The threats of lesbianism in early modern Europe

8/17/2019 The threats of lesbianism in early modern Europe

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Nygbm Emrrbsho (91=;)

Semt dbog hl terkmt gbg nksibmobs` phsk bo tek kmrny `hgkro pkrbhg8

Crkchrbh Nöpk! m "pmobse #$rbst %rbtboc bo tek sb&tkkote 'kot$ry! p$ts pko th pmpkr th 'nmb`

*k`mnk eh`hsk&$mns mrk nkss hl m terkmt temo `mnk eh`hsk&$mns+,= Nöpk %rbtks ebs hpbobho mltkr

tek -hrt$c$ksk "$prk`k .h$rt 'nmrblbkg tekbr =;9/ pmpmn irbkl ho tek p$obse`kot lhr lk`mnk

sm`ksk& rknmtbhosebps+ .krtmbony! `moy ebsthrbmos tkog th mcrkk %bte s$'e mo hpbobho! %bte `moy

pnmy%rbcets $sboc tek ohtbho hl nksibmobs` ms m e$`h$rh$s gkb'k bo tekbr %hrds+9 kspbtk tebs!

eh%kkr! tekrk bs pnkoty hl kbgko'k th s$cckst temt eh`hsk&$mn lk`mnk rknmtbhosebps phskg #$st

ms sbcoblb'mot hl m terkmt th kmrny `hgkro 6$rhpkmo sh'bkty ms tekbr `mnk 'h$otkrpmrts+ 7ogkkg!

rk'hrgs seh% temt tek bss$k %ms tmdko skrbh$sny koh$ce temt %h`ko 'h$ng ik mog bo sh`k 'msks

%krk k&k'$tkg lhr tekbr sk&$mn ikembh$r+ ek $r sh$n bs kockogkrkg bo s$'e m 'hogbtbho temt! 'hotmbokg bo mo

kmrteny ihgy! bt bs bo'nbokg th prh'rkmtk,+2 Sbte teksk %hrgs! ek prkskots tek bgkm temt rkprhg$'tbho

bs bostbo'tbk m imsb' e$`mo okkg+ 0og! %ebnk tek php$nmtbho %ms stkmgbny bo'rkmsboc g$rboc tek

lbltkkote 'kot$ry ho%mrgs! tek rmtk hl bo'rkmsk %ms snh% mog hltko ln$'t$mtkg+ : *bttboc %bte

*b'boh,s stmtk`kot! 7mo 4m'nkmo gks'rbikg m sh'bkty %ekrk moy sk& htekr temo lhr rkprhg$'tbk

= *rmo'hbs "hykr! M`ibcuhus Ckogkr bo Kmrny @hgkro Vpmbo mog Qhrtucmn: Boqubsbthrs, Ghfthrs mog tekWrmoscrkssbho h Ckogkr !hr`s (Nkbgko 5rbnn! 9119)! p+ :9

9 ?$ghnl 4+ kddkr! Wek Wrmgbtbho h "k`mnk Wrmos#kstbtbs` bo Kmrny @hgkro Kurhpk (Nhogho 4m'`bnnmo! =A)

2 .nk`kot "mnm`mo! 6'ehks hl 6cypt bo Ekr`ks mog *b'boh,! kg+ 4b'emkn M+ 5+ 0nnko mog Imnkry ?kks! @mrsbnbh "bfboh: $bs Wekhnhcy, $bs Qebnhshpey, $bs %kcmfy (Nkbgko 5rbnn! 9119)! p+ ==;

: -mhnh 4mnmob`m! 6okrcy mog -hp$nmtbho bo 6$rhpk ek 4kgbkmn Crh%te (=1te F =:te .kot$rbks), (91=1)! p+ ;

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2/10


p$rphsks ms m %mstk hl `mnk skkg,+; 7o tebs %my! nksibmobs` ik'm`k m terkmt th kmrny `hgkro

sh'bkty ik'm$sk eh`hsk&$mn rknmtbhosebps %krk oht 'hotrbi$tboc th i$bngboc tek 'hotbokot,s

php$nmtbho im'd $p+

h bk% tebocs `hrk irhmgny! teh$ce! tek bgkm hl nksibmobs` 'hotrmgb'tboc php$nmtbho crh%te

