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The Sydney GrammarSchool Latin Course

INTERMEDIATE LATINUNITS I – VIII

by N. Bottomley and J.T. Vallance

This work is © 1999 Mr N. Bottomley and Dr J.T. Vallance. Copyright of certain translation passages isacknowledged in the body of the text. This course may not be used or distributed outside SydneyGrammar School without permission.

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INTRODUCTIONThis new course is based on the New South Wales Latin Syllabus, but goes well beyondit in many ways. (Copies of the official syllabus document may be consulted in theLibrary; boys may find it useful for purposes of revision.) Each term's work consists oftwo units of grammar, translation and vocabulary, all of which must be learnedcarefully. Vocabulary lists are only provided as far as Unit VI. Beyond this point, boysshould get all unknown vocabulary from their own dictionaries.

All boys must keep their own vocabulary books, into which they should enter allunfamiliar words they encounter. These vocabulary books will be inspected once aterm.

Each lesson contains references to the standard grammar textbooks. Boys will needto have Kennedy’s Latin Primer with them in class at all times, along with their Latindictionary. It is important to note that the Latin into English translation exercises do notnecessarily reflect the current grammar work — in many cases, the Latin passages willcontain constructions which have not been encountered. This is intentionally so; thefundamental test of competence in Latin is the ability to read what is put in front ofyou, however strange it may first appear. Do not in any way be discouraged if youfind some of this material beyond your powers: if you cannot make head or tail of asentence, simply note the meanings of unfamiliar words, and bring the matter up inclass.

Spare copies of all the textbooks are available in the Library. They should not beborrowed.

J.T. VallanceN. BottomleyJanuary 1999

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Unit I • Time andplace

In this Unit, you will learn:

• how Latin expresses time phrases like for four days, in an hour and on the third daywithout using prepositions.

• how Latin expresses time phrases using prepositions like post (after), ante (before)and abhinc (ago)

• how Latin expresses time clauses using conjunctions like postquam (after),antequam and priusquam (before), cum and ubi (when) and dum (while).

• how Latin avoids using prepositions with the names of towns and small islands.

• the irregular verb ire (to go).

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LESSON 1 • TIME PHRASES

When, within which and for how long

In most adverbial time phrases, Latin uses the accusative and ablative caseswithout prepositions.

In adverbial time phrases that express when something takes place, Latin usesthe ablative case.

media nocte sexto die quinta horaat midnight on the sixth day at the fifth hour

In adverbial time phrases that express the time within which something takesplace, Latin also uses the ablative case.

sex diebus viginti annis decem horiswithin six days within 20 years within ten hours

You can express the same idea more clearly with the preposition intra + acc. For example: intradecem horas, within ten hours.

In adverbial time phrases that express how long something lasts, Latin uses theaccusative case.

multos annos quattuor horas paucos diesfor many years for four hours for a few days

You can express the same idea more clearly with the preposition per + acc. For example: perdecem horas, for ten hours.

Time phrases with prepositions

The preposition abhinc (+acc.) means ago. It is followed by a noun or noun phrasein the accusative case.

abhinc multos annos abhinc tres horas abhinc sex mensesmany years ago three hours ago six months ago

The preposition ante (+acc.) means before. It is followed by a noun or noun phrasein the accusative case.

ante decimum diem ante primam lucem paulo ante cenambefore the tenth day before dawn a bit before dinner

The preposition post (+acc.) means after. It is followed by a noun or noun phrasein the accusative case.

post prandium post tertium diem post Tironis adventumafter lunch after the third day after Tiro’s arrival

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Exercise 1.1A

1 exercitus consulis bellum in Italia multos dies gerebat.2 media nocte, castra ab hostibus oppugnata sunt.3 servos secum ad forum quarta hora duxit.4 media aestate, magistri sunt numquam otiosi.5 circiter quinque annos Marcus cum familia sua in Italia habitabat.6 paulo post vesperem omnes e taberna discesserunt.7 ante adventum legatorum, nemo ex horto discessit.8 abhinc decem annos, multi pauperes agricolae in Cretam advenerunt.9 sunt in Gallia plurimi ignavi servi sed pauci optimi domini.10 per reliquam noctem, amici mei inter se sellis et mensis pugnabant.

Exercise 1.1B

1 Three days ago I left my friend Sextus in the city.2 I had waited for eight days, but I decided to leave at once.3 After dusk, the farmers made for the city as quickly as possible.4 The rest of the army will have pitched camp in one hour.5 After five days the general decided to hand over the captives.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 15.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 268–280.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 44.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 3–6, 40–42, 51–54.

