““The Times they are The Times they are a-changin’.” Bob a-changin’.” Bob

DylanDylan

““The Times they are The Times they are a-changin’.” Bob a-changin’.” Bob

DylanDylan1960s: An Era of Social Change1960s: An Era of Social Change

Vickie LooserVickie Looser

’60s: An Era of Social Change

• Latinos fight for change• Native Americans struggle for equality• African-Americans lead the civil rights

movement• Women’s movement pushes for equality• Rebellious youth embrace counterculture• Counterculture impacts fashion, fine

arts, and social attitudes

Latinos Fight for Change

• Large, diverse group of Spanish-speaking Americans

• 9 million by 1970• Encounter ethnic

prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing

• Live in segregated barrios or neighborhoods.

• 50% higher rate of poverty and joblessness than whites

empaz.org/marcelo/ images/latinos.JPG

Latinos demand Respect

• Cesar Chavez led United Farm Workers Movement to improve pay and working conditions for farm workers

• “Brown power” movements increase cultural pride

• Bilingual Education of 1968 funds bilingual and cultural heritage programs

• Young Mexicans adopt Chicano as symbol of ethnic pride

• Organize politically

usinfo.state.gov/usa/ civilrights/a0423003.htm www.ufw.org/ cecchronsp.htm

Native Americans Unite• Poorest Americans• Highest

unemployment rate• Health Problems:

tuberculosis, alcoholism

• Termination policies to assimilate fail in 1950s

• Protesters demand reform

www.fcvb.org/ html/npeople.html

African-Americans fight Jim Crow System

• Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement• 1950s: Fight against segregation • Brown v. Topeka Board of Education

orders segregation in public schools, no longer “separate but equal” doctrine

• Resistance in Southern states: de jure segregation

• 1957 crisis in Little Rock to oppose integration of Central High School

Civil Rights 1950s • 1954: Montgomery

Bus Boycott Begun by Rosa Parks

• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped to lead the Montgomery movement

www.africanamericans.com/IHaveADream.htm

Civil Rights 1960s• 1960 Sit-ins at

segregated lunch counters

• Freedom riders attacked in Anniston, Alabama

• Integration of college campuses

• Birmingham’s Children’s Crusades for racial justice

• President Kennedy uses federal troops to force desegregation of U of AL

• Medgar Evars killed in Mississippieducation.ua.edu/civilrights/

tuscaloosa/album.html

“I Have a Dream”• 1963 March on Washington• King’s speech appealed for peace and

racial harmony• President Kennedy assassinated,

President Johnson endorsed Civil Rights Bill

• Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevented discrimination to all areas of public accommodations

Freedom Summer, 1964

• SNCC organized voter registration project

• Selma-to-Montgomery march to promote voting rights movement

• Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated the literacy test

www.southernregion.fs.fed.us/.../info-mac-projects.htm

Changes in the Civil Rights Movement

• Northern de facto segregation resulted in urban violence

• Race riots in Harlem, Watts• Demands for economic equality of

opportunity in jobs, housing, and education

• LBJ promotes his War on Poverty to establish his Great Society Program

New Voices in Civil Rights

• Malcolm X and Black Muslims promote Black Pride

• “Ballots or bullets” became new slogan

• Broke with Nation of Islam and Elijah Muhammad

• Preached black superiority and separation from whites

• Assassinated in 1965 www.krref.krefeld.schulen.net/referate/englisch/r0439t00.htm

Radicalism in Civil Rights

• Black Panthers organized in 1966 to fight police brutality

• Advocated taking control of communities in which Blacks lived, full employment, and decent housing

• Adopted Mao Zedong’s slogan “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”

• Feared by whites who objected to revolutionary rhetoric

www.congregationofcoolkids.com/greenlantern.htm

1968: Turning Point in Civil Rights

• Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated in Memphis in April

• Urban rioting in major cities• Kerner Commission stated major cause

of urban rioting to be white racism• Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned

discrimination in housing

Civil Rights Gains by 1970

• 24th Amendment banned Poll Tax• African-Americans expressed greater pride in

their racial identity• More African Americans in movies, television

shows, and commercials• 2/3 of African Americans registered to vote• Increase in African Americans holding elected

office• Affirmative action programs promoted hiring

of groups who suffered discrimination in the past

Women Fight for Equality

• Feminism promoted economic, political, and social equality with men

• 1961 Presidential Commission reported wage discrimination in the workplace

• Women inspired by civil rights and antiwar movements

• Women shared in “consciousness-raising” sessions

www.bol.ucla.edu/~aferrara/Women.htm

The Feminine Mystique• Betty Friedan’s

book exposed discontent of U. S. women

• Women’s Liberation movement achieved political and social gains for women www.ktg-minden.de/msrap2000/

fp60iger.htm

NOW opposed sex discrimination

• Urged creation of more child care facilities and improved educational opportunities for women