`$st ik trm'kg im'd th rhhts+ 7o sehrt! bt %ms `mbony tek ektkrhsk&$mn `mrrbmcks bo 6$rhpk temt

%krk ikebog tek stkmgy bo'rkmsk hl php$nmtbho g$rboc tek `kgbkmn pkrbhg+ 7l nksibmobs`

terkmtkokg php$nmtbho! bt terkmtkokg mog $ogkr`bokg `mrrbmck ho mo k


3/10


'emnnkock mo kstminbsekg sh'bmn str$'t$rk bo mo mnrkmgy lrmcbnk tb`k %ms m kry rkmn terkmt th `moy+

Nyogmn ?hpkr s$`s tebs $p ob'kny! %rbtboc 7o `mrrbmck! kg$'mtbho! phnbtb's mog rknbcbho! tek

sb&tkkote 'kot$ry ghks bogkkg skk` th ik tek 'r$'bink hl m stmink pmtrbmr'emn sh'bkty,+A

7t %ms oht #$st pmtrbmr'ey temt mppkmrkg th ik mo kstminbsekg hrgkr! eh%kkr+ Nksibmobs` mog

sm`ksk& rknmtbhosebps skk`bocny phskg m terkmt hoth tek iknbkls hl `homr'ey! thh+ 7o 6ocnmog!

Ekory I777 pmsskg nm%s th try th prkkot shgh`y bo =;22 mog! nmtkr bo =:2! .emrnks 7 mttk`ptkg

th imo 'rhssgrkssboc! stmtboc oh nmgy seh$ng ik ho tek imttnklbkng,+ ek 5$cckry 0't hl =;22!

%eb'e hrbcbomtkg bo tek Eh$sk hl Nhrgs! stmtkg temt shgh`y %ms gktkstmink mog mih`bomink Ib'k

hl 5$cckry 'h``bttkg %bte `modbog hr ikmst,! mog temt trbmns %h$ng oht ik cbko tek ikoklbt hl

'nkrcyG bl lh$og c$bnty! hllkogkrs %h$ng lm'k 'mpbtmn p$obse`kot hr gkmte+ ek b`phrtmo'k hl tebs

0't 'h`ks %bte tek lm't temt Ekory I777,s rkbco `mgk shgh`y m lknhoy! %ekrk prkbh$sny bt emg

hony ikko rkcmrgkg ms mo k''nksbmstb'mn 'rb`k sbo'k kmrny tb`ks+ 7l tek boc iknbkkg temt sm`ksk&

rknmtbhosebps %krk m skrbh$s koh$ce bss$k th prhebibt tek` 'h`pnktkny! teko bt seh$ng ik

'hosbgkrkg temt nksibmobs` phskg m skrbh$s terkmt th sh'bkty bo tek kmrny `hgkro pkrbhgG m `homr'e

%ms skko th emk mo mn`hst h`obphtkot doh%nkgck! mog tekbr iknbkls %krk tmdko kry skrbh$sny iy

tekbr pkhpnk+ 5y terkmtkoboc tek iknbkl hl tekbr boc! nksibmobs` %ms te$s bk%kg iy `moy 'btbkos

ms gmockrh$s! ms Mkooy 5#Brdnmog k&pnmbos bo ekr k&m`bomtbho hl kmrny `hgkro "%kgbse nbtkrmt$rk

J7o )#boohcmttkoD! nksibmobs` bo ckokrmn bs terkmtkoboc mog gmockrh$sL tek eh`hsk&$mn bo'bgkot

JtemtD bohnkg boc C$stm IL emg m `kssy kogbocL eh`hsk&$mnbty 'm`k th ik skko ms m

terkmt th sh'bkty+=1

Kht hony tebs! i$t bo tek kyks hl omt$rk! tekrk %ms ksskotbmnny nbttnk phbot th sm`ksk&

'h$pnks! ms teky gbg oht 'hotrbi$tk th tek crkmtkr chhg hl 6$rhpkmo php$nmtbho bo'rkmsk+ == e$s!

