THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES AND THE RHETORICAL DEVICES …

THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES

AND THE RHETORICAL DEVICES

OF TEMPO ENGLISH FRONT COVER HEADLINES

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Silfiyani Fauzi

Student Number: 141214105

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2018

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i

THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES

AND THE RHETORICAL DEVICES

OF TEMPO ENGLISH FRONT COVER HEADLINES

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Silfiyani Fauzi

Student Number: 141214105

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2018


iv

Sheryl Sandberg

“..., but as for you, be strong and do not give up, for your

work will be rewarded.”

2 Chronicles 15:7

I dedicated this thesis to:

My beloved family,

my companion in arms,

and

my beloved lil sissy who kept asking me “Skripsine piye mbak?”


vii

ABSTRACT

Fauzi, Silfiyani. (2018). The syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices of

Tempo English front cover headlines. Yogyakarta: English Language Education

Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

Front cover headline is the most important advertisement tools of a

magazine. Yet, the pressure of space insists the copywriter to construct compact

yet attractive headlines. Copywriters have used many strategies. One of the

strategies is by considering linguistic aspect of the front cover headlines. In the

linguistic aspect, copywriters often play with the variation of syntactic structure

and the use rhetorical devices in constructing the front cover headline.

The researcher was interested in analyzing the syntactic structures and the

types of rhetorical devices observed by Tempo English magazine in its front

cover headlines. In this research, there were two research questions. The first

research question is what syntactic structures are observed in Tempo English

front cover headline? The second research question is what types of rhetorical

devices are found in the data analysis?

This research was conducted using qualitative method by using a text

analysis approach. The main data of this research were the front cover headlines

which issued in Tempo English magazine official website. There were 105 front

cover e-zine consisting headlines issued in www.magz.tempo.co from June 2016

to June 2018. It meant that these data were the recent data.

In analyzing the data, the theory of syntax offered by O’Grady (1990) and

Biber et al. (1999) were used to answer the first research question. The analysis

showed there were four phrasal patterns – noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional

phrase, and adjective phrase. It was also found three clausal patterns – SV, SVO,

and SVA pattern. Besides, to answer the second research question, the

combination of Corbett’s (1990) and Leech’s (1969) theory about the types of

rhetorical devices was used. The analysis showed that Tempo English front cover

headlines used 12 types of rhetorical devices which were parallelism, anastrophe,

ellipsis, asyndeton, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, metaphor, metonymy,

periphrasis, litotes, and polysemy.

Keywords: syntactic structures, rhetorical devices, headline, Tempo English


viii

ABSTRAK

Fauzi, Silfiyani. (2018). The syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices of

Tempo English front cover headlines. Yogyakarta: English Language Education

Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

Headline pada sampul depan merupakan alat untuk beriklan terpenting

dari majalah. Akan tetapi, keterbatasan ruang memaksa para copywriter untuk

menyusun headline yang singkat namun menarik. Para copywriter telah

menggunakan banyak strategi. Salah satu strateginya adalah dengan

mempertimbangkan aspek linguistik dari headline sampul depannya. Dalam

aspek linguistik, copywriter sering bermain dengan variasi struktur sintaks dan

penggunaan figur retorika dalam menyusun headline sampul depan.

Peneliti tertarik untuk menganalisis struktur-struktur sintaks dan

jenis-jenis figur retorika yang diterapkan oleh majalah Tempo di headline sampul

depan. Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah yang

pertama adalah struktur sintaks apa yang ditemukan dalam headline sampul

depan Tempo English? Rumusan masalah kedua adalah jenis-jenis figur retorika

apa yang ditemukan dalam analisis data?

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui

pendekatan analisis teks. Data utama penelitian ini adalah headline sampul depan

yang diterbitkan di situs resmi majalah Tempo. Ada 105 sampul depan e-zine

yang memuat headline yang diterbitkan di www.magz.tempo.co dari bulan Juni

2016 hingga Juni 2018. Hal itu berarti bahwa data ini adalah data terbaru.

Dalam menganalisis data, teori sintaks yang ditawarkan oleh O’Grady

(1996) dan Biber et al. (1999) digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yang

pertama. Hasil analisi menunjukan bahwa ada 4 pola frasa yakni frasa kata benda,

frasa kata kerja, frasa preposisi, dan frasa kata sifat. Di temukan juga 3 pola

klausa yaitu klausa dengan pola SV, pola SVO, dan pola SVA. Kemudian, untuk

menjawab rumusan masalah yang kedua, peneliti menggunakan kombinasi teori

Corbett (1990) dan Leech (1969) tentang klasifikasi figur retorika. Hasil analisis

menunjukan bahwa Tempo English menggunakan 12 tipe figur retorika antara

lain parallelism, anastrophe, ellipsis, asyndeton, alliteration, assonance, rhyme,

metaphor, metonymy, periphrasis, litotes, and polysemy.

Kata Kunci: front cover headline, magazine, rhetorical figures, Tempo English


http://www.magz.tempo.co/

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ, my savior and The

Almighty One, for blessing and guiding me in my struggles. His endless blessing

always encourages me to finish this research in time. Without Him, I would never

have done my college life well.

I would like to express my gratitude to my research advisor, Dr. Emanuel

Sunarto, M.Hum., for the patience, care, and guidance so that I could finish my

research on time. I also thank all of the English Language Education Study

Program lecturers, especially my academic advisor, Truly Almendo Pasaribu,

S.S., M.A. and Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., Ed.M., for teaching me

throughout these years. Besides, I thank all staff in ELESP secretariat, mba

Dhaniek, mba Anik, and mas Yudo, for their assistance.

I dedicate my thesis to my parents, my family, my beloved little sister, my

grandpas, grandmas, aunts, uncles, nephews and cousins. I thank them for their

love, support, motivation, patience, care, and prayer. There is nothing which can

compare to them in my life.

Companion is another comrade-in-arms. It was a hard struggle for me to

finish this thesis. Hence, I would like to thank all of my companions in arms. I

give my biggest hugs and kisses for Astini Agun, Yohana Triana Ina Weran,

PBI Class D, Skyscraper members, my KKN and PPL squad for the

motivation, support, and sharing. We have been down that hard road and we can


x

survive. I will never forget the ups and downs moments we have been through

back then.

Last but not least, I would like to thank all of my friends in Sanata Dharma

University, all Bidikmisi Scholars batch 2014, ELESP students, all seniors and

juniors, especially, all ELESP students batch 2014. I thank all of them for the

good and bad, excellent, sweet, and wonderful days I spent with them.

Silfiyani “Ping” Fauzi


xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGES .......................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ......................................................................................... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .................................................... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .................................................... vi

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... vii

ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... xi

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ xiv

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ xv

LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................. xvi

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1

A. Research Background................................................................. 1

B. Research Questions .................................................................... 4

C. Research Significance ................................................................ 5

D. Definition of Terms .................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II. REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE ................................... 9

A. Theoretical Description .............................................................. 9

1. The Headline Writing in Magazine ..................................... 9

2. The Theory of Syntax ........................................................ 11

a. Categories ................................................................... 11

b. Structures .................................................................... 14

3. Rhetorical Devices ............................................................ 18

a. Schemes ..................................................................... 19

b. Tropes ........................................................................ 30

B. Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 36


xii

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY .................................... 39

A. Research Method ...................................................................... 39

B. Research Setting ....................................................................... 40

C. Research Data Source .............................................................. 40

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ............. 41

E. Data Analysis Technique ......................................................... 43

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................... 47

A. Syntactic Structures of Tempo English Front Cover Headlines

.................................................................................................. 47

1. Phrasal Structures .............................................................. 48

a. Noun Phrase ............................................................... 48

b. Verb Phrase ................................................................ 54

c. Prepositional Phrase ................................................... 55

d. Adjective Phrase ........................................................ 56

2. Clausal Structures ............................................................. 57

a. Subject – Verb Phrase (SV) ....................................... 57

b. Subject – Verb Phrase – Object (SVO) ...................... 58

c. Subject – Verb Phrase – Obligatory Adverbial (SVA)

.................................................................................... 59

B. Rhetorical Devices in Tempo English Front Cover Headlines. 59

1. Parallelism ......................................................................... 61

2. Anastrophe ........................................................................ 61

3. Ellipsis ............................................................................... 62

4. Asyndeton ......................................................................... 63

5. Alliteration ........................................................................ 63

6. Assonance ....................................................................... 64

7. Rhyme ............................................................................... 65

8. Metaphor ........................................................................... 65

9. Metonymy ......................................................................... 66

10. Periphrasis ......................................................................... 67


xiii

11. Litotes................................................................................ 68

12. Polysemy ........................................................................... 68

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 71

A. Conclusions .............................................................................. 71

B. Implications .............................................................................. 72

C. Recommendations .................................................................... 73

REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 75

APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 78


xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 2.1 Syntactic categories............................................................................ 11

Table 3.1 Data Coding ....................................................................................... 45

Table 4.1 Phrasal Structures in Tempo English front cover headline ................ 48

Table 4.1.1 Noun phrase patterns ....................................................................... 49

Table 4.2 Rhetoric and non-rhetoric headlines in Tempo English..................... 60

Table 4.3 Lists of Tempo English front cover headlines using multiple rhetorical

devices ............................................................................................... 69


xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 4.1 Syntactic structures in Tempo English front cover headlines ......... 47

Figure 4.2 Rhetorical devices in Tempo English front cover headlines ........... 60


xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

Appendix 1. Tempo English Website ............................................................... 79

Appendix 2. Samples of Tempo English Front Covers .................................... 80

Appendix 3. Data Coding ................................................................................. 81

Appendix 4. Syntactic structures in Tempo English front cover headlines ..... 87

Appendix 5. Rhetorical devices in Tempo English front cover headlines ....... 89


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the background information of the research related

to the subject matter. It consists of research background, research questions,

research significance and definition of terms.

A. Research Background

Language is a vital mean of communication in society as it helps people to

exchange facts and information. There are three roles of language in

communication according to Aitchison (2003). They are the role to persuade and

influence people, to express feelings and emotions, and to give an aesthetic effect.

For example, the role to persuade and influence people can be easily found in

advertisements. Besides, we tend to use interjection to show our feeling rather

than explain it directly. The word “ouch!” can simply express pain even though

we say nothing like “It is painful”. Another example of the language role is the

rhyming words in a poetry which give aesthetic effect as we read the poetry.

Within a language, additionally, there are many specialized varieties or

fields such as academic, science, law, religion, political, and mass media. These

fields have developed their own styles of language. As an example, the language

style which is used in academic field is totally different with the style of language

used in political field. These varieties of language styles require to be studied


2

carefully if we want to understand and use them to communicate and exchange for

facts and information with others.

Among those varieties of language styles, the language used in mass media

presents a wider range of linguistically distinctive as it provides information

while, at the same time, entertains the audiences. Magazine, as one of mass media,

is a very popular cultural form as can be easily found. There are a lot of

magazines published in the world appointing to various topics of interest. Through

reviewing at the newsagents, magazines are published in some topics of interest

that reflect their specialist nature such as news and politics, law, computing, do-it-

yourself, household craft and music. There are also ‘in-house’ magazines by the

supermarkets and e-zine which refers to magazine to be found on the internet

which aimed at a much wider audience (McLoughlin, 2002, p. 2).

Since magazines have various topic of interest, the linguistics distinction

which is presented is also vary. The language styles used in magazines depend on

each topic of interest and target market. As an example, Femina is an Indonesian

magazine covering fashion and lifestyles. The style of language of this type of

magazine is different from Tempo magazine which covers facts and the actual

news. Femina magazine obviously intends to reach women, socialite, and

fashionists. Meanwhile, Tempo magazine tends to reach more intellect people

who have interest in the current information and political issues.

Furthermore, in order to attract the readers’ attention, copywriters have to

make their magazines remarkable. According to the Tatler’s editor in


3

McLoughin’s book entitled The Language of Magazine “the front cover act as an

advertisement for the magazine since it is the first text that the reader sees” (p.

24). In other words, front cover headline has a role as a persuasive selling tool

which has to be attractive and influencing. However, the pressure of space and

time insists the copywriters to be able to construct compact headlines.

Consequently, the copywriters often break the grammatical rules and use unique

and unusual technique in constructing concise yet appealing headlines.

In addition, Mårdh (1980) stated that headlines are written in a compressed

telegraphic style by using special syntactic conventions. This technique is also

called as headlinese which is the abbreviated form of news writing style (Mårdh,

1980). For example, headlines often omit verb “to be” or linking verbs and the

articles. Some headlines also use uncommon words which are extremely short in

idiosyncratic way to save time and space. Further, Reah (1998) stated that as far

as headline construction is concerned, there are six syntactic properties which are

frequently found. Those properties are the use of active voice, the use of simple

present tense, the omission of grammatical words, the omission of verbs and

auxiliaries, the use of nominalizations, and the use of class shift.

Moreover, a headline also comprises a unique component of news articles

due to its stylistic form. As far as stylistic properties of headline are concerned,

rhetorical devices are applied to give entertaining effect to the audiences.

Rhetorical devices are traditionally described as artful deviation (Corbett, 1990).

It is usually called as figure of speech or rhetorical figures. Deviation here means

different from the ordinary usage. In other words, rhetorical devices “provide


4

means to make familiar strange” (McQuarrie & Mick, 1996, p. 426). Starting from

this point, headlines are considered representing the language application in both

structural and functional. Thus, the study of the front cover headline construction,

specifically the syntactic structures and rhetorical devices, is worth to be analyzed

carefully.

