The Third Crusade was the backstory for which English Folk Tale involving the

ransoming of Richard The Lionhearted

What musical group was responsible for this song about Constantinople … I mean Istanbul.

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What do you already know about the Byzantine Empire?

•In your notebooks – please jot down

• three things you already know about the Byzantine Empire

• Three things you want to learn

Byzantine Empire

330 - 1453

Byzantine Empire is a Christian State which had its capital at Constantinople.

•Founded by Constantine when he moved the Roman Capital to East for economic purposes.

Political History –

Constantine – first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.

Church and State linked together.

His economic and currency reforms allowed survival of Byzantine state through economic chaos of next centuries when Western Roman Empire fell apart.

Also spared the disaster of the Germanic Invasion

                                  

                    

Byzantines were heirs to imperial Roman law, government and administration.

Fundamentally Greek in both language and culture/art.

Orthodox Christian State – Church controlled government.

Preserved Greek & Roman Culture

Catholic Orthodox

Pope is leader of Papal state

Priest can not marry Divorce not possible Believe in the trinity

(God the father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit as ONE being)

Believe that Mary gave birth to Jesus without sin (sex) – Immaculate Conception

Patriarch is head of Byzantine Church & State

Priests can marry Divorce possible with

adultery Does not believe that

Trinity is one being Does not believe in the

Immaculate Conception

To be a citizen of Byzantine Empire had to be Orthodox Christian.

Orthodox believe Catholic Pope to be laughably arrogant. “Better the turban of the Turk than the tiara of the Pope.”

They will mutually excommunicate each other (deny sacraments – rites of faith) in 1054 – schism [division] of faith)

“Western Europe owed a debt of gratitude to the Empire that for almost a thousand years ensured the survival of Christianity during a time when Europe was too weak to accomplish the task.”

Which Empire is referred to in this quotation?

Hellenistic Mongol Byzantine Ottoman

Justinian (527-565) w/wife Theodora

•Extended power and wealth of Byzantine Empire (retook North Africa/Egypt, Italy, and southern Spain)

•Codified Roman Law (very influential for later generations; basis of law for Roman Catholic Church)

•Monumental building program – such as Hagia Sophia blended Greek, Roman & Persian styles.

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Byzantine Government –

Emperor was God’s representative on Earth. Theoretically Elective, but often inherited.

Bureaucracy – highly effective and centralized. All were trained in common. Fair tax and legal system. Many were monks.

Army –

Disciplined, well-trained/equipped farmer-soldiers who fought from sense of patriotism.

Relied on military fortifications.

Declined because nobles began taking land of farmers. Started to hire mercenaries (no loyalties).

Constantinople – Strategic importance for trade

Constantinople protected by series of walls, chains across the strait, and Greek fire.

Greek Fire was the secret weapon of the Eastern Roman Emperors. The "liquid fire" was hurled on to the ships of their enemies from siphons and burst into flames on contact. As it was inextinguishable and burned even on water, it caused panic and dread.

•The secret behind the Greek fire was handed down from one emperor to the next for centuries. Rumors about its composition include such chemicals as liquid petroleum, naphtha, burning pitch, sulphur, resin, quicklimeand bitumen, along with some other "secret ingredient". The exact composition, however, remains unknown.

 

Cause of the Crusades

1052 – Byzantine schism with Catholic West Europe1071 – Seljuk Turks (Muslims) invade Manzikert – begin to threaten “Holy Land” 1095 – Alexius I (Byzantine Emperor) asks the Roman Pope (Urban II) for help to fight off Seljuk.

Wants to ◦ Reunite the Christian

faith (under his control)◦ End inter-feudal fighting

in western Europe (interfering with his ability to collect tithes)

◦ Gain honor for fighting to protect pilgrims

Crusaders are invited to join from all across the Western Europe.Reduce feudal strife and warfarePromised absolution from sins

Symbol of the French king

Symbol of the German king

A major goal of the Christian Church during the Crusades (1096–1291) was to

1.establish Christianity in western Europe 2.capture the Holy Land from Islamic rulers 3.unite warring Arab peoples 4.strengthen English dominance in the Arab

world

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWestChristian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Chronology of the 1st Crusade

A.D. 1095 Pope Urban II calls for a crusade to free the Holy Land.

A.D. 1096 The Peasant Crusade is defeated in Asia Minor. (Peter the Hermit) – peasants acted like thieves, killed many Jews (not aim of Crusades)

A.D. 1097-1098 Crusaders arrive in Asia Minor; take the cities of Nicaea, Edessa and Antioch.