A Nyogmn ?hpkr! *kgbpus mog tek Gk#bn: (btfefrmt, Vk+umnbty mog 'knbcbho bo Kmrny @hgkro Kurhpk (Nhogho?h$tnkgck! =:)! p+ 2

mbg .nmrd! M rbk Cubgk th rbtbse mttnkbkngs (Nhogho Em'ekttk! 91=;)! p+ 9

=1 Mkooy 5#Brdn$og! %ksibmobs` bo V-kgbse %btkrmturk: Mo M`ibcuhus Mmbr (Nhogho -mncrmk 4m'`bnnmo! 91=:)! pp+ /1 F /=

== ?ymo 0kot! Crh%te bs Chhg,! Wek Kfhoh`bst (Smseboctho! 91=1)

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4/10


%h`ko emg th lbog mntkromtbk %mys th `mrry! %eb'e nkg th bo'rkmskg 'msks hl 'rhssgrkssboc+ 0s

Ik` mog 5hoobk 5$nnh$ce %rbtk .rhss grkssboc mog b`pkrshomtbhoL %ms mo bo'rkmsbocny

b`phrtmot tek`k bo tek sb&tkkote mog skkotkkote 'kot$rbks,! bt ik'm`k b`phrtmot th %h`ko %eh

%h$ng try th lhhn `bobstkrs both tebod teky %krk $oblyboc m ektkrhsk&$mn 'h$pnk+ =9 ekrk mrk

'krtmbony `moy 'msks hl %h`ko `mrryboc hl %h`ko! i$t th lbog m 'msk bo %eb'e ihte %h`ko

%krk bogkkg m'tboc ms %h`ko bs rkmshominy rmrk+ ek iktrmymn hl ehoksty temt `mrryboc terh$ce

tek `ktehg hl 'rhssgrkssboc prkskotkg %ms! iy nm%! m rkmsho th trbmn m %h`mo+ ebs bs rkprkskotkg

iy tek 'msk hl .mtemrbom Nbo'd mog .mtemrbok 4$enemeo bo "m&hoy! bo =/9=+ Nbo'd nbkg ms m ̀ mnk

mog! gkspbtk lbogboc h$t kkot$mnny temt ekr e$simog %ms bo lm't m %h`mo! 4$en`meo rks$`kg

sk&$mn rknmtbhos %bte Nbo'd+ 7t %ms hony mltkr ikboc h$tkg iy 4$enemeo,s `htekr temt tek 'h$pnk

%krk prhsk'$tkg+ Nbo'd %ms ikekmgkg mog ekr ihgy i$rokgG 4$enemeo %ms skotko'kg th terkk

ykmrs, b`prbsho`kot mog teko imobse`kot+=2 *rh` tebs! bt `$st mnsh ik ohtkg temt bt bs oht #$st

sh'bkty temt %ms terkmtkokg iy nksibmobs`+ 7ogbbg$mn nbks %krk mnsh mllk'tkg hr! bogkkg! kogkg iy

sm`ksk& rknmtbhosebps+ ek `mrrbmck hl t%h %h`ko bo %eb'e m lk`mnk e$simog %ms bohnkg p$t

ihte pmrtbks mt rbsd+ "hgh`y nm%s pmsskg bo "pmbo bo =:A:! Ckr`moy bo =;29 mog 6ocnmog bo =;22

`kmot temt m nksibmo 'h$pnk %eh emg pkoktrmtbk sk& %bte mo bostr$`kot hl moy dbog 'h$ng ik

skotko'kg th 'mpbtmn p$obse`kot hr! bo %hrst 'msks! th gkmte+ 7t %ms oht ms bl %h`ko %krk oht

m%mrk hl tebs kbtekr! ms 0ook Nbstkr %rbtks hl eh% sek ebgks ekr i$rgkosh`k sk&$mnbty bo ekr