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LESSON 2 • ANTEQUAM, PRIUSQUAMAND POSTQUAM

Before

You have already met the preposition ante (+acc.), meaning before. This word is apreposition. It is used with a noun phrase in the accusative in adverbial timephrases.

ante cenam ante solis occasumbefore dinner before sunset

The words antequam and priusquam also mean before. They are conjunctions.They are used to introduce time clauses (also called temporal clauses). The verbsin those time clauses will usually be in the present or perfect tense.

priusquam discedo, pecuniam tibi dabo.Before I go away, I’ll give you the money.

pater, antequam in forum venit, amicos salutavit.Before my father came into the forum, he greeted his friends.

When the main clause is negative and has a verb in the future tense, the verb inthe time clause will be in the future perfect tense. However, since the future perfecttense is rare in English, you can translate it using the present or perfect tense,whichever sounds more natural.

imperator non reveniet antequam hostes vicerit.The general will not come back until he has defeated the enemy soldiers.

Latin is much more particular about tenses than English is. In Latin, futureevents are usually expressed with the future or future perfect tenses, even when apresent tense would be used in English. The future perfect tense is used when onefuture event precedes the other: the first event will be in the future perfect tense,the second in the future tense.

Latin tends to put the important words in a sentence or clause at the beginning. So you will oftensee the subject of the sentence first, then the time clause, and then the rest of the sentence. Youshould try to imitate this pattern in your translations.

After

You have already seen the word post (+acc.), meaning after. This word is apreposition. It is used with a noun phrase in the accusative in adverbial timephrases.

post prandium post victoriamafter lunch after the victory

The word postquam also means after. It is a conjunction. It is used to introducetime clauses.

milites, postquam ad Alliam advenerunt, castra posuerunt.After the soldiers arrived at the Allia, they pitched camp.

postquam dominus discessit, servi cenam paraverunt.After their owner had left, the slaves prepared dinner.

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Note that Latin does not usually use the pluperfect tense in clauses introduced by postquam. WhereEnglish uses the pluperfect tense, the Latin uses the perfect tense. Can you explain why this mightbe so?

Take careful note: ante and post are prepositions. They are used with nounphrases in the accusative case to make adverbial time phrases. Antequam,priusquam and postquam are conjunctions. They are used to introducesubordinate time clauses. Make sure you don’t get these words mixed up.

Exercise 1.2A

1 servi, postquam liberati sunt, ab urbe statim discesserunt.2 post nuntiorum adventum, viri mulieresque timebant.3 antequam librum Vergilii legi, multa de Troianis audiveram.4 a templo non discedam antequam hunc librum legero.5 antequam Sextus advenit, omnes servos tacere iussi.6 imperator, postquam suos ad montes duxit, eos ascendere iussit.7 ante adventum Romanorum, unus magister filios civium docebat.8 Graeci non discedent antequam urbs Troia deleta erit.9 postquam Paris Helenam ad patriam suam duxit, Menelaus plurimas naves

comparavit.10 Graeci, postquam equum ligneum aedificaverunt, ad insulam Tenedon

navigaverunt.

Exercise 1.2B

1 After Sextus left, I decided to beat the slaves.2 Before the ambassadors saw the enemy soldiers, they were already afraid.3 The soldiers pitched camp near the river before dusk.4 After midday, the camp was attacked by many Roman soldiers.5 Before Manlius heard the shouts, he was working in the garden.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 23.5.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 428, 431.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 214–217, 225–228.

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LESSON 3 • DUM, UBI AND CUMFOLLOWED BY THE INDICATIVE

While

The word dum means while. Like the words postquam and antequam, it is usedto introduce time clauses.

If the event described in the main clause takes place for the whole time that theevent in the time clause takes place, the verbs in both clauses will have the sametense.

dum ego librum legebam, servi cenam parabant.While I was reading the book, the slaves were preparing dinner.

dum hostes insidias parabant, milites Romani tempus terebant.While the enemy were preparing the ambush, the Roman soldiers were wasting time.

However if the event described in the main clause takes place at some pointduring the time when the event in the time clause takes place, the verb in the timeclause will be in the present tense, and the verb in the main clause will usually bein the perfect tense.

dum ego librum lego, servus subito intravit.While I was reading the book, a slave suddenly came in.

dum hostes insidias parant, milites Romani ab urbe discesserunt.While the enemy were preparing the ambush, the Roman soldiers left the city.

When you are translating an English sentence containing the word while, youmust determine which of the above two options applies before you start writingdown your translation.

When

The word ubi means when. Like postquam, it is often used with the present orperfect tenses.

ubi servus poenas dat, laetus sum.When a slave is punished, I am happy.