This research aims to analyze the syntactic structures and the rhetorical

devices observed in Tempo English front cover headlines. Tempo English is an

English version e-zine of Indonesian magazine, Tempo. Tempo magazine, an

Indonesian weekly magazine covering news and politics, was first published in

March 6th, 1971. Then, in 2000, Tempo started to publish the English version,

namely Tempo English. This magazine covers news and political issues. Thus, the

language styles which is used in the headline must be different as it has to provide

facts and accurate information. The analysis is conducted using the front cover

headlines which is published from June 2016 until June 2018. By analyzing the

syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices observed in Tempo English, this

research is expected to give a clear picture of the language application in headline

construction.

B. Research Questions

According to the background mentioned earlier, there are two research

questions used for the next analysis of this study. The research questions are

formulated as follows:


5

1. What syntactic structures are observed in Tempo English front cover

headlines?

2. What types of rhetorical device are found in the data analysis?

C. Research Significance

This thesis reflects my interest and capability. By conducting this research,

I learn how to analyze the syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices in

headlines construction and compose a scientific work. Besides, through reading

various literary works related to this research, I get more knowledge and better

writing skill. Thus, this research is also expected to give some contributions to

several parties as follow:

1. Fellow Readers

This research may provide alternative way to understand syntactic

structures and the use of rhetorical devices. Even though, this research focuses on

headlines construction in magazine, this may also be applicable for other mass

media. This research is also expected to help fellow readers for having a better

understanding about English sentence structures by appointing the syntactic

structures and the stylistic aspect of language by appointing the use of rhetorical

devices in English headlines.

2. English Language Education Study Program Students

This research may provide clearer concept about syntax and sentence

structures derived from the headlines construction. It is also expected to contribute

to a new way to understand the use of rhetorical devices in mass media as it may


6

be useful as a new way to enrich the students’ critical thinking and creative

writing. The researcher also expects the students get better understanding on

applied linguistics in advertising and mass media.

3. English Teachers and Lecturers

This research uses magazine’s headlines as the subject. Thus, it is expected

to help English teachers and lecturers to give fresh idea in designing more

interesting teaching material. Since magazine is close to students’ life, it might

become an interesting media to learn linguistics and English. Moreover, this

research is also expected to give additional reference of examples specifically in

English Grammar and Syntax courses, where grammatical and syntactic issues are

discussed. Besides, this research is expected to give additional examples of the

use of rhetorical devices in Sociolinguistics courses where rhetorical devices are

introduced.

4. Future Researchers

This research may also supply necessary information regarding to

linguistic studies. This research is also to inspire future researchers who have the

same interest with this research to find other subjects to be analyzed such as

captions, hash tags, and taglines. Besides, the future researchers might also use

similar subjects but using different focuses and types of analysis. The future

researchers who have interest in similar analysis may use this research as a

reference to obtain relevant information. They are also encouraged to hold a more

comprehensive research in the same field with deeper analysis and research result.


7

D. Definition of Terms

There are several definitions of necessary terms to facilitate this research

which are about to be defined to keep the focus of the research and avoid

misunderstanding and misleading interpretation.

1. Headlines

Duff and Shindler (1986) state that headlines mostly become visible, as a

short text, which set up the readers for the news stories and influence them to go

through the news articles and purchase the magazines. Likewise, Hodgson (1998)

adds “headline writing is an exceptionally troublesome job for copywriters” (p.

125). The copywriter has to focus on the most essential event of the story and

deliver it into few words that would attract the readers. However, the pressure of

space and time insist the copywriter could create compact headlines. Therefore, in

constructing headlines, copywriters often use a set of unique grammatical rules.

2. Syntax

Syntax is considered as “the system of rules and categories which underlies

sentence formation in human language” (O'Grady, 1996, p. 181). Similar to other

linguistic systems, syntactic component is creative and systematic. Thus, it is not

just any combination of words which will give a well-formed sentence. In syntax,

words in all human languages are grouped into a relatively small number of

classes so called as syntactic categories. It reflects the type of meaning that words

express, the type of affixes that they take, and the type of structure in which they

can occur. Further, the structures in syntax are formed by simply stringing words

together through hierarchical design into larger structural units. There are two


8

focuses in syntactic units which are phrases and sentences. This research focuses

on the syntactic structures observed in the Tempo English front cover headlines

issued on June 2016 – June 2018, which are used as the sample of this research.

3. Rhetorical devices

According to Corbett (1990) rhetorical devices, as well as known as

rhetorical figures or figures of speech, refer to “any artful deviation from the

ordinary mode of speaking or writing” (p. 426). Moreover, they are divided into

schemes and tropes. The members of these schemes and tropes are widely ranged

from the familiar to the obscure one (McQuarrie and Mick, 1996). This research

also focuses on the use of rhetorical devices in the Tempo English front cover

headlines construction.

4. Tempo English

Tempo English is an English version e-zine of Indonesian magazine,

Tempo. Tempo magazine, an Indonesian weekly magazine covering news and

politics, was first published in March 6th, 1971. Then, in 2000, Tempo started to

publish the English version, namely Tempo English. Different from Tempo

magazine which published in printed, Tempo English is published weekly through

www.magz.tempo.co, the official website of Tempo magazine. This English

version magazine can only be reached after joining as a subscriber and doing the

purchase. The magazine will be sent to our account in PDF format after we

finished the transaction.



9

CHAPTER II

REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE

The content of this chapter explains the relevant theories which are related

to the research. There are two main parts of this chapter. Those two are theoretical

description and theoretical framework. In the theoretical description, the

theoretical review of the research is provided. In the theoretical framework, the

researcher explains the relation between the theories and the research question of

this research.

A. Theoretical Description

In this first part, the researcher provides the description of the language of

magazine, headlines, the definition of advertisement, and rhetorical figures in

advertising.

1. The Headline Writing in Magazine

The original meaning of the word magazine is storehouse of information

(McLoughlin, 2002, p. 2). It is a very popular cultural form as can be easily found

everywhere – waiting rooms, houses, shops, and even public transportations. The

language which is used in magazines is different from other mass media.

Magazines often use informal language due to their purpose is not only to give

information, but also to entertain the readers. In other words, the language in

magazines has its own characteristics as it has its own linguistic features. Besides,

magazines have synthetic personalization, a compensatory tendency when


10

addressing audiences en masse, which has the effect of creating the impression as

if the writers knows the reader personally (Fairclough, 1989).

In magazine, front cover headline is considered as a mean of advertisement

of the magazine (Arens, 2006). Headline is a text which summarizes the main

point of the whole articles which can be simply called as a title. It promises

information and entertainment at the same time. Even though, visual image and

design might have a very countless effect for the consumers, it is language that

helps consumers to recognize and remember a product (Fumukong, 2016).

However, the pressures of time and spaces insist the copywriters to

construct short, compact, and concise headlines. That is the reason why headline

often uses a unique set of grammatical principles and different language styles. In

line with the use of unusual grammar principles, the use of special vocabularies

and humorous are vital in headline writing. Headlines are often written in

compressed telegraphic style by which some special syntactic conventions are

used (Mårdh, 1980). Telegraphic style is defined as writing style which attempt to

abbreviate words and pack as much information into smallest possible number of

words (Alred, Brusaw, & Oliu, 2003). In other words, writing a headline need to

consider to have connection with the syntactic strategy.

Furthermore, a headline also comprises a unique component of news

articles due to its stylistic form. As far as stylistic properties of headline are

concerned, rhetorical devices are applied to give entertaining effect to the

audiences.in order to make headlines remarkable to the audiences. Rhetorical


11

devices, according to Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969), are the devices of

deviation which have the ability to make the familiar things become strange.

2. The Theory of Syntax

In previous part, it is explained that headlines should be short, compact and

concise. Therefore, analyzing the syntactic structures is considered important to

how copywriter apply and maximize their understanding on syntax to construct

headlines. Syntax is considered as “the system of rules and categories which

underlies sentence formation in human language” (O'Grady, 1996, p. 181).

Similar to other linguistic systems, syntactic component is creative and

systematic. Thus, it is not just any combination of words which will give a well-

formed sentence.

a. Categories

In syntax, words in all human languages are grouped into a relatively small

number of classes so called as syntactic categories. It reflects the type of meaning

that words express, the type of affixes that they take, and the type of structure in

which they can occur.

Table 2.1 Syntactic categories

Lexical Categories Examples

Noun (N) Shelly, girl, wealth, regulation, posture

Verb (V) Analyze, conquer, combat, become, sleep

Adjective (Adj) Beautiful, clever, slim, bad, fond

Preposition (P) Between, without, by, for, at, in, near

Adverb (Adv) Slowly, quietly, silently, now

Non-lexical categories Examples

Determiner (det) The, a , an, this, those

Degree word (deg) too, so, very, quite

Qualifier (Qual) Always, perhaps, almost, often

Auxiliary (Aux) Can, may, will, should, could

Conjunction (Con) And, or, but


12

Table 2.1 provides the examples of word-level categories which are more central

to the study of syntax. The four most studied syntactic categories are noun (N),

verb (V), adjective (Adj), and preposition (P). These elements are often called as

lexical categories. They play a very important role in sentence formation. Besides,

the adverb (Adv) is the lexical category which is least studied (O'Grady, 1996).

In language, O’Grady (1996) adds that there are also non-lexical or

functional categories which have harder meanings to define. The non-lexical

categories include determiner (det), degree word (deg), qualifier (qual), auxiliary

(aux), and conjunction (con). Additionally, a potential source of confusion in the

area of word classification stems from the fact that some items belong to more

than one category.

Example [1]

Comb (n) vs. Comb (v)

“You need to comb your hair, Sam. Anyone would lend him a comb?”

The example 1) shows that the word “comb” belongs to more than one category.

Furthermore, O’Grady (1996) explains three criteria to determine a word’s

category. The criteria include meaning, inflection, and distribution.

The first criterion in determining a word’s category involves meaning.

Nouns, for instance, normally name entities such as individuals (Billy, girl) and

objects (glass, box). On the other hand, verbs typically designate actions (cook,

drive), sensations (feel), and states (remain). Consistent with this tendency, the

word “comb” in example 1) can be explained further. The italic “comb” presents


13

an action as a verb. Meanwhile, the bolded “comb” in the example presents the

word “comb” as an object. Thus, the bolded “comb” belongs to different word

classification, which is a noun. However, the fact that words with similar

meanings in some case belong to different categories. For example, the words like

and fond are very similar in meaning, yet like is a verb and fond is an adjective

which is clearly different in categories.

Thus, the second criterion is needed to categorize words with particular

types of meanings. O’Grady (1996) mentioned that in order to determine a word’s

category, it is needed to analyze the compatibility with various types of

inflections. Inflection is defined as the modification of a word’s form to indicate

the category to which it belongs. For instance, nouns are easily seen when it is in

plural form (it has affix –s). By analyzing the inflection is helpful, but it does not

always provide the information needed to determine the word’s category.

Consequently, it needs more reliable criterion for that matter.

The last criterion according to O’Grady (1996) involves the type of

elements with which it can co-occur (distribution). As far as the distribution are

concerned, nouns are typically modified by a determiner, verbs by an auxiliary,

and adjectives by a degree words. Finally, together with information about word’s

meaning and its inflectional capabilities, this distributional facts help identify the

word’s syntactic category.


14

b. Structures

Furthermore, the structures in syntax are formed by stringing words

together through hierarchical design and putting them into larger structural units.

There are two main focuses in syntactic units which are phrases and sentences.

1) Phrases

Phrases are the nature of syntactic units which are built around Ns, Vs, As,

and Ps. They are built around a ‘skeleton’ which consists of two levels; the lowest

level is the head which builds the phrase and the additional to a head called

specifiers which have special semantic and syntactic role (determiners, qualifiers,

and degree words). O’Grady, in his book, does not explicitly explain the types of

phrase which are formed. Meanwhile, Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, &

Finegan (1999) state that based on each type of lexical word, there are five major

types of phrases which are described further as follows.

a) Noun phrase

The first type is noun phrase which in the strict sense consists of a noun as

a head. This head can stand alone or either accompanied by determiners and

modifiers “which describe the entity denoted by the head noun” (Biber,

Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999, p. 97). The head can also be

followed by complements to complete the meaning of a noun. Besides, O’Grady

(1996) states that “the arrangement of the elements which make up a phrase is

regulated by a special type of grammatical mechanism which is called a phrase

structure rule” (p. 189). Then, he mentions the option of the phrase structure rule

of noun phrase is formulated as NP (Det) N (PP).


15

Example [2] The woman in black

Det N PP

Since O’Grady mentions that the rule presented above is as an option of the

phrase structure rule, it is considered that there is possibility to figure out other

rules of noun phrase structure.

b) Verb phrase

As in noun phrase, a verb phrase contains a lexical or primary verb as the

head either alone or accompanied by auxiliaries (Biber, Johansson, Leech,

Conrad, & Finegan, 1999). The function of the auxiliaries is to show the way in

which the action, state, or process of the main verb is to be interpreted. Further,

O’Grady (1996) mentions the option rule of verb phrase is formulated as VP

(Qual) V (NP), yet it is not limited to the possibility of other rules which may

occur.

c) Adjective phrase

Adjective phrase contains adjective as the head of the phrase. It is

optionally accompanied by modifiers which can be in a form of single words,

phrases, and clauses (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999). The

option rule of adjective phrase which is offered by O’Grady is formulated as AP

(Deg) A (PP). Similar to the previous phrases, this option rule is not the exact

rule, so there is possibility to figure out other rules of adjective phrase.

d) Adverb phrase

This phrase clearly contains adverb as the head which is optionally

accompanied by modifiers. Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan (1999)

state that the modifiers which can accompany the adverb is in a form of single


16

words, phrases, or clauses. However, O’Grady (1996) does not mention the option

of the adverb phrase rule.

e) Prepositional phrase

The last major type of phrase is prepositional phrase which, of course,

contains a preposition as the head of the phrase and a complement. The

complements are typically in a form of a noun phrase. Biber, Johansson, Leech,

Conrad, & Finegan (1999) state that the typical prepositional phrase “may be

viewed as a noun phrase extended by a link showing its relationship to

surrounding structures” (p. 103).