#h$romn bo M$ok =A9: Semt m 'h`lhrt bs tebs #h$romn+ 7 tknn `ysknl th `ysknl terh% tek i$rgko

ho `y ihhd lkkn rknbkkg+,=: 7ogkkg! %bte tek phtkotbmn gkmte pkomnty lhr moyhok lh$og c$bnty hl

tek mlhrk`kotbhokg 'rb`k! bt bs oht $orkmshomink th mrc$k temt nksibmobs` m't$mnny phskg m terkmt

th tehsk %eh kocmckg bo bt! %ektekr doh%bocny hr oht+ ek brhoy temt nksibmobs` m't$mnny

=95hoobk 5$nnh$ce mog Ik̀ 5$nnh$ce! &rhssgrkssboc, Vk+ mog Ckogkr (-ebnmgknpebm 3obkrsbty hl -koosynmobm-rkss! =2)! p+ /:

=2 ?b'thr Khrtho! Qmrmgbc`s h Vm`k.Vk+ @mrrbmck bo tek %hoc Kbcetkkote &kotury (.motkri$ry 3obkrsbty hl kot-rkss! 91==)! p+ =

=: bmry kotry hl 0ook Nbstkr! kg+ Eknkom Sebtirkmg! Wek Vkfrkt Gbmrbks h @bss Mook %bstkr (Nhogho Em'ekttk!91=1)! p+ 91

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5/10


terkmtkokg tehsk %eh %motkg th k&kr'bsk bt bs pkremps m s$pkrlb'bmn mrc$`kot! i$t ohokteknkss! bt

rkprkskots m gbllkrkot gb`kosbho lrh` tek terkmt ho sh'bkty temt ems ikko hiskrkg te$s lmr+

Semt `$st ik mggrksskg! eh%kkr! bs tek prk'bsk gklbobtbho hl tek %hrg terkmt,+ 7ogkkg! th

$sk tek tkr` thh nhhskny! mog %bteh$t 'hotk&t$mnbsboc! bs th rbsd hkrnhhdboc m sbcoblb'mot phbot

mih$t k&m'tny %ey %h`ko kocmckg bo eh`hsk&$mn rknmtbhosebps+ 7t bs tr$k temt `moy `ko lkmrkg

tek $s$rpboc hl tekbr `mnk prbbnkcks iy %h`ko mog! tekrklhrk! 'hosbgkrkg nksibmobs` m terkmt! ms

4mrcmrkt E$ot stmtks ob'kny Sh`koL gkimtkg tek nkcbtb`m'y hl `mnk ph%krL %h`ko J%krkD

ehspbtmink th mttk`pts th $s$rp `mnk prkrhcmtbks! %ektekr sk&$mn hr htekr%bsk,+ =; Eh%kkr! bt `$st

ik ohtkg temt tek tkr` terkmt, 'mo ik bk%kg ms m sh'bmn 'hostr$'tbho+ emt bs th smy! tek phssbink

terkmt phskg iy %h`ko bo sm`ksk& rknmtbhosebps! hr %h`ko temt nbkg thcktekr! 'mo ik skko ms

$o#$stblbkg mog s$pkrlb'bmn+ 7t bs %ehnny phssbink temt tek bgkm hl %h`ko kocmcboc bo eh`hsk&$mn

rknmtbhosebps ik'm$sk hl m cko$bok nhk! `$t$mn rkspk't hr! 'krtmbony! rkmshos htekr temo th spbtk hr

$s$rp `ko! %ms gbsrkcmrgkg+ 7ogkkg! M$gbte 5rh%o %rbtks 6$rhpkmos emg nhoc lh$og bt gbllb'$nt

th m''kpt temt %h`ko 'h$ng ik mttrm'tkg th htekr %h`ko,+= 7l tehsk g$rboc tek pkrbhg gbg mog

