The Trait Theory. What is the trait approach to personality? A trait The typical way a person...
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The Trait Theory
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What is the trait approach to personality?
• A trait The typical way a person perceives, feels, believes or acts.
• Example: introverted, thinker, feeler, uptight• The trait approach says a personality is the
sum of all the traits.• Problem: traits are situational, not permanent.
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What is Myers-Briggs personality type?
• There are 16 different personality types.
• Example: ESFJ – Extroverted, Sensor, Feeler, Judger
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• Virtually all trait models, and even ancient Greek philosophy, include extraversion vs. introversion as a central dimension of human personality. Another prominent trait that is found in nearly all models is Neuroticism, or emotional instability.
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Five Factor Model (modern)
• Tests our personality by measuring a person’s level of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability-instability, and openness to experience.
• Similar to the Meyers-Briggs.• Are 5 traits enough?
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Extraversion: This trait includes characteristics such as excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressiveness.
Agreeableness: This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors.
Conscientiousness: Common features of this dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors. Those high in conscientiousness tend to be organized and mindful of details.
Neuroticism: Individuals high in this trait tend to experience emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, and sadness.
Openness: This trait features characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests.
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The MMPI
• The most common test today is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
• Assesses “abnormal” personality tendencies rather than traits
• Empircally derived – meaning the creators selected the items that differentiate one person from another (they tested a lot of question items and use the most discriminatory – in a good way -- items)
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Hippocrates
• Believed our personality is based on 4 “humours” or bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, cholera, black bile)
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Testing the Traits
• Self-report tests are questionnaires. Used by humanists and others. Used more commonly than projective. They rely on honesty. Ex: Five factor, MMPI, like the Myers-Briggs.