are attempting to discover if

Phobos is a fragile pile of rocky fragments stuck together or solid through and through."

Nibiru Planet X Discussed in India's Parliament

NEW DELHI Have you heard about the monster planet X' heading towards Earth at a

speed of 2,000,000 miles a year and could hit anytime after 2010? India's Members of

Parliament asked the Government of India about the rumors

MPs Rajkumar Dhoot (Shiv Sena) and Naresh Gujral (Shiromani Akali Dal) asked,

"Whether it is a fact that planet X' is heading towards Earth at a speed of 2,000,000

miles a year and may come close or collide with it anytime after 2010 to cause

destruction like earthquake and tsunami?Apart from details, they wanted the governmentto enlighten them whether this had any links with the Mayan civilization calendar and whether

the government was taking any preventive steps. Minister of State for Science and

Technology Prithviraj Chavan's reply was brief: "There is no factual basis for this

(question).Another question put to the Science and Technology Minister by Congress's

Vijay Jawaharlal Darda and Gireesh Kumar Sanghi was, "whether the government is aware

400 planets have been discovered outside the solar system.They wanted the

government to give supporting evidence that life could develop elsewhere in the universe and

wanted to know whether the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) could include

"further pursuance of this syndrome in our forthcoming space projects?

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Moon Bright Blue Aristarchus Crater

This Clementine Satellite image shows a symmetrical dome like structure of

Aristarchus Crater as well as the glow that literally lights up the surrounding area! The overall

effect is that of plasma energy emitting from the dome or at least very bright light. Thanks to

Brian Vike

Illinois T-33 Encounter with UFO

Captain Otto Prochaska PE writes, "In November of 1957, I was base Officer of the

Day at Chanute Air Force Base, Rantoul, Illinois when I heard a very frightened sounding

voice come in over the airways flight control speaker. The pilot stated, "I just had a near mid-

air collision with a UFO and is there any air traffic near me? He indicated he was flying a T-33

jet aircraft near Indianapolis giving his tail number. Immediately, a voice came on an

instructed him to go to guard emergency frequency. This was not the voice of the Chanute

controller that was on duty. The unknown controller requested, speed, position, fuel status

and to report the condition of the aircraft. The controller asked a series of prepared questions

for twenty minutes. The pilot reported during his questioning that he had been approached

directly head-on by a white UFO that flew off his left wing about fifty yards. It dropped back

and appeared off his right wing. It stayed in the area of the T-33 for several minutes before it

exited the area to the SE at extremely high speed. The object was saucer shaped with a

bright light and no obvious means of propulsion. The controller ordered the pilot to divert to

Wright Patterson Air Force Base and to report to a particular building (18). Thanks to Captain

Otto Prochaska.

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j2.Sightings in the United States

California Triangle

SAN JACINTO -- On March 13, 2010, around 12:30 a fast flying object flying about

150 mph passed over my house heading east. It was triangular with two things sticking out of

the front. It had weird writing on the bottom and looked to be flying backwards. It made a lowhumming sound. I had a friend with me he too saw it. It looked to be as big as five cars.

Thanks to MUFON CMS

Colorado Huge Flying Object

Littleton-- I looked up in the sky on March 7, 2010, and saw a very large odd shaped

object low in the sky to the southwest. It was moving slowly south across the street. It could

have been over Lockheed Martin Space Systems, but I couldn't judge the distance perfectly. I

went in the house to get binoculars and it was gone. I got in my car and drove to a point a

block away where I could see it again. I watched it through my binoculars for five more

minutes. It changed shape the whole time I watched it. It was forty feet long and about a mile

away It might have been farther away and bigger. I thought maybe it was a weird balloon or

something twisting and rotating in the wind. But it wasn't anything like a hot air balloon or

aircraft that I have ever seen. I drove to get a closer look and it was suddenly gone, so I doubt

it was a balloon. I didn't see it disappear. Thanks to MUFON CMS

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Florida Flying Objects

NAPLES -- A dozen silver objects were captured near the Gulf of Mexico on March 1,

2010, around noon. A series of photos were taken with the Sony Cybershot 13 megapixels

camera. Numerous other photos were taken within a minute and none show the

objects.SANTA ROSA -- Some strange lights over the Gulf of Mexico Friday night had lots of

people calling News Channel Seven and asking questions. Were they UFO's, airplanes,

helicopters, parachute flares, a military secret, maybe something coming from a Navy Ship?