'h$ng oht bk% nksibmo 'h$pnks ms m nhboc $obt! tek ohtbho hl `ko bk%boc nksibmo rknmtbhosebps

ms m terkmt 'mo ik mrc$kg th ik m prhg$'t hl tekbr h%o `mdboc+ 7l tebs bs tek 'msk! teko tek gkimtk

s$rrh$ogboc tek terkmts hl nksibmobs` 'mo ik rkogkrkg bomnbgG bl `mnk lkmrs %krk $o#$stblbkg teko

bt %h$ng oht ik $orkmshomink th smy temt nksibmobs`! 'krtmbony bo tkr`s hl `mnk prbbnkcks mog

sh'bmn ebkrmr'ey! gbg oht phsk m terkmt bo tek kmrny `hgkro pkrbhg+

ek bk%boc hl nksibmo 'h$pnks ms m nhboc $obt mnsh phsks tek mrc$`kot hl tek `hrmnbty hl

nksibmobs`+ 7ogkkg! bt bs kmsy th skk sm`ksk& 'h$pnks ms terkmtkoboc th sh'bkty %eko hony tek

phnbtb'mn mog rknbcbh$s gkimtks mrk st$gbkg+ h 'nmrbly %ebnk `moy iknbkkg tek $obho hr 'nhsk

rknmtbhosebp hl t%h %h`ko %ms s$spb'bh$s! tekrk bs kbgko'k th s$cckst temt htekrs! bo'n$gboc

=; 4mrcmrkt E$ot! ek "mppeb' "trmbo 6ocnbse Nksibmos bo tek Nhoc 6bcetkkote .kot$ry,! kg+ M$gbte 4+ 5kooktt mog0`y 4+ *rhbgk! Vbocnk-h`ko bo tek Kurhpkmo Qmst , /1=9./699 (-ebnmgknpebm 3obkrsbty hl -koosynmobm -rkss!

=)! p+ 9/

= M$gbte .+ 5rh%o! Nksibmo "k&$mnbty bo 4kgbkmn mog 6mrny 4hgkro 6$rhpk,! kg+ 4mrtbo $ikr`mo kt+ 0n! $bggko rh` $bsthry: 'kfnmb`boc tek Cmy mog %ksibmo Qmst, (Kk% @hrd -koc$bo! ==)! p+ /

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`bobstkrs mog pmrbseks! %eb'e %krk oht lmkg+ Sebnk tek s$pphskg terkmt th tek ehnbokss hl m

ektkrhsk&$mn `mrrbmck %ms prkskot! tekrk mrk rk'hrgkg `mrrbmcks ikt%kko %h`ko bo %eb'e %krk

miskot hl lrm$g+=/ 7ogkkg! t%h kotrbks ho tek m&mn `mrrbmck rkcbstkr mppkmr th gh'$`kot tek

shnkòbboc $obho hl t%h nksibmo 'h$pnks mt tek -mrbse hl -rksi$ry Emoome Srbcet mog 0ook

Cmsdbnn bo =/1/ mog ikt%kko 0ook Khrtho mog 0nb'k -b'dlhrg m ykmr nmtkr+=A emt ikboc tek 'msk!

tek `bobstkr 'hog$'tboc tek `mrrbmck %h$ng emk doh%o ek %ms $oblyboc t%h %h`ko+ Sebnk

c$kssboc ebs rkmshoboc %h$ng ik p$rk spk'$nmtbho! tek 'hoohtmtbhos hl teksk 'msks %h$ng ik temt

nksibmobs` 'h$ng oht emk phskg m terkmt sh s$istmotbmn th sh'bkty temt teky %krk gkobkg rknbcbh$s

rk'hcobtbho mog $obhoG temt hllb'bmns mog .e$r'e `bobstkrs 'h$ng oht emk 'mrkg mih$t sm`ksk&

'h$pnks koh$ce th rkl$sk tek` `mrrbmck bo mnn 'msks+

ek gkcrkk hl 'mrk th%mrgs sm`ksk& 'h$pnks iy hllb'bmns mnsh k&tkogs mnn tek %my $p th tek

6ocnbse `homr'ey+ 7t bs %knn doh%o temt boc Mm`ks 7 %ms bohnkg bo m strboc hl eh`hsk&$mn

rknmtbhosebps %bte ebs 'h$rtbkrs! tek `hst %knndoh%o ikboc %bte Ckhrck Ibnnbkrs+ ek ob'dom`k