Furthermore, in discussing phrasal structures, the presence of modifiers

cannot be ignored. A modifier is “a class of elements which encode optionally

expressible properties of heads” (O'Grady, 1996). O’Grady adds that, basically, all

lexical categories can have modifiers, yet the two most common lexical categories

which are accompanied by modifiers are noun and verb. In addition, English

modifiers, with respect to the heads, are vary in terms of their position. Thus,

there are two major characteristics in relation to the position of the head across the

phrasal structures (Department of Lingusitics The Ohio State University, 2007).

They are head-initial features and head-final features.

Example [3]:

- Head-initial features : The cover of the magazine

- Head-final features : The magazine’s cover


17

2) Sentences

Aitchison (1978) states that “sentences are not simply random words

strung together by means of various devices” (p. 71). Traditionally, sentences are

taken to be the product of the combination of subject which is usually in a form of

subject (commonly in a form of noun phrases) with a predicate or verb phrase

(O'Grady, 1996). However, in practice, some people are still confused between

sentences and clauses.

According to Cambridge Dictionary, a clause is a basic unit of grammar

which must contain a verb. (“Clauses”). Meanwhile, a sentence is a unit of

grammar which must contain at least one main clause, but it can contain more.

Besides, sentence typically begins with a capital letter and ends with a period

(“Sentences”). Clause is divided into two major types which are independent

clause and dependent clause. Independent clauses are clauses which can form

sentences on their own, while dependent clauses cannot. As its name, dependent

clauses dependent on independent clauses to form sentences. Starting from this

point, a sentence is considered as a clause.

Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan (1999) state that clauses are

formed in patterns. These patterns are the combination of the major clause

elements including subject and predicate. Further, the predicate can be broken

down into verb phrase and compliment. There are, basically, seven patterns which

define the major clause types as follows.

a) Subject – Verb Phrase (SV)

b) Subject – Verb Phrase – Object (SVO)


18

c) Subject – Verb Phrase – Compliment (SVC)

d) Subject – Verb Phrase – Obligatory Adverbial (SVA)

e) Subject – Verb Phrase – Indirect Object – Direct Object (SVOiOd)

f) Subject – Verb Phrase – Object – Object Complement (SVOCo)

g) Subject – Verb Phrase – Object – Obligatory Adverbial (SVOA)

3. Rhetorical Devices

Barthes (1971) in McQuarrie and Mick (1996) states “since the antiquity

the discipline of rhetoric is about the Western thinking of persuasion” (p. 424).

There are many different terms used for rhetorical devices by experts. Leech

(1969) uses the term rhetorical figures instead of rhetorical devices, then describes

it as linguistic deviation. As seen from Grice’s rules of conversation, deviation

can be defined as violation to the rules; something beyond ordinary (McQuarrie &

Mick, 1996). Meanwhile, Corbett (1990) calls rhetorical devices as figures of

speech. He defines rhetorical devices as a “generic term of any artful deviations

from the ordinary mode of speaking or writing” (p. 426).

Both Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969) state that there are 44 types in

rhetorical devices. They then divide these rhetorical devices into two big

categories – schemes and tropes. Corbett (1990) explains that “schemes deal with

the deviation of the words arrangement. Meanwhile, tropes deal with the deviation

of meaning” (p. 427). On the other hand, Leech (1969) explains schemes as

“foregrounded repetition of expression” and tropes as “foregrounded irregularity

of content” (p. 74). According to Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969), the

classification of rhetorical devices is as follows.


19

a. Schemes

As mentioned earlier, schemes deal with the deviation of words

arrangement (Corbett, 1990). Moreover, Leech (1969) defines schemes as

expressional repetition. According to them, schemes are then divided into 30 types

as follows.

1) Prosthesis

Prosthesis is a type of rhetorical devices which gives additional syllable in

the beginning of words. Even this rhetorical device adds syllable in front of the

word, though it is deferent from adding a prefix, which changes the meaning of

the word. The use of prosthesis does not change the meaning or the part of speech

of the word.

Example [4] Loved becomes beloved

2) Epenthesis

Almost similar to prosthesis, this rhetorical device adds a syllable to a

word without changing the meaning or the part of speech. Yet, epenthesis adds a

syllable in the middle of a word. It is mostly functioned as poetic device such as

in poetries, especially in the earlier of the century (Corbett, 1990).

Example [5] Athlete becomes Athalete

(Kurt Vonnegut, Player Piano, 1952)

3) Proparalepsis

Proparalepsis is also formed by giving additional syllable to a word

without changing the word’s meaning or the part of speech. The additional


20

syllable is put at the end of the word, but it is different from adding a suffix.

Corbett (1990) explains that proparalepsis is also functioned to give rhyme of a

line in a poetry.

Example [6] Climate becomes climature

4) Aphaeresis

In historical phonetics, aphaeresis refers to the loss of unstressed vowel in

a word. However, aphaeresis, in this case, refers to the deletion a syllable from the

beginning of a word. As in previous devices of rhetoric, this device also does not

affect the meaning or the part of speech of the word.

Example [7] Beneath becomes ‘neath

5) Syncope

This device of rhetoric is also about the deletion of a syllable. Yet, the

syllable is deleted from the middle of a word. Similar to preceding devices, the

deletion does not affect any of the word’s meaning of the part of speech.

Example [8] Prosperous becomes prosperous

6) Apocope

Apocope is the opposite of aphaeresis. This device of rhetoric is formed by

deleting a syllable from the end of a word. It is functioned as a poetic device

which is to facilitate the rhyme of a line in a poetry.

Example [9] A picture becomes a pic


21

7) Metathesis

Metathesis is a device of rhetoric which is formed by reordering the letters

in a word. In other words, the device switches the position of the letters in a word.

However, this substitution does not change the word’s meaning. This metathesis

is commonly found in children’s speech, which is unconsciously done. Yet, poets

often do it in purpose to give aesthetic effect to the poetry.

Example [10] Clasp becomes Calpse; Waps becomes Wasp

8) Antisthecon

This rhetorical device is formed by changing the sound of the word to

create rhyme of a line, especially in poetry, without changing the meaning of the

word.

Example [11] Wrong becomes wrang

9) Parallelism

Parallelism is defined as “the similarity of the structure in a pair or series

of related words, phrases, or clauses” (Corbett, 1990, p. 429). This principle is

applied to keep the coherence of the sentence, therefore nouns should be

connected with nouns, verbs with verbs, noun phrases with noun phrases, clauses

with clauses and so on.

Example [12] He tried to make the law equitable, precise, and comprehensible.

10) Antithesis

Antithesis occurs when two contrasting ideas are put together in a parallel

structure. The use of antithesis is aimed to produce the effect of “aphoristic


22

neatness”, which is meant to give the sense of “well-organized” to the constructed

sentence (Corbett, 1990).

Example [13] Many things difficult to design prove easy to perform.

11) Anastrophe

Anastrophe is rhetorical device which deals with the unusual arrangement

of words. It is defined as “inversion of the natural or the usual word order”

(Corbett, 1990, p. 431). Beside to gain emphasis, Corbett (1990) explains that this

device is an effective tool to gain attention as the unusual placing of words

receives extraordinary emphasis.

Example [14] People that he had known all his life he didn’t really know.

12) Parenthesis

Corbett (1990) defines parenthesis as “the insertion of some verbal units in

a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence” (p. 431).

This insertion is not necessary in grammar, yet it does reflect rhetorical device.

Moreover, he also describes parenthesis gives emotional sense from the author.

Example [15] But wherein any man is bold – I am speaking foolishly – I also am

bold.

13) Apposition

This device of rhetoric occurs when two co-ordinate elements are put side

by side. The role of the second co-ordinate is to give additional information and

also to modify the first element.


23

Example [16] John Morgan, the president of the Sons of the Republic, could not

be reached by phone.

14) Ellipsis

Ellipsis is described as “deliberate omission of word or of words which are

readily implied by context” (Corbett, 1990, p. 432). Besides, Corbett (1990) states

that this device is considered efficient to be used as it is an “arresting means of

securing economy expression” (p. 432). However, the omitted words should be

grammatically compatible.

Example [17] When [you are] in doubt, [you should] play trump.

15) Asyndeton

Asyndeton also deals with omission. The omitted part in asyndeton is the

conjunctions between a series of related clauses. The function of this device is to

produce hurried rhythm in order to create emotional reaction (Corbett, 1990).

Moreover, the use of asyndeton can also create incompleteness, climatic, and

synonymy effects. Example 21) below is the example of asyndeton which create

climatic effect.

Example [18] I came, I saw, I conquered.

16) Polysyndeton

Polysyndeton is the opposite of asyndeton. In polysyndeton, conjunctions

are used in purposes to produce an impressively solemn note and to express

continuity of experience and special emphasis.


24

Example [19]:

a) Impressive solemn note

And God said, “Let the earth bring forth living creatures according to their

kinds: cattle and creeping things and beasts of the earth according to their

kinds” (Genesis, 1:24)

b) Continuity of experience

I said, “Who killed him?” and he said, “I don’t know who killed him but

he’s dead all right,” and it was dark and there was water standing in the

street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and

trees blown… (Hemingway, “After the storm”)

c) Special emphasis

Last semester I have taken English grammar III and phonetics and

phonology and statistics and sociolinguistics and proposal seminar.

17) Alliteration

Alliteration deals with consonant repetition. Corbett (1990) and Leech

(1969) describe alliteration as the repetition of the initial and medial consonants.

Besides, Leech (1969) adds that alliteration is one of many linguistic tools which

can make text to become more organized. The use of alliteration in poetry,

according to Corbett (1990), is to “bind verses together” (p. 434). Further, he

states that, in modern era, alliteration is used to give humorous effect in

advertisements.

Example [20] The Champagne of Bottle Beer – Brewed only in Milwaukee.


25

18) Assonance

As in alliteration, assonance also deals with sound repetition. The

difference is that assonance repeats the similar vowels which are preceded and

followed by different consonants. However, it is only the vowels in the stressed

syllables which are repeated. Consequently, there is a possibility of “the

occurrence of semi-assonance” (Leech, 1969, p. 93). Semi-assonance occurs when

the repeated vowels are not identical, but similar. The examples of both assonance

and semi-assonance are as follows.

Example [21]:

a) Assonance

And old, blind, and despised king.

b) Semi-assonance

For those who can see the scar

19) Anaphora

Anaphora is defined as the repetition of the same words or the group of

words at the beginning of sentences, phrases, or clauses (Corbett, 1990). He adds

that the use of anaphora in a writing is surely to build a special rhythm of a

sequence where the author wants to emphasize on.

Example [22] This is the essence – this is the heart – this is the day-today stuff of

our duty in this Assembly.

20) Epistrophe

In the opposite of anaphora, epistrophe is a “repetition of the same word or

group of word at the end of successive clauses” (Corbett, 1990, p. 435). He also


26

mentions the function of this device is to create rhythm as well as to set up special

emphasis to the sentence.

Example [23] When I was a child, I spoke like a child, I thought like a child, I

reasoned like a child.

21) Epanalepsis

Epanalepsis occurs by repeating a word placed in the beginning of a clause

at the end of the clause (Corbett, 1990). He mentions that this device reflects an

intense emotion. Thus, the use of this device must concern to the appropriate time

and context to prevent awkwardness.

Example [24] Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answered blows

22) Anadiplosis

Anadiplosis occurs when the last word of the initial clause is repeated at

the beginning of the following clause. Corbett (1990) explains that the use of this

device is to show connection between clauses. Further, the pattern of anadiplosis,

according to Leech (1969) can be formulated as (…a)(a…).

Example [25] Labor and care are rewarded with success, success produces

confidence, confidence relaxes industry, and negligence ruins

reputation which diligence had raised.

23) Climax

Climax deals with the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses which

occur based on the order of increasing importance. There are two types of climax.

The first type is a climax in which a text is arranged in an order gradually rising


27

importance. Then, the second climax is the combination of anadiplosis. Example

[26] below is the example of the first climax.

Example [26] Let a man acknowledge obligations to his family, his country, and

his God.

24) Antimetabole

Antimetabole is a “repetition of words in reverse grammatical order, in

successive clause” (Corbett, 1990, p. 437). He adds that the clauses which use

antimetabole become remarkable since they are “having the air of neatly turned

phrase”. By using this device, the text will reflect the expression of thought.

Example [27] You may like it, it likes you.

25) Polyptoton

Polyptoton is defined as the repetition of words which are derived from the

same root (Corbett, 1990). Additionally, Leech (1969) states that polypototon is

the morphological counterpart of anaphora which means the repetition occurs

within the words’ structure.

Example [28] Their blood bleeds the nation of its sanguine assurance.

26) Symploce

Symploce is a combination of two preceding devices, anaphora and

epistrophe. In other words, this device repeats the initial and the final words of a

clause. Leech (1969) mentions that the structure of symploce can be formulated as

(a…b)(a…b).


28

Example [29] I will recruit for myself and you as I go; I will scatter myself

among men and women as I go.

27) Homoioteleuton

Leech (1969) defines homoioteleuton as the repetition of the identical

derivational or inflectional ending on different words. This device is similar to

rhyme, yet it only repeats the identical derivational or inflectional ending.

Whereas, rhyme repeats the similar syllable at the end of words.