Whatever the lights were, they caused residents and visitors along the South Walton County

coastline to wonder. News Channel 7's ChiefMeteorologistChris Smith wondered about it too

as you can see in the video attached to this story.

New York Flying Pyramid

PATCHOGUE -- I looked up in the southwestern sky and I saw an object moving slowly

on July 1st, 2007 at 7:25 pm. I thought it was merely a plane, and noticed there was no

sound. At that point I told my dad to look at that object and he thought it was an osprey, blimp

or balloon- it was far away and difficult to tell it's shape. As the object came directly above our

home, we were able to see the pyramid shape very clearly. It looked nearly identical to the

brown pyramid of Giza, except it had a tall antenna with three horizontal bars and two areas

on the side that were indented. At that moment we realized it was a UFO. I mean that it was

not a known craft that I have seen. The craft was flying at a very slow, steady speed in a strait

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line to the northeast. We watched it until we could no longer see it. The craft was flying

maybe 3-4 telephone poles up. We saw this UFO on July 1, 2007 at 7:25 PM, and I attached

a sketch.

BUFFALO -

BUFFALO -- The object in the picture is flying above truck trailers on March 6, 2010, at

12:30 AM. You need to blow it up to get a good look this object. The object was in the sky

near the Buffalo airport for over an hour and seen by four people.Note: The photo was taken

with a Kodak Easy share C180 digital camera. This camera has a maximum resolution of 10.1

mega-pixels. The light in the photo was seen by the witnesses. This is important because

many photos are sent to us whereby the witnesses don't see anything and only notice

anomalies when they later view their photos. The direction of the object is unknown. This

question has been posed to the witness and needs to be answered to properly analyze this

sighting. Skies were clear at the time of the sighting. The moon rose about 10 minutes after

the photo was taken. Mars was visible in the southwest at the time of the photo. William

Puckett,

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North Carolina Pisgah Astronomical Research

Mary Joyce supported by her colleague Evelyn Gordon are making startling

accusations that a New Area 51, a major 30 mile wide Alien and Military base is located in the

mountains of Western North Carolina. Can this be true? In this on going investigation, many

UFOs are seen in the area and enter Wolf Lake. All sorts of sky ships with blue, white, and

gold ones with some pulsing rainbow colors are being seen. There are. The shapes vary, too,but more intriguing things are happening. A spaceman in a maroon body suit abruptly

materialized, a sky ship projected a 30 or 35 foot hologram that remained visible for 20 to 30

minutes and messages from the ships have been dictated word-for-word. With so much

cosmic activity, Mary Joyce and Evelyn Gordon were inspired to launch the Sky Ships over

Cashiers website..

Pennsylvania Disk

Saylorsburg -- The craft hovered above the tree line while dimming and lighting up

red, yellow, green and blue lights underneath it on February 8, 2010, at 6:30 PM. At first Ithought it was a tower that blinks on the mountain but there was no mountain behind it and it

wasn't just flashing red. Thanks to Peter Davenport, Director National UFO Reporting Center

Bethlehem -- On March 9, 2010, the witness spotted a cylindrical shaped craft like a cigarette

with a black vertical stripe in the middle. It was traveling slowly in the westerly direction as I

sat in my car at a red light. It was a bright silver chrome, and it shone in the sun. I had a

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similar sighting on September 19, 2009. My son made a comment about the shape of the

small craft.

j2.Worldwide Sightings

Argentina Flying Object

SUFRIO -- On December 27, 2009, we took photos of our town that was having serious

flooding. Flying above the river was this shiny metallic object. Later, we viewed several photos

and saw them above my home.

Columbia Pyramids by Michael Cohen writes,

"An alien race that traverses the vast distances of space, in all likelihood at faster-

than-light speeds and using star-gates, in giant pyramid or diamond shaped UFOs

seems to be in the process of making contact with humanity.,we reported on theenormous pyramid UFO that was seen and filmed above Xi'an in China. This sighting

attracted the attention of UFO researchers worldwide. A similar or the same UFO has been

filmed in Colombia with a large UFO circled by a smaller craft. The event took place on March

9, 2010,

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Most UFO researchers conclude that the various pyramid UFOs seen recently

above various cities across the globe are connected. Most UFO researchers suspect that

world governments are hiding what they know about alien and UFO visitation from the general

public. These displays indicate the aliens are about to make their presence known to us.Thanks to Michael Cohen

Japan Strange UFO

A friend of mine took these pictures recently near the Akashiro Shinto Shrine in Gunma

Prefecture Japan. She is not the sort of person who would fake a picture, nor would she lie to

me. Exclusive to Rense.com dated February 15, 2010, Benjamin Fulford

New Zealand Disc

AUCKLAND -- I captured two photos of the simple critter' recently on 5 and 9, March 2010,

at 3 PM. The photo shows a ufo in complex blurry shape, hanging above my roof. This is the

third time I captured the same kind of image.