Mm`ks 'mnnkg Ckhrck! "tkkobk,! gkrbkg lrh` tek ibinb'mn gks'rbptbho hl "t+ "tkpeko emboc tek

lm'k hl mo mockn,+= ek pmbr %rhtk km'e htekr o$`krh$s nhk nkttkrs lhr skkrmn ykmrs $otbn

Ibnnbkrs,s gkmte bo =9A+ ek `homr'ey %ms cbko tek rbcet th r$nk iy bbok ?bcet,! sh`kteboc

%eb'e Mm`ks eb`sknl %ms dkko th b`phsk+ Ebs spkk'e th ebs Nhrgs mog .h``hos mt Sebtkemnn bo

=1 bo'n$gkg tek permsk ek "tmtk hl 4homr'ebk bs tek s$prk`kst teboc $pho 6mrte lhr bocs

mrk oht hokny Chg,s Nbk$tkomots $pho 6mrte! mog sbt $pho Chg,s terhok! i$t kko iy Chg eb`sknlk

teky mrk 'mnnkg Chgs+ 91 7l Mm`ks iknbkkg ebs %hrgs th ik tr$k! nbdk sh `moy hl ebs s$i#k'ts mog

'btbkos g$rboc tek pkrbhg gbg! teko tebs prkskots tek bgkm temt tek boc %ms kocmcboc bo

=/ bibg+! Khrtho! Qmrmgbc`s h Vm`k.Vk+ @mrrbmck bo tek %hoc Kbcetkkote &kotury! p+ =

=A Imnkrbk rm$i! Wek 'kombssmofk h %ksibmobs` bo Kmrny @hgkro Kocnmog (.mìrbgck .mìrbgck 3obkrsbty -rkss!9119)! p+ 2A9

= ?b'thr Khrtho! @y Gkmr hy: Cmy %h#k %kttkrs terhuce tek &koturbks (.motkri$ry 3obkrsbty hl kot -rkss!=A)! p+ =

91 Mm`ks 7! 0 "pkm'e th tek Nhrgs mog .h``hos hl tek -mrnbm`kot mt SebtkEmnn! ho Skgoksgmy tek OO7 hl 4mr'e+

0ooh =1 J==1D,! bo Wek (hr7ks h tek `hst $bce mog @bcetbk Qrbofk ;m`ks, )boc h Crkmt rbtmbok, "rmofk mog Brknmog (Nhogho! ==)! p+ ;9


7/10


eh`hsk&$mn rknmtbhosebps! gkspbtk bt ikboc mcmbost tek rknbcbho temt ek 'nmb`kg th ik m Chg, hl+

5y skttboc tebs k&m`pnk! %bte tek 'msk hl Ckhrck Ibnnbkrs! bt 'mo ik mrc$kg temt nksibmobs` gbg oht

phsk m terkmt th kmrny `hgkro 6$rhpk ik'm$sk tek boc eb`sknl! %eh %ms bk%kg iy `moy ms m

Chg! hr mt nkmst m skrmot hl Chg! prm'tb'mnny 'hoghokg eh`hsk&$mn ikembh$r iy gk'nmrboc ebs

nhk lhr mohtekr `mo bo mrbh$s nkttkrs ikt%kko tek pmbr+

*bomnny! th l$rtekr 'h$otkr tek ohtbho hl nksibmobs` phsboc m terkmt th kmrny `hgkro 6$rhpk! tek

rkmsho lhr %eb'e %h`ko %krk m't$mnny p$t ho trbmn lhr `$st ik k&m`bokg+ Sebnk sh`k %h`ko!

s$'e ms .mtemrbom Nbo'd! %krk k&k'$tkg lhr tekbr eh`hsk&$mn 'rb`ks! bt bs b`phrtmot th ohtk

prk'bskny %emt %h`ko g$rboc tek pkrbhg %krk m't$mnny 'hob'tkg hl+ 7ogkkg! tek bs'bpnbok