Example [30] But for those obstinate questionings

Of sense and outward things,

Fallings from us, vanishings,

Blank misgivings of a creature

Moving about in words not realized…

28) Chiming

Chiming is a rhetorical device which is similar to alliteration. Leech (1969)

explains that the difference between those two devices lies on the sound being

repeated. In chiming, the focus is on the similarity of repeated sound. Leech, then,

points out that chiming somehow connects two or more words beginning with

identical sounds. The phonological bond also gives more emphasis when “it

occurs between words which are grammatically paired, yet contrast in reference

and associations” (Leech, 1969, p. 96).

Example [31] So foul and fair a day I have not seen.


29

29) Rhyme

As explained in homoioteleuton, rhyme repeats the similar syllable at the

end of words. This device is the opposite of chiming. Leech (1969) explains that

rhyme is based more on spelling rather than on pronunciation. As far as the

spelling system is phonemic, the phonological correspondences are indeed

reflected in writing. However, there is a possibility of the difference between the

spelling and the pronunciation. For instance, the word great rhymes with the word

mate, but not with the word meat (Leech, 1969).

Example [32] What thou wouldst highly.

That wouldst thou holily.

30) Free verbal repetition

Leech (1969) describes free verbal repetition as the repetition of words.

The repetition is done by repeating the exact words, phrases, or sentences from the

previous part. Compared to the other repetition devices, this device has main

characteristic which is disorderliness. Yet, it still give special or suppressed

intensity of feeling like the other repetition devices. Moreover, Leech (1969) the

repetition of free verbal variation can also “indicate the inadequacy of language”

(p. 79).

Example [33] For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime,

Young Lycidas, and hath not left his peer.

Who would not sing for Lycidas? he know

Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.


30

b. Tropes

Tropes, according to Corbett (1990), deal with the deviation of the

meaning of the words. They are also known as the transference of meaning since

they create deviation on the semantic level (Leech, 1969). Further, both Corbett

(1990) and Leech (1969) divide tropes into fourteen categories which are further

described as follows.

1) Metaphor and simile

Metaphor is understood as “an implied comparison between two things of

unlike nature yet have something in common” (Corbett, 1990, p. 438).

Meanwhile, Corbett (1990) defines simile as “an explicit comparison between two

things of unlike nature yet have something in common” (p. 438). He adds that

these two tropes should be treated in the same way since they are so much alike.

In addition, Leech (1969) states that the difference between these two tropes is

only lied on their manner in expressing the comparison.

Example [34]:

Metaphor : Some students went down in flames on the final exam.

Simile : The prosecutor went directly to the point like an arrow.

2) Synecdoche

This rhetorical device is a device where a part stands for the whole thing

(Corbett, 1990). On the other hand, Leech (1969) describes synecdoche as “the

general term for the particular” (p. 150). Both definitions actually have the same

interpretation about synecdoche, yet the terms are different.


31

Example [35] Genus substituted for the species: weapon for sword; vehicle for

bicycle; arms for rifles.

3) Metonymy

Metonymy is conventionally described as the substitution of some

attributive words for what they are actually meant. According to Corbett (1990),

metonymy is similar to synecdoche that it needs great effort to differ them.

Besides, Leech (1969) also defines metonymy is “broad enough to include

synecdoche” (p. 152). However, metonymy is treated “as a residual category

including all varieties of transference of meaning apart from those which

separately classed as synecdoche” (Leech, 1969, p. 152).

Example [36] Crown for royalty; wealth for rich people; bottle for wine.

4) Puns

Corbett (1990) defines puns as a rhetorical device which “creates a play on

words” (p. 441). Then, he classifies puns into antanaclasis, paronomasia, and

syllepsis. Leech (1969), meanwhile, classifies puns into more categories which are

repetition, antonyms, asyntactic, etymological pun, syllepsis, and similarity of

pronunciation. This research used the classification offered by Corbett (1990) as

follows.

4.1) Antanaclasis

Basically, Corbett’s antanaclasis and Leech’s repetition are the same. Both

describe puns as the “repetition of word in two different senses” (Corbett, 1990, p.

441; Leech, 1969, p. 210). The different senses here means the word bring two

senses or meanings in sequence.


32

Example [37] Learn a craft so that when you grow older, you do not need to earn

your living by craft.

4.2) Paronomasia

Paronomasia is the similarity of pronunciation. This rhetorical device uses

words which are similar in sound yet different in meaning. Leech (1969) uses the

terms “play on similarity of pronunciation” for this device. He argues that this

device cannot be classified into pun since it depends more on approximate

homonymity. Even so, Leech (1969) further explains that this device has the same

effect as puns.

Example [38] It was a foul act to steal my fowl.

4.3) Syllepsis

This pun deals with the words which are understood differently when they

are put together with other different words. Both Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969)

describe syllepsis as the use of a word which is understood differently in relation

to two or more other words, which it modifies of rules.

Example [39] Here thou, Great Anna! Whom three realms obey

Dost sometimes counsel take – and sometime tea.

5) Anthimeria

According to Corbett (1990), anthimeria is “the substitution of one part of

speech for another” (p. 442). This device is used by creating a new word when

there is not an available word which can represent what the author wants to

express.


33

Example [40] I will unhair the head.

6) Periphrasis

Periphrasis also deals with substitution. This device substitutes the

descriptive word or phrases with a proper name for the quality associated with the

name (Corbett, 1990). Leech (1969) adds that this proper noun is treated as a

common noun. Further, Corbett mentions that the use of this device is a proof of

the urge in human to express familiar ideas in uncommon ways.

Example [41] She may not have been a Penelope, but she was not as unfaithful as

the gossips made her out to be.

7) Personification

Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969) describe personification as a rhetorical

device which gives inanimate objects the sense of human qualities or abilities. The

function of this device, according to Leech (1969), is to make abstractions real by

identifying them in terms of concrete world. Moreover, by using this device, the

readers can “grasp the nature of inanimate objects more vividly” (Leech, 1969, p.

158).

Example [42] The ground thirsts for rain.

8) Hyperbole

Hyperbole, according to Corbett (1990), is the use of exaggerating terms to

give emphasis to something. Additionally, Leech (1969) describes that hyperbole

has a concern on personal values and sentiments. Further, he argues that the

readers cannot judge the sentences containing hyperbole as true unless they go


34

inside the author’s mind. In some cases, hyperbole might be seen as exaggerating

to the readers, yet not for the author because the author is probably serious in

saying that.

Example [43] My left leg weighs three tons that I cannot move for a thousand

year.

9) Litotes

Litotes is understood as rhetorical device which uses understatement to

improve the quality of the statement. This understatement is reflected by using

negative expression in the statement instead of using the positive one. Yet, this

negative expression has no purpose of deceiving.

Example [44] It was a not unhappy crowd that greeted the team at the airport.

10) Rhetorical question

Rhetorical question is traditionally understood as an abnormal question

which does not expect any answers. Yet, it is also described as positive question

which is regarded as negative statement. Corbett (1990) states that rhetorical

question can be used as “an effective persuasive device as it includes readers’

responses” (p. 445).

Example [45] If God be for us, who can be against us?

11) Irony

Corbett (1990) describes irony as the use of words in order to present an

opposite meaning of their literal meaning. Besides, Leech (1969) describes irony


35

as a mask which hides what is actually meant. Like in litotes, the use of irony also

has no purpose in deceiving anyone.

Example [46] His designs were honorable, as the saying is; to rob a lady of her

fortune by way of marriage.

12) Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is rhetorical device where the words which sound reflects

the sense are used in a statement to set emotional or ethical tone of a text (Corbett,

1990). It is “purely mimetic power of language, its ability to imitate other sounds

which are usually non-linguistics sounds” (Leech, 1969, p. 97).

Example [47] The spray was hissing hot.

13) Oxymoron

Oxymoron is a combination of two terms which are contradictory (Corbett,

1990). Further, it is mentioned by Corbett (1990) that the use of this device can

create what he calls as “a startling effect” (p. 447). This effect shows that the

statement using oxymoron has violated the expectation where two contrasting

terms cannot be put together.

Example [48] Sweet pain memory; love hate relationship; cruel kindness attitude.

14) Homonymy and polysemy

Homonym occurs when identical word, with the same form and

pronunciation, happens to have more than one interpretation or meaning.

Meanwhile, polysemy occurs when one word happens to have more than one


36

meaning. Leech (1969) states that it is difficult to distinguish polysemy and

homonym.

Example [49]:

14.a) Homonym

Mole (n): a small animal

Mole (n): a spot on the skin

14.b) Polysemy

Prefer : 1. Promote

2. Like better

Considering the example above, people may wonder why the word “mole”

is taken to be two different words and included in homonymy rather than one

word with two meanings. Leech (1969) explains that this is based on the

etymology whether the words are derived from the same source or not. Besides,

he also adds that “homonym and polysemy can be simply distinguished by relying

on a rough criterion of semantic similarity” (Leech, 1969, p. 207). In this case, the

two identical words in example 49.a) has no obvious connection of meaning so

that they are regarded as two separate words.

B. Theoretical Framework

This research aims to analyze the syntactic structures and the rhetorical

devices in Tempo English front cover headlines issued on June 2016 to June 2018.

There are two research questions which need to be answered. The first research

question is what syntactic structures are observed in Tempo English front cover


37

headlines? Besides, the second research question is what types of rhetorical device

are found through the data analysis? Thus, the two major theories about the theory

of syntax and rhetorical devices stated previously are used as guidelines in

analyzing the data.

In answering the first research question about the syntactic structures of

Tempo English front cover headlines, this research used the theory of syntax

offered by O‘Grady (1996) and Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, and Finegan

(1999). As stated previously, headlines should be created in short, compact, and

concise form. Thus, the theory was used in order to figure out how the copywriter

maximize the use of syntax to create compact headlines in the limited space in the

cover magazine.

O’Grady (1996) states that the syntactic structures are divided into two

major units namely phrases and sentences. Besides, Biber, Johansson, Leech,

Conrad, and Finegan (1999) adds up that phrases are further divided into five

smaller structures namely noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase,

adjective phrase, and adverb phrase. Moreover, Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad,

and Finegan (1999) mentions that a sentence is considered as a clause which also

has some patterns which define the major clause types. By using this theory, this

research aimed to analyze the syntactic structure which are observed in the Tempo

English front cover headlines.

Furthermore, in answering the second research question related to the types

of rhetorical devices which are found in Tempo English front cover headlines, the

combination of Corbett’s (1990) and Leech’s (1969) theory about rhetorical


38

device was used. Previously, headlines were stated to remain short, compact and

concise because of the limited space. Besides, Arens (2006) mentions that

headlines are the advertisement tools of the magazine. He adds that headlines are

the persuasive selling tools of the magazine. Therefore, copywriters often use

special strategy in constructing the headlines. A headline also comprises a unique

component of news articles due to its stylistic form. As far as stylistic properties

of headline are concerned, rhetorical devices are applied to give entertaining

effect to the audiences.

Rhetorical devices, according to Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969), are the

devices of deviation which have the ability to make the familiar things become

strange. Furthermore, Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969) state that rhetorical

devices consist of 44 devices of rhetoric which are traditionally divided into

schemes and tropes. By using Corbett’s (1990 and Leech’s (1969) theory, this

research is aimed to find out the types of rhetorical devices found in Tempo

English front cover headlines edition June 2016 to June 2018.


39

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology of the research. The research

methodology consists of the research method, the research setting, the research

data source, the research instruments and data gathering technique, and the data

analysis technique.

A. Research Method

This research was conducted to analyze the syntactic structures and the

rhetorical devices which are observed in Tempo English front cover headlines

construction. Thus, the text analysis was employed as the method to do the

analysis. Neuendorf (2002) explains that a text analysis is one of the types in

content analysis which is conducted to analyze and interpret documents to give

meaning around an assessed topic. The difference between the text analysis to the

other content analysis types is that the text analysis focuses more on analyzing

written texts (Neuendorf, 2002). In text analysis, the documents were in a form of

public records, text books, letters, films, tapes, diaries, themes, reports, or other

documents.

Furthermore, since content analysis is included in a qualitative research, a

text analysis is also considered to be included in qualitative research. Qualitative

research is studies which investigate the quality of relationships, activities,


40

situations, or materials. The data collected are in the form of descriptive rather

than numerical or statistical data. However, the use of numerical data can be

provided to make the result more comprehensible (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2003).

This research deals with the written front cover headlines of Tempo

English. The qualitative goal is to get the holistic picture and deep understanding

related to the syntactic structures of the headlines and the rhetorical devices

carried on the construction. Therefore, this research employed a qualitative

research because it aimed to figure out the total picture of syntactic structures and

the rhetorical devices which are observed in Tempo English front cover headlines.

B. Research Setting

This research was conducted from February to August 2018. To begin

with, the research was started by finding the data source on February 2018. As a

result, Tempo English was chosen as the main data source for the research. Then,

all front covers issued on June 2016 until June 2018 were gathered. Last, the data

analysis and the report writing were done from June to August 2018. The specific

place was not required since the research did not deal with human interaction and

field study.

C. Research Data Source

There are two types of magazine publication which are printed and

electronically published, which refers to online magazine (e-zine). This research


41

focused on the magazine with electronic publication. The written front cover

headlines of Tempo English have been chosen as the subject of the research.

Tempo English is an online magazine which is weekly published in

www.magz.tempo.co in PDF format. This e-zine is the English version of Tempo

magazine, an Indonesian famous magazine, which covers news and politics.

Besides, by considering its target readers and the carried information, Tempo

English plays with the language styles and particular syntactical structures in its

front cover headlines to give attraction. Therefore, this research was aimed to

analyze the syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices which are observed in

the written front cover headlines of Tempo English.