Sextus, ubi forum intravit, amicos statim salutavit.When Sextus entered the forum, he greeted his friends straight away.

However, unlike postquam, it is often used with the future and future perfecttenses.

ubi in urbe ero, tibi pecuniam statim tradam.When I am in the city, I will give you the money at once.

ubi constituero, ad te scribamWhen I have decided, I will write to you.

You can use the present tense in English to translate the future tense in a time clause, and you canuse the perfect tense in English to translate the future perfect tense.

The word cum also means when. It can be used with the present, future or futureperfect tenses.

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cum tacet, iratus est.When he is silent, he is angry.

cum in urbe ero, Sextum tibi salutabo.When I am in the city, I will say hello to Sextus for you.

cum ad urbem Londinium pervenero, ad te scribam.When I reach London, I’ll write to you.

The word cum can also be used with the perfect or pluperfect tenses to meanwhenever. Note that the verb in the temporal clause tends to be in the perfecttense when the verb in the main clause is in the present, and in the pluperfecttense when the verb in the main clause is in a past tense. Can you think of anyreasons why this might be so?

puer, cum poenas dedit, semper flet.The boy always cries whenever he gets punished.

cum pueri sero ad ludum venerant, magister clamabat.Whenever boys came to school late, their teacher would yell.

The word cum can mean since and after as well as when or whenever. However, when it does, it isfollowed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. You will learn more about this in Unit IV.

At the beginning of questions, the word quando means when. Ubi means where at the beginning ofquestions.

Exercise 1.3A

1 cum urbem Romam vidi, non iam tristis sum.2 novum petasum petam, ubi cenam paravero.3 paulo ante cenam, ad forum ambulavi.4 cum servi in fundo laborabant, dominus eorum filium suum ad urbem ducebat.5 imperator, ubi hostes conspexit, eos oppugnare constituit.6 dum patres de frumenti inopia agunt, Cicero curiam intravit.7 dum consul in Africa bellum gerit, socii in Italia de pace egerunt.8 cum Marcum videram, eum semper salutabam.9 dum pueri in horto pila ludunt, pater eorum domum advenit.10 Orpheus, postquam uxorem a Plutone petivit, maximo cum gaudio discessit.

Exercise 1.3B

1 While the soldiers were pitching camp, the emissaries arrived.2 While I was reading the story to the boys, my wife was sleeping.3 When I am angry, I always punish all the slaves.4 Whenever I leave the city, I always write to my sons and daughters.5 When I see Sextus, I will greet him at once.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 23.5.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 429, 430.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 218–221, 231–233, 239.

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LESSON 4 • NOUN PHRASESEXPRESSING PLACE WITHOUTPREPOSITIONSLatin does not usually use prepositions in adverbial phrases of place with thenames of towns, cities and small islands, or with the words domus (house, home),rus (the country) or humus (the ground).

Islands like Sicily, Corsica or Crete are not small islands, because they are large enough to have morethan one large town on them. So ad Siciliam means to Sicily, in Creta means in Crete and so on.

With these words, in adverbial phrases of place expressing the place where, Latinusually uses the locative case. These are the forms of the locative case:

nominative locative

1st declension s. Roma Romae in Romepl. Athenae Athenis in Athens

2nd declension s. Mediolanum Mediolani in Milanpl. Pompeii Pompeiis in Pompeii

3rd declension s. Neapolis Neapoli/Neapole in Naplespl. Gades Gadibus in Cadiz

domus domi at homerus ruri in the countryhumus humi on the ground

With these words, in adverbial phrases of place expressing the place where from,Latin uses the ablative case by itself.

Londinio Pompeiis domofrom London from Pompeii from the house

With these words, in adverbial phrases of place expressing the place where to,Latin uses the accusative case by itself.

Romam Athenas rusto Rome to Athens to the country

Ad (+acc.) is still used with these words to mean towards, to the area near, or near.

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Here is a list of the names of some important places. Make sure you know theirdeclension before you try to work out their appropriate forms.