>rgbomo'k hl =;2/ bo 0$csi$rc 'hogk`okg gm`okg! lhribggko 'hp$nmtbho, (sk& $sboc

bostr$`kots)! ms gbg tek "pmobse shgh`y nm%s hl =:A:+9= Eh%kkr! tek 'hol$sbho hkr %ektekr th

'hob't %h`ko lhr eh`hsk&$mn 'rb`ks rk`mbokg kko gk'mgks nmtkr+ 7o =;1! tek 7o


8/10


h 'ho'n$gk! teh$ce! gkspbtk tek lkmrs hl tek phtkotbmn `hk`kot m%my lrh` pmtrbmr'ey mog tek

ln$'t$mtboc php$nmtbho! tek terkmt temt nksibmobs` phskg th tek kmrny `hgkro pkrbhg %ms m't$mnny

rmtekr `bob`mn+ ek pkr'kptbho hl m pmtrbmr'emn sh'bkty stbnn rk`mbos m php$nmr thpb' bo `hgkro

tb`ks mog! pkremps `hrk b`phrtmotny! teh$ce bt bs tr$k temt nksibmobs` gbg oht 'hotrbi$tk th tek

b`phrtmo'k hl php$nmtbho bo'rkmsk! gk`hcrmpeb' trkogs prhk temt sbo'k tek pkrbhg tek 6$rhpkmo

php$nmtbho ems bo'rkmskg grm`mtb'mnny+9: Kht hony tebs! i$t tek $oblyboc hl %h`ko s$'e ms 0nb'k

-b'dlhrg mog 0ook Khrtho iy m rknbcbh$s hllb'bmn kolhr'ks tek bgkm temt kko `bobstkrs gbg oht

`bog sm`ksk& 'h$pnks! gkspbtk rknbcbho ikboc s$'e m e$ck pmrt hl kmrny `hgkro nblk+ 7ogkkg! bo

`moy 'msks %ekrk tekrk %ms prhsk'$tbho! bt %h$ng oht ik gh%o th tek m't hl nksibmobs` i$t rmtekr

bts 'hoohtmtbhos! ms 7smiknn E$ot stmtks 5k'm$sk tek J#$stb'kD systk` %ms sh strhocny sh'bmn!

pkhpnk,s mttkotbho tkogkg th lh'$s ho tek rknmtbhomn mspk'ts hl sk&$mn ikembh$r! ho -eh %ms ikboc

nbodkg! rmtekr temo ho -emt teky %krk ghboc,+9; >krmnn! teko! tek dbog hl terkmt temt nksibmobs`

phskg th tek kmrny `hgkro pkrbhg %ms `bngny sh'bmn! i$t %ms oht sbcoblb'mot koh$ce th rk`mbo m

lh'mn phbot hl sh'bkty! kspk'bmnny %bte tek 5$cckry 0't ikboc rkpkmnkg iy tek >llko'ks mcmbost tek

-krsho 0't bo =A=+9

Shrg fhuot: 9,;61

9: 4mrtbo "nmttkry! )ky Bgkms bo Vhfbhnhcy (.ekntkoem` Kknsho ehroks! 9112)! p+ =2

9; 7smiknn I+ E$nn! Vk+umnbty, Vtmtk mog tek &b#bn Vhfbkty bo Ckr`moy, /llko'ks mcmbost tek -krsho 0't =A= J%%%+nkcbsnmtbho+ch+$d D! (nmst m''ksskg9A+=1+91=;)

A

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/


9/10


5binbhcrmpey

Qrb`mry shurfks

.mkogbse! 4mrcmrkt! Wek &ho#kot h Qnkmsurk (Kk%'mstnk! =A)

Mm`ks 7! 0 "pkm'e th tek Nhrgs mog .h``hos hl tek -mrnbm`kot mt SebtkEmnn! ho Skgoksgmytek OO7 hl 4mr'e+ 0ooh =1 J==1D,! bo Wek (hr7ks h tek `hst $bce mog @bcetbk Qrbofk

;m`ks, )boc h Crkmt rbtmbok, "rmofk mog Brknmog (Nhogho! ==)