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

This section describes the research instruments which were used and the

data gathering technique employed in this research. This research used three

instruments in order to obtain valid data sample to answer the research questions.

Besides, the data gathering technique explains how the data were collected using

selected sampling technique.

1. Research Instruments

This research used three instruments. They were human instrument, digital

tools, and document. Since the research employed text analysis which is a type of

content analysis, the main instrument of the research is the researcher as the

human instrument and the source of data gathering instrument.



42

a. Human Instrument

Lincoln and Guba in Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen (2010), human can take

role as an instrument because the research needs a flexible instrument to portray

the complexity of human experiences (p. 424). Moreover, Poggenpoel and

Myburgh (2003) adds that researcher as research instrument means the researcher

becomes the key in obtaining the data. Regarding to these concepts, it is

concluded that the researcher is considered as an effective and valid data

gathering instrument.

b. Digital Tools

Since Tempo English is an e-zine which can only be browsed and accessed

online, the researcher visited its official website – www.magz.tempo.co through

certain search engine. Herron and Young (2000) urge that web is an effective

medium for collecting data and gathering subjects. Thus, the digital instrument

was also optimized in order to obtain the data needed. Google search engine is the

digital tool which was used to browse and access Tempo English official website

to collect the front cover displays.

c. Document

Furthermore, O’Leary (2014) states that the researcher may use various

types of documents to obtain the data. There are three primary types of documents

that can be used. They are public records, personal document, and physical

evidence. Therefore, documents were also used as the instrument of the research.

Considering that the documents are in a form of ‘Display Picture’ of the front



43

cover magazines which are provided online and free to access, the documents are

involved in public record documents.

2. Data Gathering Technique

This research used purposive sampling which is referred to judgment

sampling. Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen (2010) stated that the sample elements in

purposive sampling are judged to be “typical, or representative, are chosen from

the population” (p.156). Since not all editions of Tempo English front cover

headlines were analyzed, the purposive sampling was considered as the most

suitable to be used in the research. There were only the latest two years editions of

front cover headlines of Tempo English were analyzed in this research.

The data of this research was in a form of public record documents dealing

with written headlines found in the Tempo English front covers. The data mostly

contains short headline in the front covers of the magazine. To obtain reliable and

valid results, the newest Tempo English front cover headlines which were

published on June 2016 until June 2018 (105 headlines) were chosen. The

consideration was the research started at the middle of 2018; therefore the data

were the current edition of Tempo English. Consequently, the data collected for

this research are considered up-to-date and reliable.

E. Data Analysis Technique

In this research, analytic phases by Yin (2011) were employed as the steps

to analyze data. There are five steps that must be done in analytic phases


44

according to her. They are compiling, disassembling, reassembling, interpreting,

and concluding (Yin, 2011, p. 177).

1. Compiling

Compiling was the first phase where the researcher sorted the collected

data based on the data gathering process. This phase is important to recognize the

data in qualitative data analysis process (Yin, 2011). The data of this research is in

a form of written discourse. In this phase, 105 Tempo English front cover

headlines were collected as the data of the research.

2. Disassembling

The next phase in this qualitative data analysis was disassembling which,

in other words, the compiled data from compiling phase were separated.

Disassembling involve a formal data coding procedure. Yin (2011) suggests that

the researcher “divided the compiled data into smaller fragments of pieces” (p.

178).

Therefore, the data coding categories was used in the process of analyzing

the data. According to Fraenkel and Warren (2016), the use of coding categories is

a common technique which is used in conducting a qualitative research. Besides,

the coding categories could be determined to get the data before or during the

analysis (p. 485). In this research, the coding strategy was done during the data

analysis. Table 3.1 shows how the codes are given to the data gathered.


45

Table 3.1

Data Coding

Data

Code Headline

The coding category is given based on the headline’s syntactic structure and its

occurrence. Since the focus of syntactic units are phrases and sentences, there

were only two codes which are P and S. Then, the code was followed by numbers

chronologically. In other words, the first data with phrasal structure was labelled

using [P1] code while the first data with sentential structure was labelled using

[S1].

3. Reassembling

Reassembling is the process to rearrange and recombine the pieces of data

into one particular theme. In this case, the disassembled data were analyzed in

order to figure out the syntactic structures and the structure formula which are

observed in Tempo English front cover headlines. Then, by figuring out the

structures, the rhetorical devices which were found on the headlines were also

analyzed.

Likewise, there were two methods used to validate the data analysis. First,

the researcher verified the data which was provided in the table with other

researchers conducting the similar research topic. It is also known as member

checking. The second was peer debriefing. In this method, the data was verified to

research advisor. The researcher then got reviews after the data being checked by

other researchers and research advisor. Further, the research report was written


46

based on the interpretation and the reviews from the other researchers and the

research advisor.

4. Interpreting

Interpreting phase is the step where the reassembled data were interpreted

and described into narrative. As Yin (2011) suggests, in this phase “the researcher

used the reassembled data to create a new narrative accompanying with relevant

tables and graphics” (p. 179). Thus, the reassembled data were interpreted

according to their syntactic structures and the structure formula which were

exercised along with the types of rhetorical devices which are found. Further, the

result was described into narrative text and supported by the numerical data.

5. Concluding

The last phase in this qualitative data analysis was concluding. In this

phase, the result of the previous four phases was compiled to draw the research

conclusion. What needs to be noted was that the conclusion has to be related to

the fourth phase and through all of the phases (Yin, 2011, p. 179). Hence, the

conclusion of this research was drawn from the interpretation which has been

described into narrative text.


47

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the analysis of the research based on the two research

questions formulated in Chapter I. The first research question aims to analyze the

syntactic structures observed in Tempo English front cover headlines issued on

June 2016 until June 2018. Besides, the second research question aims to figure

out the rhetorical devices found in the data analysis. The data used to answer those

two research questions were obtained from 105 Tempo English front cover

headlines which were issued on June 2016 until June 2018 by using two major

theories presented in Chapter II.

A. Syntactic Structures of Tempo English Front Cover Headlines

As described earlier, syntactic structures deal with the sentence

construction. There are two basic constructions which are phrases and sentences.

In analyzing the data, this research divided the data based on those two

constructions.

Figure 4.1 Syntactic structures in Tempo English front cover headlines

76%

24%

Phrasal structures Clausal structures


48

Based on the analysis, it was found that the most frequent used structure observed

by Tempo English front cover headlines was the phrasal structures. As can be seen

in Figure 4.1, phrasal structures were found being used in the 76% from the total

105 front cover headlines of Tempo English. Meanwhile, the sentential structures

were found being used in the rest 24% from the total.

1. Phrasal Structures

Phrases are the nature of syntactic units which are built around Ns, Vs, As,

and Ps (O’Grady, 1996). This structure was the most frequently used in Tempo

English front cover headlines issued on June 2016 until June 2018, based on the

analysis. Biber et al (1999) states that based on each type of lexical word, there

are five major types of phrases which are noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective

phrase, adverb phrase, and prepositional phrase.

Table 4.1 Phrasal structures in Tempo English front cover headlines

Phrasal structures Frequency Percentage

Noun phrase 71 88.75%

Verb phrase 3 3.75%

Prepositional phrase 4 5.00%

Adjective phrase 2 2.50%

Total 80 100%

Among those types, there are only four types of phrase found being observed by

Tempo English front cover headlines as presented in Table 4.1 above.

a. Noun Phrases

Noun phrase is a structure with noun as the head which are usually

preceded by determiners and accompanied by modifiers (Biber et al, 1999). Based

on the analysis, this structure was found as the most frequently used in Tempo


49

English among the other phrases. There were 72 front cover headlines which were

found using noun phrase construction.

Tabel 4.1.1 Noun phrase patterns

Pattern Frequency Percentage

NP (Det) N (PP) 26 36.7 %

NP NP (Conj.) NP 2 2.8 %

NP (det) (Mod) N (Mod) 21 29.6 %

NP (det) (Adj) N 17 23.9 %

NP (det) (Adj) N (PP) 4 5.6 %

Parallel NP 1 1.4 %

Total 71 100 %

O’Grady (1996) mentions the option of the phrase pattern rule of noun

phrase is formulated as NP (Det) N (PP). In fact, some variances of

combination were also in their patterns. Thus, these structures were further

divided into six noun phrase patterns based on the analysis.

1) NP (Det) N (PP)

The first noun phrase pattern found in Tempo English front cover headlines

was noun phrase by the combination of noun phrase and prepositional phrase.

Based on the analysis, there were 26 front cover headlines which were found

using this combination. Since they commonly share the same combination, three

front cover headlines were taken as the representatives of this combination.

[P7] LETTER FROM THE GRAVE

N PP

[P20] CENTER OF THE STORM

N PP

[P47] THE ENEMY WITHIN

Det N PP


50

Basically, the patterns of the headlines above are just the same. Based on

the analysis, the presence of the determiner in noun phrase structure was optional.

As in chapter II, it has been mentioned that articles are often omitted in headline

writing (Moe, 2014). For instance, in headline [P7] and [P20], the determiners

were not written while in headline [P47] was. This omission was done in order to

keep the headline short and concise without changing the meanings. This also

represents the rest of the noun phrases which were found in Tempo English front

cover headlines (see Appendix 4).

2) NP NP (Conj) NP

The second noun phrase pattern was the combination of the noun phrases

connected by conjunction. This pattern was less common in Tempo English

headline structure as it was found only in 2 front cover headlines based on the

analysis. The headlines are presented as follows.

[P2] FRIENDS OR FOES

NP Conj NP

[P38] FAITH OR FEAR

NP Conj NP

Considering the form of the noun phrases above, the copywriter used

conjunction “OR” in the headlines to connect the two NPs. The effect is that to

make the headline remains short. Besides, by using conjunction “OR”, the

headlines become remarkable. It also gives additional effect as it influences the

audiences to think that the two nouns are choices the article offers.


51

3) NP (Det) (Mod) N (Mod)

The third pattern was the combination of noun phrase which was

optionally preceded or followed by modifier. In this case, the modifier was found

in a form of noun. Based on the analysis, this combination was observed in 21

front cover headlines in Tempo English. The analysis showed that this type of

combination had two types based on its head feature. The types were head-initial

features and head-final features.

[P40] THE PREACHER’S GAME

Det NP (Mod) N

[P52] THE GENERAL’S MANEUVER

Det NP (Mod) N

[P61] DRUG, INC.

(Mod) N

[P44] THE DEBT FACTOR

Det Mod N

As can be seen, the three headlines [P40] and [P52] have exactly the same

pattern. The noun head was placed at the back and was preceded by a modifier in

a form of a possessive noun. Thus, this type was called a noun phrase with head-

final feature. The use of the inflection was to make the headlines straight forward

as it kept them remains short. Besides, the headline [P61] and [P44] were the

same, but there was no possessive inflection. The phrase directly put the noun

together as a head and modifier. The head was also placed in front while the

modifier preceded the head – as it is called pre-modifier. Therefore, this type of

pattern was also called as a phrase with head-final feature.


52

4) NP (Det) (Adj) N

Another combination was the noun phrase which modified by determiners

and adjectives. This combination is actually a common structure of noun phrase.

The analysis showed that the use of this combination was found in 17 front cover

headlines of Tempo English. The representatives of the headlines are presented as

follows.

[P27] THE FINAL COUNTDOWN

Det Adj N

[P41] INDECENT EXPOSURE

Adj N

[P67] GREAT EXPECTATION

Adj N

[P73] THE CONVERSATION

Det N

Similar to the previous pattern, the use of this pattern is to keep the

headline remains short. Besides, the presence of adjective had given additional

information to the noun head. The representative headlines above were have the

same basic pattern. The difference was that there was the occurrence of article in

[P27] and [P73], while in [P41] and [P67] was not. However, headline [P73] was

a bit different because it had no adjective. The possible purpose was, of course, to

make the headline remained short, at the same time, straight forward.

5) NP (Det) (Adj) N (PP)

Besides, in analyzing the data, it was also found a complex form of pattern

which has noun as its head which was preceded by determiner and adjective,

while was also followed by prepositional phrase. This pattern was found in 4 front

cover headlines which are presented below.


53

[P19] WILD CARD IN THE WHITE HOUSE

Adj N PP

[P23] THE DARK SIDE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

Det Adj N PP

[P45] THE TWISTED TALE OF AMIR HAMZAH

Det Adj N PP

[P65] OVER THE RAINBOW: A PRIVATE AFFAIR

PP Det Adj N

As can be seen, those headlines have the same pattern. However, the

headline [P65] seemed to be different because the preposition was inverted to the

front part of the phrase. The rest headlines, [P19], [P23], and [P45], were the same

only headline [P23] which omitted the determiner from the phrase.

6) Parallel NP

The last form of noun phrase found in Tempo English front cover headlines

was the parallel of noun phrases. As in previous form, this form was the least used

in Tempo English front cover headlines. There is only one front cover headline

found, based on the analysis, using parallel noun phrases.

[P64] SEX, DRUGS, & LOSING CONTROL

NP NP Conj. NP

Corbett (1990) states that parallelism is about the coherence of a statement

where nouns should be connected to nouns, verbs to verbs, or clauses to clauses.

Thus, in this case, the phrases are considered coherent parallel since the phrase

contains noun phrases being connected. The use of parallelism here, helps the

copywriter to save the spaces by using commas and symbol. The headline [P65]

was also accompanied by a display picture of nightclub which automatically


54

helped to explain why the three things – sex, drugs, and losing control – were

highlighted.

b. Verb Phrases

The second phrasal structure found in the analysis was verb phrase. A verb

phrase contains a lexical or primary verb as the head either alone or accompanied

by auxiliaries (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999). The function

of the auxiliaries is to show the way in which the action, state, or process of the

main verb is to be interpreted. Based on the analysis, there were three occurrences

of verb phrase.