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Philippines Flying Object

On March 8, 2010, at 5:30 PM, while waiting for my daughter I was awestruck as I looked up

the sky and saw this cloud formation and a beautiful ring like structure. My daughter

described it as looking like a flower. Therefore, I had to take a photo of it. However,

frustratingly my Nokia X 3 Phone had a crappy 3.2 megapixel camera. I took the shot, but I

did not expect too much. Too my amazement, I noticed the dark object, that my have been a

flying bat.

UK/EnglandNorfolk -- This UFO was photographed over a 19th Century windmill

recently, causing a little stir whether it was a man-made craft or an alien ship.Photographer

Peter Rye was photographing Denver Mill in Downham Market at night late last month and

afterwards discovered the bizarre green object in the sky. He was taking long-exposure

pictures on a tripod of the historic 1853 landmark that is illuminated nightly.Rye told the British

press that he did not hear or see anything unusual while taking the photographs until he went

home to King's Lynn. The green light was visible on some of his pictures but not all of them

indicating that it was not an object on his lens, and it seemed to have traveled from right to

left. The mill is 30 miles from a RAF base, lending speculation it might have been a military

craft.

.

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III.CONCLUSIONS

For a long time, evolutionists thought that life on earth first evolved in warm, very

hospitable pools and then colonized more difficult environments. Now many evolutioniststhink that life began at the margins, in very hostile locations, and then migrated the other

direction to better locations.

Much of the motivation for this complete reversal in thinking stems from the need to

find life elsewhere. The creationists,believe that life exists on earth because God created life

here, but He first had to fashion the earth to be a suitable habitation for life.Creationists

understand that even if conditions on another planet could sustain life, life there is not

possible--unless God created life there or permitted life somehow to travel to that planet fromearth.

While we cannot prove biblically that God did not create life elsewhere, the strong

implication of Scripture is that He did not. These very different predictions of the special

creation and evolution models mean that the search for life elsewhere amounts to a powerful

test between the two theories of origin. creationists ought to welcome the search for

extraterrestrial life. They are confident that the experiments will continue to produce null

results that verify their theory of origin while disproving the evolutionary theory of origin.

Evolutionists say that, The evolutionist must believe that life is inevitable wherever

conditions are suitable for life, they believe that we are indeed one of billions of intelligent

societies in the universe, and that although each has a chance to continue "growing up"

through evolution, toward God-likeness, it is only an infinitesimal chance, given how easily life

can be destroyed, or destroy itself. Nevertheless, some society may grow up. Given the

miracle of our current lives, the further miracle of becoming such a grown-up society is still a

real if infinitesimally small possibility for us. Their guess may as good as a scientist's guess,given the lack of any other known civilizations, and even as good as an authority in some

religion, given the diversity of authorities and religions.So, they think we have a chance to

evolve to God-likeness? We have plenty of time before our sun makes earth uninhabitable,

and even more before the universe collapses into the "big crunch", or expands forever.

If neither we nor nature introduce radical mutations, we may continue to evolve

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C.Selected Articles

"Hydrothermal Systems: Their Varieties, Dynamics, and Suitability for Prebiotic

Chemistry"; Holm, N.G. and Hennel, R.J.-C.; Origins of Life and Evolution of the

Biosphere, Vol. 22, 1992

"In the Beginning"; Horgan, J.; Scientific American, Feb. 1991

"On the Early Chemical History of the Earth and the Origin of Life"; Urey, H.C.;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,Vol. 38, 1952

"The Origin of Life in the Solar System: Current Issues"; Chyba, C.F. and McDonald,

G.D.; Annual Review of Earth Planetary Science, 1995

D.Websites

http://www.google.com/

http://www.yahoo.com/

http://www.wikipedia.com/

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