A.D. 1099 The Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem in July.

Results:

Established Four Feudal States in Holy Land•Edessa•Antioch•Tripoli•Jerusalem

Was not able to keep. Muslims soon took Edessa (2nd Crusade failed to get back) and Jerusalem (by Saladin, 3rd Crusade of “Robin Hood Legend” led by Richard I (Lionhearted) [captured and had to be ransomed] failed to gain back, only truce)

Venetian merchants ran out of money on way to crusade – so sack Constantinople instead (who they were supposed to be protecting)

IMPACTS OF CRUSADES

• Increased trade with Middle East (West desired Eastern luxury goods)• increased use of coined money, usury, bills of exchange• Byzantine Empire weakened• Italian control of Mediterranean trade• Muslims regain control of Palestine• Image of Church tarnished because of Fourth Crusade

In Europe, a long-term effect of the Crusades was

1.the strengthening of the feudal system 2.the adoption of Islamic religious practices 3.an increased demand for goods from the

East 4. increased European isolation

What were two indirect results of the Crusades?

1.trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was strengthened

2.trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was strengthened

3.trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was weakened

4.trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was weakened

One important effect of the Crusades on Western Europe was that theyled to

1.a decline in the importance of the church in Western Europe

2. furthered cultural diffusion throughout Western Europe

3. introduced the Industrial Revolution to Western Europe

4.ended the western European quest for an overseas empire

Permafrost

June 2010 Regents DBQ

Medieval Russia

What is the geography of Eastern Europe like?

•Covers territory from western Germany to Ural Mts.•Open plains (steppes) with several rivers (Danube)•No natural borders•Russia lacks warm-water ports!!!!!

Which geographic factor has most strongly influenced Russia’s foreign policies and economic development?

1. lack of natural resources 2. vast desert regions 3. limited access to warm-water ports 4. extensive mountain ranges

Russia had been taken over by Vikings (Rurik the Rus) for trade colonies along Baltic Sea and inland– polytheistic.

Vladamir (980-1015) married Byzantine princess to align himself with trade for Mediterranean/Black Sea – converted to Christianity

Impact – Byzantine converted Russians to Orthodox Christians, gave them the word “Tzar” – “caesar”, gave them a written

alphabet “Cyrillic”

Indo-European people living in the Ukraine (southern Russia)

War-like tribes – had to invite Vikings in from Scandinavia in to settle disputes – Vikings conquered and brought peace.

Rurik the Rus – Viking leader who gave his name to Russia.

“We sympathize with the people of Ukraine,” he said. “We’re one nation. Kiev is the mother of all Russian cities.” – Putin, March

18th 2014

Collection of city-states and principalities (territories run by princes)

Boyars – wealthy merchants and landed nobles who assisted princes.

Assemblies – all free males – could remove princes.

Came into contact with Byzantine Empire

Russians Were pagan until converted to Christianity by Byzantine monks (St. Cyril and Methodius).

Cyrillic Alphabet

Greek Alphabet Cyrillic Alphabet

An influence that spread from the Byzantine Empire to Early Russia was the

Orthodox Christian religion use of the Latin alphabet beginning of democracy factory system

During 800s and 900 Kievan Russia maintained close contacts with Byzantine Empire. However, Mongolian “Golden Horde” invades

•Captured and destroyed city of Kiev (1240)•Ruled Russia for 250 yrs.•Russia had to pay heavy tribute causing peasants to revolt•Russian princes adopted manners of Mongols•Cut Russia off with contact with Western Europe – trade declined

What was the Impact of the Mongolian Invasion on Kievan Russia?

Rise of Moscow

After the fall of the Mongolian influence, power transfers from Kiev to Moscow.

Ivan III (1480-1533) – Ivan the Great

•Called the founder of modern Russia.•Responsible for ending Mongolian rule.•Takes the title, “czar” or caesar.•Makes Moscow into a third Rome (w/Constantinople)

Ivan IV – “Terrible”

Killed boyars to consolidate rule.

•Killed his son and future grandson because he thought his son’s wife (who was pregnant) was dressing unacceptably. He beat his son and pregnant daughter-in-law to death.

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•Had built the Cathedral of Vasily (now in Red Square). Noted for its onion-topped towers. Because he thought it was so beautiful he had the architect blinded so that the world would never see another such glorious monument.

What is the most important impact that the geography of Russia has on the country?

How did the Byzantine Empire influence the Russians?

How did the Mongols influence Russia? What were the early Russia czars like?