[P56] PROTECT AND SAVE

VP Conj. VP

[P78] PLAY AND PRAY

VP Conj. VP

[P59] GO ONLINE OR BE SIDELINED

VP Conj. VP

As mentioned earlier, a verb phrase has a verb as the head. Even O’Grady

(1996) has mentioned the option of the formulated pattern, though the analysis

showed that the verb phrases observed in Tempo English front cover headlines

were the presence of verb phrases connected by a conjunction. The data [P56] and

[P78] had the exact pattern which is the combination of two verb phrases

connected by conjunction. Meanwhile, [P59] had the same pattern with the other

two, yet had different form of verb phrases. The verb phrases in [P59] were in a

form of active voice and passive voice.


55

c. Prepositional Phrases

The next phrase is prepositional phrase, which has preposition as the head

of the phrase. The common pattern of prepositional phrases was the preposition

followed by noun phrases (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999).

Based on the analysis, the preposition phrases were found in two patterns. The

first pattern was the common prepositional phrase construction with preposition

followed by noun phrases. This pattern was found in two front cover headlines.

Besides, the second pattern was preposition followed by another prepositional

phrase. This type was also found in two front cover headlines.

1) PP P (NP)

The first pattern of prepositional phrase was the combination between

prepositional phrase and noun phrase. This is the very common form of

prepositional phrase. Based on the analysis, there were two headlines which were

constructed using this pattern. They were headline [P32] and [P55].

[P31] BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE

P NP

[P54] AGAINST ALL ODD

P NP

Both headline [P31] and [P54] were a prepositional phrase followed by

noun phrases. The different was lied only on the form of the noun phrase. The

noun phrase in headline [P31] was a compound noun phrase connected by a

conjunction “AND”. Meanwhile, the noun phrase in the headline [P54] was a

simple noun phrase.


56

2) PP P (PP)

The second pattern of prepositional phrase was the combination between

prepositional phrase and another prepositional phrase. There were also two front

cover headlines found using this pattern which were data number [P54] and [P61].

[P53] UP IN ARMS

P PP

[P60] DOWN IN THE SLUMPS

P PP

These headlines were found consisting the same pattern of prepositional phrase.

Both phrase [P53] and [P60] were followed by prepositional phrases which were

indicating place.

d. Adjective Phrases

Adjective phrases are explained as phrases with an adjective as the head of

the phrases. Based on the analysis, this phrasal structure was less common. It was

only found in two front cover headlines. They were data number [P30] and [P59].

[P29] TOO CLOSE TO HOME

Deg Adj PP

[P58] SLEEPLESS IN SENAYAN

Adj PP

Both headlines were found to have the same pattern, yet the head of the phrase

[P29] was preceded by a specifier “degree” while phrase [P58] was not. This may

be uncommon to read a stand-alone adjective phrase because it has to be

completed with additional information. Yet, it becomes common considering

headlines need to be constructed in short, compact, and concise form.


57

2. Clausal Structures

Aitchison (1978) states that “sentences are not simply random words

strung together by means of various devices” (p. 71). Traditionally, sentences are

taken to be the product of the combination of subject which is usually in a form of

subject (commonly in a form of noun phrases) with a predicate or verb phrase

(O'Grady, 1996). However, in practice, some people are still confused between

sentences and clauses. Yet, considering the theory of Biber, Johansson, Leech,

Conrad, & Finegan (1999), sentence is considered as a clause. Further, Biber,

Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan (1999) has stated that clauses has seven

major clause patterns. Based on the analysis, there were only three clause patterns

found being observed in Tempo English front cover headlines edition June 2016 to

June 2018.

a. Subject – Verb Phrase (SV)

The first clause pattern which was also the most frequently used pattern

found in Tempo English front cover headlines was SV pattern. According to

Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan (1999), this pattern expresses the

proportions to answer the question “what do/does/did?” It is also seen that this

clause pattern contains an intransitive verb. Based on the analysis, there were 9

headlines which were found to be using SV patterns. Three out of nine headlines

were taken as the representatives of this pattern.

[S1] THE RUSSIANS ARE COMING!

NP VP

[S8] TABLES TURNED

NP VP


58

[S11] DUPED, DAMNED, DETAINED

The three headline above represented the SV pattern found in the analysis. The

headline [S1] and [S8] were the same. Yet, the headline [S11] was different

because the subject and the auxiliary verb were implicit. The front cover headline

was accompanied by a picture of a woman. In other words, the headline aimed to

tell about that women in the cover was the one who was being duped, damned,

and detained in the article. The absence of subject and the auxiliary verb was fine

because it did not confuse the audiences as it was accompanied by a picture. This

omission was included in ellipsis which was explained further in rhetorical

devices in the next part.

b. Subject – Verb Phrase – Object (SVO)

The second pattern of clause which was found in the analysis was SVO

pattern. This became the least used pattern in Tempo English front cover healdines

as it was only found in 7 headlines. Thus, as the representatives of this pattern,

three headlines were pointed out as follows.

[S6] BAILING OUT BUMIPUTERA

[S16] LOSING GAME

[S23] MULLING OVER VEEP

This pattern was formed by a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase and then

followed by another noun phrase which acted as the object of the clause. As in the

previous clause pattern, the subject in this pattern was majority omitted. Then, the

verb phrases were changed into nominal, or it is called as nominalization. This

was done because the subject of the clause was already presented in the cover


59

picture. For example [S16], the headline was written “losing game” and

accompanied by the picture of Setya Novanto. In short, the audiences directly

understood that what the headline meant was Novanto loses the game. This kind

of omission was also included in ellipsis.

c. Subject – Verb Phrase – Obligatory Adverbial (SVA)

The last clause pattern found in the analysis was the SVA pattern. This

pattern were found in 8 Tempo English front cover headlines. There were three

headlines taken as the representatives of this pattern.

[S18] BREAKING FROM CLICHÉS

[S20] DRIVEN TO WIN

[S25] GEARING UP FOR 2019

This pattern was formed by a noun phrase as a subject followed by a verb phrase,

but then followed by an obligatory adverbial. This adverbial gave the additional

information to the action which showed in the verb phrase. Similar to the previous

two clause patterns, ellipsis and nominalization were also found in this clause

pattern.

B. Rhetorical Devices in Tempo English Front Cover Headlines

As stated in Chapter II, the rhetorical devices are often used in order to

give persuasive effect to the headlines. However, considering the focuses of

Tempo English magazine is news and politics, there are 13 headlines which were

found not using any rhetorical devices. The 13 headlines were written based on


60

facts and real condition or situation. Therefore, those headlines considered as non-

rhetoric headlines.

Table 4.2 rhetoric and non-rhetoric headlines in Tempo English

Headlines Frequency Percentage

Non-rhetoric 13 12.4%

Rhetoric 92 87.6%

Total 105 100%

In analyzing the data, this research used the rhetorical device classification

by Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969). According to their classification, there are 44

types of rhetorical device which are divided into schemes and tropes. However,

based on the data analysis, there were only twelve devices found being used in

Tempo English front cover headlines.

Figure 4.2 Rhetorical devices in Tempo English front cover headlines.

1 1

11

2

43

5 4

22

5 5

1 1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


61

Based on the analysis, the rhetorical devices which were used in Tempo English

were parallelism, anastrophe, ellipsis, asyndeton, alliteration, assonance, rhyme,

metaphor, metonymy, periphrasis, litotes, and polysemy.

1. Parallelism

The first device of rhetoric found in Tempo English front cover headlines

issued on June 2016 to June 2018 was parallelism. Parallelism is defined as “the

similarity of the structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses”

(Corbett E. P., 1990, p. 429). This principle is applied to keep the coherence of the

sentence. Based on the analysis, there was only one front cover headline using this

device.

[P65] SEX, DRUGS, & LOSING CONTROL

Since the use of this device is to keep the coherence of the sentence, this

headline was considered using parallelism device. It can be seen that headline

[P65] was formed by the series of related noun phrases. The headline was

accompanied by a visual cover of nightclub where these three things – sex, drugs,

and losing control – were commonly related.

2. Anastrophe

Anastrophe is rhetorical device which deals with the unusual arrangement

of words. It is defined as “inversion of the natural or the usual word order”

(Corbett E. P., 1990, p. 431). Beside to gain emphasis, Corbett (1990) explains

that this device is an effective tool to gain attention as the unusual placing of

words receives extraordinary emphasis. Based on the analysis, there was only one

headline using this device of rhetoric.


62

[P66] OVER THE RAINBOW: A PRIVATE AFFAIR

PP Det Adj N

Since anastrophe deals with word arrangement, this headline was simply analyzed

through its syntactic pattern. The headline [P66] was actually a noun phrase which

used pattern NP (Det) N (PP). However, the copywriter inversed the

prepositional phrase and moved it to the beginning of the phrase. By applying

anastrophe, the copywriter was able to create a remarkable headline and

emphasize the point of that the article was discussing about an “affair”.

3. Ellipsis

The third type of rhetorical device which was found in data analysis was

ellipsis. This device was quite common to be used in Tempo English front cover

headlines edition June 2016 to June 2018 especially in clausal structure headlines.

There were 11 headlines used this principle. Previously, ellipsis is described as

“deliberate omission of word or of words which are readily implied by context”

(Corbett, 1990, p. 432). Besides, Corbett (1990) states that this device is

considered efficient to be used as it is an “arresting means of securing economy

expression” (p. 432). However, the omission should be grammatically compatible.

[S16] CAPTURED, CAGED, CONDEMNED

[S18] VYING FOR VEEP

Based on the analysis, the variation of ellipsis found in Tempo English

front cover headlines was presented in two headlines above. The omission was

done commonly by omitting the subjects or the agents and the auxiliary verbs.

Yet, it did not confuse the audiences since the headlines were accompanied by

visual image in the cover. The headline [S16] was the example of an ellipsis


63

where the subject and the auxiliary verb were omitted. The headline was

accompanied by a picture of a parrot which is one of the protected animals. Thus,

by seeing this, the audiences understood that there were some protected animals

which were still captured, caged, and then condemned by irresponsible person.

Moreover, the headline [S18] was an example of an ellipsis of subject. The

headline was written vying for veep and accompanied by an illustration of hand

raising. This was interpreted that some people were vying for becoming the veep.

4. Asyndeton

Asyndeton also deals with omission. The omitted part in asyndeton is the

conjunctions between a series of related clauses. The function of this device is to

produce hurried rhythm in order to create emotional reaction (Corbett, 1990).

Moreover, the use of asyndeton can also create incompleteness, climatic, and

synonymy effects.



These two headlines, [S10] and [S16], were the example of asyndeton found in

Tempo English. The headlines were previously explained to be included in ellipsis

since they omitted the subject and the auxiliary verb. Besides, it was also found

that these headline omitted the conjunction. This omission was clearly in purpose

on making the headlines remained short and persuasive at the same time.

5. Alliteration

Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969) describe alliteration as the repetition of

the initial and medial consonants. Besides, Leech (1969) adds that alliteration is


64

one of many linguistic tools which can make text to become more organized. This

device of rhetoric was the most frequently used in Tempo English front cover

headlines. There were 43 headlines found to be using this principle. Even though,

Corbett (1990) states that alliteration is the repetition of initial and medial

consonant, it was found that only the initial consonant of the front cover headlines

in Tempo English were repeated.

[P4] MINISTERS’ MUSICAL CHAIRS

[P10] FAST FOOD FIASCO

[P19] TEST OF TOLERANCE

As can be seen, the headlines above were in a form of phrases. They repeated the

initial sounds of the words in the headlines. The headline [P4] repeated the initial

sound /m/, the headline [P10] repeated the initial sound /f/, and the headline [P19]

repeated the initial sound /t/. This was also found in the rest of the headlines

applying alliteration in the analysis.

6. Assonance

As in alliteration, assonance also deals with sound repetition. The

difference is that assonance repeats the similar vowels which are preceded and

followed by different consonants. However, it is only the vowels in the stressed

syllables which are repeated. Compared to alliteration, this sound repetition was

less used in Tempo English as it was found only in 5 front cover headlines.

[P30] TOO CLOSE TO HOME

[P34] TRIAL BY FIRE



65

These three headlines represented the assonance in the Tempo English. They did

not actually repeat the similar vowel, but diphthong in each word in the headline.

The headline [P30] repeated the diphthong /əu/ in the word close and home, the

headline [P34] repeated the diphthong /aɪ/ in the word trial and fire, and the

headline [P60] also repeated the diphthong /aɪ/ in the word online and sidelined.

This was done to make the headlines became more catchy and easy to listen.

7. Rhyme

Rhyme repeats the similar syllable at the end of words. Leech (1969)

explains that rhyme is based more on spelling rather than on pronunciation. As far

as the spelling system is phonemic, the phonological correspondences are indeed

reflected in writing. This principle was found in 4 front cover headlines.

[P11] BAKRIE’S BUSINESS BLUES




As can be seen the headlines was constructed to create rhyme. The headline [P11]

and [P60] were constructed by using similar ending to create rhyme. Besides, the

headline [S10] and [S16] were constructed in a form of passive voice to create

rhyme. This was done to make the headlines became remarkable and catchy.

8. Metaphor

Metaphor is understood as “an implied comparison between two things of

unlike nature yet have something in common” (Corbett, 1990, p. 438). Based on


66

the analysis, this device of rhetoric was found in 22 front cover headlines. Three

of them were taken as the representatives of this principle.

[P61] DOWN IN THE SLUMPS

[S6] THE RACE IS ON!