• Pressured EEOC to enforce ban on gender discrimination in hiring

• Staged protest at Miss America pageant

• Gloria Steinem founded National Women’s Political Caucus to encourage women to seek political office

• 1972 Ban on gender discrimination in higher educationwww.now.org/cgi-bin/store/

MS-NR.html

Roe v. Wade, 1973• Supreme Court

ruled women had the right to choose an abortion in first three months of pregnancy

• Americans divided over abortion issue

www.ajc.com/living/content/living/special/roewade

Equal Rights Amendment

• Guaranteed “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”

• Sparked fierce opposition • Phyllis Schlafly led Stop-ERA campaign• Ratified by 35 states, but needed 38• Failed in ratification movement that

ended in 1982

www.sd4history.com/Unit9/era.htm

Gains by Women’s Movement

• Opened up new opportunities for American women

• Created new opportunities in education, employment, and politics

• Women viewed their jobs as lifetime careers

• “Glass ceiling” recognized as an invisible, but real resistance to promoting women into top positions

www.cvhs.com/tgarrity/.../CR32003/Cacalicr3/page%205.htm

“Tune in, turn on, drop out.”—Timothy Leary

• Youth embrace Counterculture

• Hippies criticize American materialism, technology, and war

• Many chose to protest by leaving society to live in communeswww.stedwards.edu/science/yohanan/.../photographs.html

Age of Aquarius• Desire an idyllic

setting of peace, love and harmony

• Embrace rock ‘n’ roll music, outrageous clothes, and liberal use of drugs

• Experiment with marijuana and LSD (acid)

www.stewartfamilykeepsakes.com/Photos.html

“Do your own thing.”• Hippies rejected the

establishment by wearing outrageous clothes

• Long hair and beards for men

• Ragged jeans, tie-dyed T-shirts, and surplus military garments

• Beads and Native American ornaments

www.jeffbickford.com/halloween/1998/default.htm

Hippies adopt communal lifestlyes

• Reject conventional home life

• Adopt group living arrangements

• Live together in cooperation and harmony

• Escape to rural communes or crowd together in urban “crash pads”

• Hippie Capital—Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco www.strangeroad.com/bucyrus/

Haight-Ashbury.htm

Lifestyle turns to violence and disillusioment

• Youths embrace new and different religious experiences• Zen Buddhism offered enlightenment though meditation, self-

contemplaation, and intuition• Spiritual guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi of India influenced many

to embrace transcendental meditation• Communities change to violence and disillusionment• Charles Manson and his “family” kill 5 in Hollywood• Widespread use of drugs led to overdoses, drug dependence,

and mental and physical breakdowns• Rock singer Janis Joplin and guitarist Jimi Hendrix died of drug

overdoses • Hippies ran out of resources to support themselves and turn

to panhandling, welfare, and food stamps

A Changing Culture• Andy Warhol led rise

of pop art• Bright silk-screen

portraits of soup cans, Marilyn Monroe and other icons of mass culture

• New art built around popular culture

www.brinkmann-literatur.de/Pop-Art3.html www.artist-studio-phuket.com/.../pop-andy-warhol-

campbells-soup

New Fashions

• Longer hair, beards, mustaches for men

• Colorful and comfortable clothes for women

• Blue jeans become wardrobe staple for everyone

www.backwardglances.com/groovyGear.htm www.partypants.fsnet.co.uk/

fd_70smale.htm

British Invasion by the Beatles

• Rock ‘n’ roll developed from African-American rhythm and blues music

• Captivated the teenagers of the 1950s but evolved

• Led by the popularity of The Beatles• Inspired numerous other bands

Woodstock Art and Music Fair

• August, 1969 in upstate New York

• Free music festival for 3 days and nights

• 400,000 show up for “Human Be-in”

• Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Joe Cocker, Joan Baez, the Grateful Dead, and Jefferson Airplane appeared on stage

www.sea.fi/esitykset/syksy98/musiikki.html

Changing Social Attitudes

• Sexual Revolution: view sexual behavior and human relationships more casually

• Mass culture openly address former taboo subjects

• Divorce rate doubled• Homosexual organizations openly fight for

equal rights• Hollywood produces more sexually explicit

films results in rating system for movies

Changes spawn conservative backlash

• Casual and permissive social behavior condemned by many

• Counterculture and antiwar movement perceived as promoting lawlessness and chaos

• Conservative backlash helped to elect Richard Nixon

Bibliography• Danzer, Gerald A. et al. The

Americans: Reconstruction through the 20th Century. Dallas: McDougal Little, 1999.

• Pictures retrieved from Google.com/Images

1960s: An era of 1960s: An era of changechange

1960s: An era of 1960s: An era of changechange

Vickie LooserVickie LooserSummer, 2004Summer, 2004