Vkfhogmry shurfks

0gm`s! M$nbm! Wek "m`bnbmn Vtmtk: 'unboc "m`bnbks mog @krfemot &mpbtmnbs` bo Kmrny @hgkro

Kurhpk (7tem'm .hroknn 3obkrsbty -rkss! 911;)

0kot! ?ymo! Crh%te bs Chhg,! Wek Kfhoh`bst (Smseboctho! 91=1)

5#Brdn$og! Mkooy! %ksibmobs` bo V-kgbse %btkrmturk: Mo M`ibcuhus Mmbr (Nhogho -mncrmk

4m'`bnnmo! 91=:)

5rh%o! M$gbte .+! Nksibmo "k&$mnbty bo 4kgbkmn mog 6mrny 4hgkro 6$rhpk,! $bggko rh`

$bsthry: 'kfnmb`boc tek Cmy mog %ksibmo Qmst, (Kk% @hrd -koc$bo! ==)

5$nnh$ce! 5hoobk mog 5$nnh$ce! Ik`! &rhssgrkssboc, Vk+ mog Ckogkr (-ebnmgknpebm 3obkrsbty

hl -koosynmobm -rkss! =2)

.nmrd! mbg! M rbk Cubgk th rbtbse mttnkbkngs (Nhogho Em'ekttk! 91=;)

kddkr! ?$ghnl 4+! Wek Wrmgbtbho h "k`mnk Wrmos#kstbtbs` bo Kmrny @hgkro Kurhpk (Nhogho

4m'`bnnmo! =A)

$ikr`mo! 4mrtbo! kt+ mn! $bggko rh` $bsthry: 'kfnmb`boc tek Cmy mog %ksibmo Qmst (Kk%

@hrd -koc$bo! ==)

Emcckrty! Ckhrck mog Hb``kr`mo! 5hoobk! Kofyfnhpkgbm h %ksibmo mog Cmy $bsthrbks mog

&unturks (5msbocsthdk mynhr *rmo'bs! 9119)

E$nn! 7smiknn I+! Vk+umnbty, Vtmtk mog tek &b#bn Vhfbkty bo Ckr`moy, /


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?hpkr! Nyogmn! *kgbpus mog tek Gk#bn: (btfefrmt, Vk+umnbty mog 'knbcbho bo Kmrny @hgkro

Kurhpk (Nhogho ?h$tnkgck! =:)

"mnm`mo! .nk`kot! 6'ehks hl 6cypt bo Ekr`ks mog *b'boh,! @mrsbnbh "bfboh: $bs Wekhnhcy, $bs

Qebnhshpey, $bs %kcmfy, kg+ 4b'emkn M+ 5+ 0nnko mog Imnkry ?kks (Nkbgko 5rbnn! 9119)

"nmttkry! 4mrtbo! )ky Bgkms bo Vhfbhnhcy (.ekntkoem` Kknsho ehroks! 9112)

"hykr! *rmo'hbs! Mìbcuhus Ckogkr bo Kmrny @hgkro Vpmbo mog Qhrtucmn: Boqubsbthrs, Ghfthrs

mog tek Wrmoscrkssbho h Ckogkr !hr`s (Nkbgko 5rbnn! 9119)

rm$i! Imnkrbk! Wek 'kombssmofk h %ksibmobs` bo Kmrny @hgkro Kocnmog (.mìrbgck

.mìrbgck 3obkrsbty -rkss! 9119)

Iknms'h! "ekrry! %ksibmos bo Kmrny @hgkro Vpmbo (Kmsebnnk Imogkribnt 3obkrsbty -rkss! 91==)

Sebtirkmg Eknkom! Wek Vkfrkt Gbmrbks h @bss Mook %bstkr (Nhogho Em'ekttk! 91=1)

Honbok shurfks

Kmtbhomn 0r'ebk! >llko'ks mcmbost tek -krsho 0't =A= J%%%+nkcbsnmtbho+ch+$d D! (nmst m''ksskg

9A+=1+91=;)

=1
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/

The threats of lesbianism in early modern Europe

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