[S15] LOSING GAME

These three headlines represented the metaphor which was found in the analysis.

The metaphor was done by comparing the truth to a thing. For instance, the

headline [P61] used the word “slumps” to replace “problems”, the headline [S6]

used the word “race” to replace “election”, and the headline [S15] used the word

“game” to replace “case”. This was done to make the headline became persuasive

and remarkable.

9. Metonymy

Metonymy is conventionally described as the substitution of some

attributive words for what they are actually meant. According to Corbett (1990),

metonymy is similar to synecdoche that it needs great effort to differ them.

However, metonymy is treated “as a residual category including all varieties of

transference of meaning apart from those which separately classed as synecdoche”

(Leech, 1969, p. 152). Based on the analysis, there were 5 front cover headline

found to be using this principle. Three of them were taken as the representatives.

[P23] TERROR BEHIND THE VEIL

[P36] KILLERS AMONG US

[S12] THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN


67

As can be seen, those three headlines used attributive word to implicitly describe

what actually meant. For instance, the headline [P23] used the term “veil” to

indicate that the terrors came from the group who claimed themselves as Muslims.

Besides, the headline [P36] used the term “killers” to indicate terrorists which

actually live with us. The headline [S12] used term “people” to generalize the

citizen of Jakarta who participate in the governor election. This principle was used

to trigger a question from audiences thus it was persuasive.

10. Periphrasis

Periphrasis deals with substitution. This device substitutes the descriptive

word or phrases with a proper name for the quality associated with the name

(Corbett, 1990). Leech (1969) adds that this proper noun is treated as a common

noun. Based on the analysis, there were five headlines found to be using this

principle. Three of them were taken as the representatives.

[P1] CLASH OF WILLS

[P12] THE AHOK CHALLENGE

[P52] FEAR FACTOR

These three headlines were taken because they were representing the periphrasis

found in the analysis. The headline [P1] used the term that similar to game name

which was popular at that time which was Clash of Clans (COC). The use of this

term indicated that there was a competition to win regarding to personal or

organizational wills. Therefore, the headline substituted a term from a game.

Further, the headline [P12] used the proper name of Basuki Tjahaya Purnama as

known as Ahok as a challenge. The proper noun was substituted to describe that


68

to be like Ahok was challenging. Finally, the headline [P52] used the term which

taken from the title of a famous American TV series.

11. Litotes

Litotes is understood as rhetorical device which uses understatement to

improve the quality of the statement. This understatement is reflected by using

negative expression in the statement instead of using the positive one. Yet, this

negative expression has no purpose of deceiving. There was only one headline

found to be using this principle.

[P15] THE UNSUNG HERO

Based on the analysis, this headline, edition 16th of October 2016, told about an

activist who had relation to the student movement in New Order named Soe Hok

Gie. He was considered as a hero after his tragic death at 27. The word “unsung”

here did not have purpose of deceiving Seo Hok Gie, instead, this was used to

remember him as a hero which was almost forgotten.

12. Polysemy

Polysemy occurs when one word happens to have more than one meaning.

Leech (1969) states that it is difficult to distinguish polysemy and homonym.

Then, he explains that this is based on the etymology whether the words are

derived from the same source or not. Besides, he also adds that “homonym and

polysemy can be simply distinguished by relying on a rough criterion of semantic

similarity” (Leech, 1969, p. 207). Based on the analysis, there was only one

headline found to be using this device of rhetoric.

[P53] THE GENERAL’S MANEUVER


69

The word “maneuver” in the headline was considered as polysemy because it can

be defined into two different meaning. Maneuver can be defined as an adroit or

cunning action and/or as a large training field-exercise of military troops

(“Maneuver”). As can be seen, the subject of the headline was a general which, of

course, has a relation to military. However, in this context, the general was not in

a military field. Thus, the word “maneuver” in the headline was considered

polysemy.

Furthermore, the 19 non-rhetoric headlines (18.1%) were described to give

direct linkage to the real condition and the situation in the article. Besides, through

the analysis, it was found that one headline can employ more than one rhetorical

devices. Yet, there were only 11 of 105 headlines found to be using more than one

rhetorical device.

Table 4.3 Lists of Tempo English front cover headlines using multiple

rhetorical devices

Data

code Headline

Types of rhetorical

devices

P10 BAKRIE’S BUSINESS BLUES Alliteration, Rhyme

P14 THE UNSUNG HERO Litotes, Metaphor

P19 WILD CARD IN THE WHITE HOUSE Alliteration, Metaphor

P20 CENTER OF THE STORM Alliteration, Metaphor

P51 FEAR FACTOR Alliteration, Periphrasis

P59 GO ONLINE OR BE SIDELINED Assonance, Rhyme

P65 OVER THE RAINBOW: A PRIVATE

AFFAIR Anastrophe, Metaphor

S2 QUESTIONING QUOTAS AGAIN Alliteration, Ellipsis

S6 BAILING OUT BUMIPUTERA Alliteration, Ellipsis

S11 DUPED, DAMNED, DETAINED Alliteration, Asyndeton,

Rhyme

S18 CAPTURED, CAGED, CONDEMNED Alliteration, Asyndeton,

Rhyme


70

From the discussion above, it can be concluded that Tempo English front

cover headlines used the variation of syntactic structures and types of rhetorical

devices. The pressure of space in the cover insist the copywriter to create a short,

compact, and concise headlines, yet still have persuasive and remarkable effect to

the audiences.


71

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the major findings of the research

and their limitations. Besides, this chapter presents the implications of the result

of this research to educational field. Finally, this chapter also offers

recommendations for the future research and current practice.

A. Conclusions

After conducting the data analysis presented in Chapter IV, Findings and

Discussions, this research arrived in drawing the conclusion. As formulated in

Chapter I, there were two research questions which needed to be answered. The

research questions were devoted to figure out the syntactic structures and the

types of rhetorical device which were observed in Tempo English front cover

headlines issued on June 2016 to June 2018.

Previously, this research had mentioned that in answering the first

research question about the syntactic structures of Tempo English front cover

headlines, this research used the theory of syntax offered by O‘Grady (1996) and

Biber, et al. (1999). O’Grady (1996) states that the syntactic structures are divided

into two major units namely phrases and sentences. Biber, et al. (1999) adds up

that phrases are further divided into five smaller structures namely noun phrase,

verb phrase, prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, and adverb phrase. Moreover,


72

Biber, et al. (1999) mentions that a sentence is considered as a clause which also

has seven patterns which define the major clause types.

The analysis showed that to construct short, compact, and concise

headlines, the copywriter of Tempo English front cover headlines edition June

2016 to June 2018 were found to be using four phrasal structures and three clauses

patterns. The phrasal structures were noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional

phrase, and adjective phrase. Besides, the clausal patterns which were found in the

analysis were SV pattern, SVO pattern, and SVA pattern.

Furthermore, in order to answer the second research question, this research

used the combination of Corbett’s (1990) and Leech’s (1969) theory about the

classification of the types of rhetorical devices. After analyzing the headlines,

there were found twelve types of rhetorical devices which were used in Tempo

English front cover headlines. They were parallelism, anastrophe, ellipsis,

asyndeton, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, metaphor, metonymy, periphrasis,

litotes, and polysemy.

B. Implications

The English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) of Sanata

Dharma University has Morphology - Syntax and Sociolinguistics courses. The

Morphology - Syntax course focuses on studying the word construction and

sentence structure. The course also involves the various patterns of phrases and


73

clauses. Therefore, the lecturers can use headlines as the exercises to figure out

the phrasal and the clausal patterns.

Besides, the Sociolinguistics course focuses on studying the language in

relation to social factors, including regional, class, occupation of dialect, gender,

and discourse in literary works and even in mass media. The course involves some

rhetorical devices in its material. Thus, lecturers can use media headlines as the

media in teaching the relevant topic in rhetorical devices. By using familiar media

such as media headlines, the students might find the variations of rhetorical

devices which they do not find in Sociolinguistics textbooks or handouts.

Likewise, the lecturer can also put media headlines in exercises. Therefore,

the students are able to analyze the various types of rhetorical devices by

themselves through the media headlines they find. Moreover, using media

headlines as teaching materials enables the students to have critical thinking and

gain new vocabularies.

C. Recommendations

After conducting the research, the researcher has recommendations for

related parties. The recommendations are addressed to media headline copywriters

and future researchers.


74

1. Media Headline Copywriters

This research focused on the syntactic structures and the types of rhetorical

devices. Headline construction could not be separated to copywriting. As

mentioned earlier, headline plays the most important role in advertising the

magazine. Thus, copywriters need to be able to create attractive and appealing

headlines. In this case, considering the linguistic aspect of the headlines might be

useful in improving customers’ interest. Therefore, the researcher suggests that

language training should be implemented as preparation for copywriters,

specifically, language training on stylistic. By mastering the linguistic aspect,

especially stylistic, copywriters are facilitated to get easier ways in constructing

attractive headlines.

2. Future Researchers

This research focused on the syntactic structure and the types of rhetorical

devices which are employed in online mass media headlines, specifically in

Tempo English front cover headlines. Thus, the researcher suggests to the future

researchers to conduct research related to language in advertising in other online

mass media such as business-based Instagram captions, online shops

advertisement or phone apps advertisement. By conducting the research, there are

possibilities that other variance of syntactic structures and the types of rhetorical

devices will be found in the caption and advertisements.


75

REFERENCES

Aitchison, J. (1978). Linguistics (2nd ed.). New York: David McKay & Co. Inc.

Alred, Brusaw, & Oliu. (2003). Handbook of Technical Writing (7th ed.). New

York: St. Martins Press.

Arens, W. F. (2006). Contemporary Advertising (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-

Hill Irwin.

Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. (2010). Introduction to reserach in

education (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman

grammar of spoken and written English. London: Pearson Educatin

Limited.

Bovee, C. L., & Arens, W. F. (1986). Contemporary advertising (2nd ed.).

Chicago IL: McGraw Hill Irwin Inc.

Corbett, E. P. (1990). Classical rhetoric for the modern students. New York:

Oxford University Press.

Duff, B & Shindler, R. (1986). Language and style in the press. Glasgow: Collins

ELT.

Dahl, G. (2007). Advertising for dummies (2nd ed.). Indianapolis IN: Wiley

Publishing Inc.

Fahnestock, J. (2011). Rhetorical style: the uses of language in persuasion. New

York: Oxford University Press.

Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Harlow: Longman.

Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2003). How to design and evaluate research in.

New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Fumukong, S. (2016). Stylistics analysis in advertising discourse: a case of the

dangote cemenet advertisement in Bmenda-Cameroon. Advances in

Language and Literary Studies(7(6)), 105-112.

Gibbs, R. (1999). Figurative Language. In I. Wilson, & F. (. Keil, The MIT

Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Science (pp. 314-325). Cambridge: MIT

Press.


76

Goddard, A. (2003). The language of advertising (2nd ed.). New York:

Routledge.

Harris, G., & Spark, D. (1997). Practical newspaper reporting. London: F. W.

Hodgson.

Herron, T. L., & Young, G. R. (2000). E-research moving behavioral accounting

research into cyber-space. Advances Accounting Behavioural Research(3),

265-280.

Hodgson, F.W. (1998). News subediting. London: QPS Quark Publishing System.

Leech, G. N. (1969). A linguistic guide to English poetry. New York: Longman

Inc.

Mårdh, I. (1980). Headlinese: on the grammar of English front page headlines;

"Lund Studies in English" series. Lund, Sweden: Gleerup.

McLoughlin, L. (2002). The language of magazine. London: Routledge.

McQuairre, E., & Mick, D. (1992). On resonance: a critical pluralistic inquiry into

advertising rhetoric. The Journal of Customer Research(19), 180-197.

Moe, S. (2014). A brief study on the language of newspaper headlines used in

“The New Light of Myanmar”. Hinthada University Research Journal, V,

82-92.

Mulholland, J. (1994). Handbook of persuasive tactics: a practical language

guide. London: Routledge.

Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guide book. Thousand Oaks, CA:

Sage Publications

O'Grady, W. (1996). Syntax: the analysis of sentence structure. In W. O'Grady,

M. Dobrovolsky, & F. Katamba, Contemporary linguistics: an

introduction (3rd ed., pp. 181-244). London: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd.

O'Leary, Z. (2014). The essential guide to doing your research project (2nd ed.).

Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Reah, D. (1998). The language of newspapers, London: Routledge.

Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. New York: The

Guilford Press.


77

Online Resources:

Beare, K. (2017, March 17). Understanding newspaper headline. Retrieved

March 16, 2018, from Thought Co.:

https://www.thoughtco.com/understanding-newspaper-headlines-p2-

1211336

Tempo English Magazine Website https://www.magz.tempo.co


https://www.thoughtco.com/understanding-newspaper-headlines-p2-1211336

https://www.thoughtco.com/understanding-newspaper-headlines-p2-1211336

https://www.magz.tempo.co/

78

APPENDICES


79

Appendix 1. TEMPO English Website


80

Appendix 2. Samples of Tempo English Front Cover Headlines

Issued on January 2, 2017 Issued on February 6, 2017

Issued on March 6, 2017

Issued on May 1, 2017

Issued on April 3, 2017


81

Appendix 3. Data Coding

Data Code Headlines

S1 THE RUSSIANS ARE COMING!

