The Transformation of Japan
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Transcript of The Transformation of Japan
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The Transformation of Japan
1750-1914
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The Tokugawa Shogunate
• 1603-1867• Military governors of Japan• Centralized feudalism• Balanced bureaucracy and samurai
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From Tokugawa to Meiji
• Crisis and reform in early 19th C– Crisis: crop failure, high taxes, rising rice
pricesprotests and rebellions– Bakufu tried conservative reforms, resisted
• Stressed Japanese culture• Kept abreast of Western science & technology• Some commercial growth, but rural protests
– Shortages of funds led to reform movements• Weakened the shogunate• Made Japan vulnerable to external threats
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From Tokugawa to Meiji
• Foreign pressure to end closed door policy– 1844, British, French, US requests for entry
rebuffed• They had demanded for open trade
– 1853, Commodore Perry shows up in Tokyo Bay– Japan forced to accept unequal treaties w/ US &
the West– 1856 western consuls & open ports– Shogunate (bowed to the west) vs. Dimyos
(maintain isolation)both appealed to the emperor
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From Tokugawa to Meiji
• The end of Tokugawa rule followed these humiliations– Widespread opposition to shogun rule– Dissidents rally around emperor in Kyoto
• “Restoration” of the emperor
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The Meiji Restoration
• Meiji Restoration, 1868– After brief civil war,
armies defeated by dissident militia
• Samurai class defeats shogun & restores “imperial” rule
– Boy emperor Mutsuhito, or Meiji, regained authority
– End of nearly 7 centuries of military rule
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Meiji Reforms
• Welcomed foreign enterprise– Fukuzawa Yukichi studied western constitutions
and education– Ito Hirbumi helped build Japanese constitutional
government
• Abolition of the feudal order– Daimyo and samurai lost status & privilegesgov’t
took over payments to the samurai– Districts restructured to break up feudal domains
(no more daimyos)– New conscript army ended samurai power
• Rebelled in 1877, but lost
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Meiji Reforms
• Revamping the tax system– Converted grain taxes into a fixed monetary
tax; more reliable state income– Assessed taxes on potential of arable land
• Constitutional government, the “gift” to the people, 1889– Emperor remained supreme limiting the rights
of the people– Less than 5% of adult males could vote– The Diet was an opportunity for debate and
dissent
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Meiji Reforms
• Remodeling the economy and infrastructure– Transportation: RR, telegraph, steamships– Education: universal primary &
secondary; competitive universities– Industry: privately owned, government
controlled arms industry– Zaibatsu: powerful financial cliques– 1894—new nobility class formed; civil
service exams issued
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Meiji Reforms
• Costs of economic development born by Japanese people– Land tax costs peasants 40%-50% of crop
yield, provided 90% of state revenue– Peasant uprisings crushed– Labor movement crushed; Meiji law treated
unions & strikes as criminal
• Industrial power in a single generation– Ended unequal treaties in 1899– Defeated China in 1895 and Russia in 1904
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Industrial Revolution in Japan
• Military reforms to modernize army• Lack of capital led to industrialization• Ministry of industryeconomic
development• Factories to develop new
technologies• Introduction of private enterprise• Selling manufactured goods abroad
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Imperial Japan
• Resented the unequal treaties of 1860s, vowed to become imperial power
• Early expansion to nearby islands– 1870s, to the north: Hokkaido, Kurile islands– 1879, to the south: Okinawa and Ryuku islands
• Bought British warships, built up navy, established military academies– 1876, imposed unequal treaties on Korea at
gunpoint– Made plans to invade Japan
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Imperial Japan
• The Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)– Rebellion in Korea: Chinese army sent to
restore order, reassert authority– Meiji leaders declared war against
China, demolished Chinese fleet– China forced to cede Korea, Taiwan,
Pescadores Islands, Liaodong peninsula
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Imperial Japan
• The Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)– Russia also wanted Liaodong peninsula,
Korea, Manchuria– Japanese navy destroyed local Russian
forces; Baltic fleet sent as reinforcements
– Japan is now a major imperial power
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Imperialism in China and Japan
• 1600s-1700s—policy of isolation from West. Foreign powers only allowed in 1 trade city
• mid-1800s—after winning Opium War, Britain forced China to sign unequal treaties, opening more ports to trade. Other nations demand trade
• 1860s—Britain & France force trade concessions; spheres of influence
• 1880s-1890s—Open Door Policy, US trading rights; Boxer Rebellion
• Early 1900s—Qing dynasty fell during Nationalist Revolution
• 1600s-1700s—policy of isolation from West. Only 1 European trading ship allowed per year
• mid-1800s—1853, unequal treaties w/ American warships in Tokyo Bay
• 1860s—In 1868, Japan started modernization, imitating Western technology & reorganizing army & navy on Western models
• Early 1900s—Japan signed 10-yr treaty of alliance w/ Britain. 1904-1905, won Russo-Japanese War, taking over Manchuria & Korea. Now an imperialistic country.
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Map with prefectures