Module 6 Chapters Ten & Eleven Pricing Strategies Dr. Mohamed Zamil AL-Akhtaby.
THE TEN GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH MODULE #2
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THE TEN GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTHMODULE #2
Missouri Association of Local Boards of Health (MALBOH) Presents
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TEN GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
(WHY WE DO THE THINGS WE DO)!
Modules developed by Ross McKinstry, MPH;
Sheila Guice, MPH; and Mahree Skala, MA
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ACHIEVEMENT #2:Prevention and Control
of Infectious diseases
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Prevention and Control of Infectious diseases
At the beginning of the 20th Century• Infectious diseases such as influenza,
smallpox, diphtheria and measles were prevalent
• They took many lives, especially among children
• Pneumonia, tuberculosis and diarrhea were the top 3 causes of death in 1900
• Very few prevention measures or treatments were available to control the spread of diseases
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Prevention and Control of Infectious diseases
Control of infectious diseases has come from:
Clean drinking water Improved sanitation Vaccinations Animal control regulations and
services Improvements in laboratory testing Antibiotic treatments
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Quarantine Sign of Yesterday...
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Iron Lung
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Pandemic Influenza -Worldwide Epidemics
• 1918 - Spanish Flu – at least 20 million died
• 1957 - Asian Flu - 70,000 died⁻ Took officials 6 months to detect
• 1968 - Hong Kong Flu - 34,000 died⁻ Took officials 3 months to detect
• 1977 - Russian Flu• 2009 – H1N1
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World War I Soldiers - Home from the front
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Spanish Flu
The Spanish Flu of 1918 killed more people in U.S. (675,000) than all the wars of the 20th century combined
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Community - Mass Immunizations
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PREVENTING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES….
• We must be vigilant to safeguard our water supplies through source protection, proper disinfection and filtration
• Outbreaks of E. Coli 0157 in the 1990’s were traced to contaminated ground water in New York and Wyoming, and such incidents continue
• The World Health Organization estimates 2,000,000 children worldwide die each year from diarrheal diseases due to contaminated water
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Containing the waste
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Where is our water supply located and how is it maintained?
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Sewage draining to open ditch
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Contaminated Ground Water
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Chlorination Of Water Supplies for Communicable Disease Control…
• Began in New Jersey in 1908• Dramatically decreased the number
of water-borne diseases
Currently 98% of water treatment facilities in the US disinfect with chlorine
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Water testing is important to monitor for diseases…
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Achievements, 1900-1999
Sanitation and hygiene measures Vaccination Antibiotics Serologic (blood) testing Sophisticated laboratory testing
methods Surveillance (disease reporting) laws
and systemsALL THESE MEASURES HAVE GREATLY
REDUCED DISEASE TRANSMISSION
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Achievements, 2001-2010
2001-2010• New Tuberculosis cases
⁻ Declined from 6.6 in 1998 to 4.2 2008• Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections from central
IV lines⁻ Declined from 5.5 in 1995-98 to 1.6 in 2009•Efforts to extend HIV testing⁻ Expand screening of persons aged 13--64 years
to enable earlier access to life-saving treatment• Implementation of new blood donor screening
⁻ Interdicted 3,000 potentially infected U.S. donations from blood supply
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POLICY CHALLENGES
• State law is not strict enough to protect the public from contamination from onsite sewage systems. (Discharges to road ditches)
• Ground and surface water contamination continue to be sources of communicable disease
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ACHIEVEMENT #3:Safer And Healthier Foods
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Labeling Requirements and Food Service Training
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Safer And Healthier Foods
• Today E. Coli 0157, Staphylococcus, Campylobacter, Listeria and Salmonella are the common food-borne diseases
• No longer are Trichinosis and Botulism the prevalent threats, thanks to advances in food production and processing
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Safer And Healthier Foods
• Decreased microbial contamination and food-borne disease
• Improved food handling methods - refrigeration
• Improved nutritional value of foods, crops
• Identifying essential micronutrients and deficiency conditions
• Folic acid and other new disease- preventing functional food elements
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Five-A-Day Programs
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Safer And Healthier Foods
• Increase in nutritional content
• Establishment of food-fortification programs ⁻ (vitamin fortification, WIC, Summer Food,
etc)
• Close to eliminating major nutritional deficiency diseases in U.S.⁻ (e.g. Rickets, Beri-Beri, Goiter, Pellagra)
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Safer And Healthier Foods
• Mistakes are made—LPHAs must maintain vigilance through inspections, food recall enforcement, disease surveillance
• Mass food production and distribution means more multi-state outbreaks and recalls
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POLICY CHALLENGES
• Farm-to-Table programs to promote locally grown, healthy foods in schools and childcare
• Support for policies that help improve the nutritional content of food for children
• Improve access to label information that will help people make good choices
• Maintain food protection laws and rules already on the books!
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References
Ten Great Achievements of Public Health in the 20th CenturyMorbidity and Mortality Weekly ReportApril 2, 1999 / 48 (12);241-243http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm
Update, May 20, 2011 / 60(19);619-623
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6019a5.htm
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References, Continued
Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Control of Infectious DiseasesMorbidity and Mortality Weekly ReportJuly 30, 1999 / 48 (29);621-629
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4829a1.htm
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References, Continued
Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999:
Safer and Healthier Foods Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
ReportOctober 15, 1999 / 48 (40);905-913
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4840a1.htm
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Thanks! Questions