NP VP

P1 CLASH OF WILLS

N PP

P2 FRIENDS OR FOES

NP Conj NP

S2 QUESTIONING QUOTAS AGAIN

V NP Adv

S3 SEEKING PEACE AND PLURALISM

V NP

P3 A PACKETFUL OF PROMISES

Det (Quant) N

P4 MINISTERS’ MUSICAL CHAIRS

NP (Mod) Adj N

P5 DEATH OF A TERRORIST

N PP

P6 THE RETURN OF REASON

Det N PP

P7 LETTER FROM THE GRAVE

N PP

P8 A TALE OF TWO CITIZENSHIP

Det N PP

P9 TEST OF POWER

N PP

P10 FAST FOOD FIASCO

Adj N NP (Mod)

P11 S4 BAKRIE’S BUSINESS BLUES

NP VP

P11 THE AHOK CHALLENGE

Det NP (Mod) N

P12 JAKARTA’S THREE-LEGGED RACE

NP (Mod) Adj N

P13

ONE CARD FOR ALL

Det(Quant) N PP


82

Data Code Headlines

P14 AN UNSUNG HERO

Det Adj N

P15 FOES IN FACEBOOK

N PP

P16 2017 ECONOMIC OUTLOOK

N NP (Mod)

P17 MUNIR’S MURDER MISTERY

N NP (Mod)

P18 TEST OF TOLERANCE

N PP

P19 WILD CARD IN THE WHITE HOUSE

Adj N PP

P20 CENTER OF THE STORM

N PP

S5 TRANSFORMING POLITICAL DISCOURSE

V NP

P21 TEST CASE FOR TREASON

N PP

P22 TERROR BEHIND THE VEIL

N PP

S6 BAILING OUT BUMIPUTERA

V NP

P23 THE DARK SIDE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

Det Adj N PP

P24 SLAVERY AT SEA

N PP

S7 THE RACE IS ON!

NP VP

S8 TABLES TURNED

NP VP

P25 COURT OF LOW ESTEEM

N PP

P26 PLEASANT PRISON

Adj N

P27 THE FINAL COUNTDOWN

Det Adj N


83

Data Code Headlines

P28 FIGHT TO THE FINISH

N PP

P29 TOO CLOSE TO HOME

Deg Adj PP

P30 COUNTDOWN TO ARBITRATION

N PP

S9 WHERE THE STEALING NEVER STOPS

Adv NP VP

P31 BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE

P NP

P32 THE LOOMING CREDIT CRUNCH

Det Adj N Mod

S10 SAVE KPK

V NP

S11 DUPED, DAMNED, DETAINED

VP VP VP

S12 WHY RELIGION STILL COUNTS

Adv NP VP

S13 THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN

NP VP

S14 A CORRUPT PAST REVISITED

NP VP

S15 THE POLITICIANS STRIKE BACK

NP VP

P33 TRIAL BY FIRE

N PP

P34 PEATLAND PREDICAMENT

Adj N

P35 KILLERS AMONG US

N PP

P36 TERROR FROM THE NORTH

N PP

P37 COLD CASE

Adj N

P38 FAITH OR FEAR

NP Conj NP


84

Data Code Headlines

P39 ROAD TO REDEMPTION

N PP

P40 THE PREACHER’S GAME

Det NP (Mod) N

P41 INDECENT EXPOSURE

Adj N

P42 DANGEROUS LIAISONS

Adj N

S16 LOSING GAME

V NP

P43 RICE RAID

NP(Mod) N

P44 THE DEBT FACTOR

Det NP (Mod) N

P45 THE TWISTED TALE OF AMIR HAMZAH

Det Adj N PP

P46 MARLIEM’S MYSTERY

NP (Mod) N

P47 THE ENEMY WITHIN

Det N PP

P48 THE END GAME

Det Adj N

P49 A TALE OF TWO ISLANDS

Det N PP

P50 SETYA’S ESCAPE PLAN

NP (Mod) N

P51 FEAR FACTOR

Adj N

P52 THE GENERAL’S MANEUVER

Det NP (Mod) N

P53 UP IN ARMS

P PP

P54 AGAINST ALL ODDS

P NP

P55 NO MAN’S LAND

NP (Mod) N


85

Data Code Headlines

P56 PROTECT AND SAVE

VP Conj VP

P57 DEVIL IN THE DETAILS

N PP

P58 SLEEPLESS IN SENAYAN

Adj PP

S17 CAPTURED, CAGED, CONDEMNED

VP VP VP

P59 GO ONLINE OR BE SIDELINED

VP Conj VP

S18 BREAKING FROM CLICHÉS

V NP

S19 VYING FOR VEEP

V PP

P60 DOWN IN THE SLUMPS

P PP

P61 DRUG, INC.

NP(Mod) N

P62 FEARLESS FIGHTER

Adj N

S20 DRIVEN TO WIN

V PP

S21 SADDLE UP FOR 2019

V PP

P63 PLIGHT ON RICE

N PP

P64 SEX, DRUGS, & LOSING CONTROL

NP NP Conj NP

P65 OVER THE RAINBOW: A PRIVATE AFFAIR

PP Det Adj N

P66 PAPUA’S PREDICAMENT

NP (Mod) N

P67 GREAT EXPECTATIONS

Adj N

S22 CENDANA RETURNS

NP VP


86

Data Code Headlines

S23 MULLING OVER VEEP

V NP

S24 LIE AT ANCHOR

V PP

P68 COFFEE CALLING

NP (Mod) N

P69 GATOT’S GAMBIT

NP (Mod) N

P70 MINE GAMES

NP (Mod) N

P71 BALIKPAPAN BAY DISASTER

NP (Mod) N

P72 INDECISIVE PROPOSAL

Adj N

S25 GEARING UP FOR 2019

V PP

P73 THE CONVERSATION

Det N

P74 PRISON BREAK

Mod N

P75 TALES OF TERROR

N PP

P76 RADICALS IN THE MAKING

N PP

P77 HASHTAG WELFARE

NP (Mod) N

P78 PRAY AND PLAY

VP Conj VP

P79 DIGITAL PREACHERS

Adj N

P80 REGIONAL BATTLES

Adj N


87

Appendix 4. Syntactic structures in Tempo English front cover headlines

1. Phrasal Structures

a. Noun Phrases

Pattern Frequency List of Data

NP (det) N (PP) 26 P1, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P13, P15,

P18, P20, P21, P22, P24, P25,

P28, P30, P33, P35, P36, P39,

P47, P49, P57, P63, P75, P76

NP NP (Conj.) NP 2 P2, P38

NP (det) (Mod) N

(Mod)

21 P4, P10, P11, P12, P16, P17, P40,

P43, P44, P46, P50, P52, P55,

P61, P66, P68, P69, P70, P71,

P74, P77

NP (det) (Adj) N 17 P3, P14, P26, P27, P32, P34, P37,

P41, P42, P48, P51, P62, P67,

P72, P73, P79, P80

NP (det) (Adj) N (PP) 4 P19, P23, P45, P65

Parallel NP 1 P64

Total 71

b. Verb Phrases


VP VP (Conj.) VP 3 P56, P59, P78

Total 3

c. Prepositional Phrases


PP P (NP) 2 P31, P54


88

PP P (PP) 2 P53, P60

Total 4

d. Adjective Phrases


Adj. P Adj. (PP) 2 P29, P58

Total 2

2. Clausal Structures


S – V 10 S1, S4, S7, S8, S11, S13, S14,

S15, S22, S17

S – V – O 7 S2, S3, S5, S6, S10, S16, S23

S – V – A 8 S9, S12, S18, S19, S20, S21, S24,

S25

Total 25


89

Appendix 5. Rhetorical devices in Tempo English front cover headlines

Data

Code Text Rhetorical Devices

P1 CLASH OF WILLS Periphrasis

P2 FRIENDS OR FOES Alliteration

P3 A PACKETFUL OF PROMISES Alliteration

P4 MINISTERS’ MUSICAL CHAIRS Alliteration

P5 DEATH OF A TERRORIST -

P6 THE RETURN OF REASON Alliteration,

P7 LETTER FROM THE GRAVE Metaphor

P8 A TALE OF TWO CITIZENSHIP Alliteration,

P9 TEST OF POWER Metaphor

P10 FAST FOOD FIASCO Alliteration,

P11 BAKRIE’S BUSINESS BLUES Alliteration, Rhyme

P12 THE AHOK CHALLENGE Periphrasis

P13 JAKARTA’S THREE-LEGGED RACE Metaphor

P14 ONE CARD FOR ALL Metaphor

P15 AN UNSUNG HERO Litotes, Metaphor

P16 FOES IN FACEBOOK Alliteration,

P17 2017 ECONOMIC OUTLOOK -

P18 MUNIR’S MURDER MISTERY Alliteration,

P19 TEST OF TOLERANCE Alliteration

P20 WILD CARD IN THE WHITE HOUSE Alliteration,

Metaphor

P21 CENTER OF THE STORM Alliteration,

Metaphor

P22 TEST CASE FOR TREASON Alliteration

P23 TERROR BEHIND THE VEIL Metonymy

P24 THE DARK SIDE OF SOCIAL MEDIA Metaphor

P25 SLAVERY AT SEA Alliteration

P26 COURT OF LOW ESTEEM Metaphor

P27 PLEASANT PRISON Alliteration

P28 THE FINAL COUNTDOWN -

P29 FIGHT TO THE FINISH Alliteration

P30 TOO CLOSE TO HOME Assonance

P31 COUNTDOWN TO ARBITRATION -

P32 BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD

PLACE

Metaphor


90

P33 THE LOOMING CREDIT CRUNCH Alliteration

P34 TRIAL BY FIRE Assonance

P35 PEATLAND PREDICAMENT Alliteration

P36 KILLERS AMONG US Metonymy

P37 TERROR FROM THE NORTH Metonymy

P38 COLD CASE Alliteration

P39 FAITH OR FEAR Alliteration

P40 ROAD TO REDEMPTION Alliteration

P41 THE PREACHER’S GAME Metaphor

P42 INDECENT EXPOSURE Alliteration

P43 DANGEROUS LIAISONS -

P44 RICE RAID Alliteration

P45 THE DEBT FACTOR -

P46 THE TWISTED TALE OF AMIR

HAMZAH

Alliteration,

P47 MARLIEM’S MYSTERY Alliteration

P48 THE ENEMY WITHIN -

P49 THE END GAME Metaphor

P50 A TALE OF TWO ISLANDS Alliteration

P51 SETYA’S ESCAPE PLAN Metaphor

P52 FEAR FACTOR Alliteration,

Periphrasis

P53 THE GENERAL’S MANEUVER Polysemy

P54 UP IN ARMS Alliteration

P55 AGAINST ALL ODDS Metaphor

P56 NO MAN’S LAND Metaphor

P57 PROTECT AND SAVE -

P58 DEVIL IN THE DETAILS Alliteration

P59 SLEEPLESS IN SENAYAN Alliteration

P60 GO ONLINE OR BE SIDELINED Assonance, Rhyme

P61 DOWN IN THE SLUMPS Metaphor

P62 DRUG, INC. -

P63 FEARLESS FIGHTER Alliteration

P64 PLIGHT ON RICE Assonance

P65 SEX, DRUGS, & LOSING CONTROL Parallelism,

P66 OVER THE RAINBOW: A PRIVATE

AFFAIR

Anastrophe,

Metaphor

P67 PAPUA’S PREDICAMENT Alliteration

P68 GREAT EXPECTATIONS -


91

P69 COFFEE CALLING Alliteration

P70 GATOT’S GAMBIT Alliteration

P71 MINE GAMES Metaphor

P72 BALIKPAPAN BAY DISASTER Alliteration

P73 INDECISIVE PROPOSAL -

P74 THE CONVERSATION Metonymy

P75 PRISON BREAK -

P76 TALES OF TERROR Alliteration

P77 RADICALS IN THE MAKING -

P78 HASHTAG WELFARE Periphrasis

P79 PRAY AND PLAY Alliteration,

Assonance

P80 DIGITAL PREACHERS Metaphor

P81 REGIONAL BATTLES Metaphor

S1 THE RUSSIANS ARE COMING! Periphrasis

S2 [SOMEONE IS] QUESTIONING

QUOTAS AGAIN

Alliteration, Ellipsis

S3 [PEOPLE ARE] SEEKING PEACE AND

PLURALISM

Ellipsis

S4 [SOMEONE IS] TRANSFORMING

POLITICAL DISCOURSE

Ellipsis

S5 [SOMEONE IS] BAILING OUT

BUMIPUTERA

Alliteration, Ellipsis

S6 THE RACE IS ON! Metaphor

S7 TABLES TURNED Alliteration

S8 WHERE THE STEALING NEVER

STOPS

-

S9 #SAVEKPK -

S10 DUPED, DAMNED, DETAINED Asyndeton, Rhyme,

Alliteration

S11 WHY RELIGION STILL COUNTS -

S12 THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN Metonymy

S13 A CORRUPT PAST REVISITED -

S14 THE POLITICIANS STRIKE BACK -

S15 [SETYA NOVANTO IS] LOSING GAME Ellipsis, Metaphor

S16 CAPTURED, CAGED, CONDEMNED Asyndeton, Rhyme,

Alliteration

S17 [THE MOVIE IS] BREAKING FROM

CLICHÉS

Ellipsis


92

S18 [SOME PEOPLE ARE] VYING FOR

VEEP

Alliteration

S19 [SOMEONE IS] DRIVEN TO WIN Ellipsis

S20 [EVERYONE] SADDLE UP FOR 2019 Ellipsis

S21 CENDANA RETURNS -

S22 [PEOPLE ARE] MULLING OVER VEEP Ellipsis

S23 [SOMETHING IS] LIE AT ANCHOR Ellipsis

S24 [EVERYONE IS] GEARING UP FOR

2019

Ellipsis


THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES AND THE RHETORICAL DEVICES …

Documents

Transcript of THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES AND THE RHETORICAL DEVICES …