Africa, -ae f. Africa Graecia, -ae f. GreeceAmerica, -ae f. America India, -ae f. IndiaAnglia, -ae f. England Italia, -ae f. ItalyAthenae, -arum f. Athens Japonia, -ae f. JapanAustralia, -ae f. Australia Londinium, -ii n. LondonBrundisium, -ii n. Brundisium Mediolanum, -i n. MilanCantabrigiae, -ae f. Cambridge Neapolis, -is f. NaplesCarthago, -inis f. Carthage Pompeii, -orum m. PompeiiCreta, -ae f. Crete Roma, -ae f. RomeGades, -ium f. Cadiz Sicilia, -ae f. SicilyGallia, -ae f. Gaul, (France) Sydneiensis, -is f. Sydney

Exercise 1.4A

1 navis Roma Athenas media aestate navigabit.2 Mediolani cives nullos magistros liberis suis comparaverunt.3 dum Athenas iter faciebam, filius meus Brundisio Romam iter faciebat.4 ubi nuntius advenit, Gades cum amicis nostris navigare constituimus.5 quando in Cretam advenies? — quinque diebus advenire constitui.6 servos magistro non tradetis, antequam Romam advenero.7 Londinii sunt multi honesti Britanni, sed ruri sunt pauci.8 agricolae rus iter faciunt, quod fundi eorum oppugnantur.9 hostes ad Pompeios ante vesperem castra posuerunt.10 Aeneas, quod reginam amabat, diu Carthagini mansit.

Exercise 1.4B

1 While I was in Rome, I saw my friends Lucius and Sextus.2 Shortly after I came to Pompeii, my friend left Naples.3 After the legates arrived, the general sent his soldiers to the area near Milan.4 In Sydney, the citizens were angry because of the shortage of spears.5 I will not write to you until I have reached Carthage.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 1.10, 14.3, 14.6, 15.2.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 271–275.L. R. Palmer, The Latin Language, pages 303ff.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 44.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 8–9, 42, 51–53.

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LESSON 5 • THE VERB IRE (TO GO)The verb ire (to go) is irregular. Its principal parts are eo, ire, i(v)i, itum.

the verb eo, ire, i(v)i itum

present tense future tense ibo, ibis, ibit…

s. 1 eo imperfect tense ibam, ibas, ibat…2 is3 it perfect tense ivi, ivisti, ivit…

pl. 1 imus future perfect tense ivero, iveris, iverit…2 itis3 eunt pluperfect tense iveram, iveras, iverat…

This verb combines with many different prepositions to make a number ofcompound verbs. All of these verbs conjugate in the same way as ire. The mostcommon compound is transire (to cross). Others include abire (to go away), redire(to go back, to return) and perire (originally to go through, but usually to perish, todie). It is usually possible to work out what a compound of ire means from themeaning of the preposition.

Latin often leaves out the -v- in the perfect, future perfect and pluperfect tenses of ire. Incompounds they usually left the -v- out. So the perfect of transire is transii, transiisti, transiit…

The perfect tense of perire can be used to express despair or hopelessness. For example, perii meansI’ve had it, I’m finished or I’m done for.

Exercise 1.5A

1 postquam Romam rediero, Brundisium et Athenas ibo.2 ubi quinque annos natus eram, parentes mei Roma Carthaginem ierunt.3 dum ad forum eo, domum redire constitui.4 periimus! dominum Romam redire cras constituit.5 propter militum inopiam, imperator suos Romam statim ire iusserat.6 post mortem regis, servi eorum ad regiam redierunt omnes.7 propter tarditatem imperatoris, multi milites in proelio perierunt.8 dum exercitus Hannibalis montes transeunt, multi elephanti perierunt.9 perii! domino poenas ignaviae meae dabo.10 quando amici tui abire constituerunt? — post adventum Ciceronis.

Exercise 1.5B

1 The Romans decided to cross the river near Beneventum.2 Horatius and his friends will not return to Capua until they have gone to Barium.3 When Caesar reached Rome with his soldiers, the senators were very worried.4 I’m done for! I have been lazy all day, and my master is arriving home.5 Many people travel to Alexandria from Rome and Athens in the middle of summer.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 9.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 137.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 34.

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LESSON 6 • REVISION EXERCISES

Exercise 1.6A

1 quarta hora Romam redire constitui.2 dum Brundisii sum, ad forum ivi et ibi Lucium et uxorem eius conspexi.3 ad Cretam non reveniam antequam te Athenis videro.4 imperator, ubi hostes conspexit, suos flumen transire iussit.5 cum Londinium pervenero, ad vos scribam.6 in curia patres de nuntiorum adventu agebant.7 prima luce imperator milites captivos liberare iussit.8 multos annos Romani cum Carthaginiensibus bellum gesserunt.9 abhinc decem annos, imperator suos multa templa aedificare iussit.10 vos ad forum ducam postquam ad matrem vestram scripsero.

Exercise 1.6B

1 While you were asleep, your friends all went home.2 We’ve had it! The general has ordered us to attack at dawn.3 When I was two years old, a dog attacked my brother.4 When I have returned home, I will write to you.5 I travelled from London to Rome, while you were staying in Athens.6 They are not travelling any more: for they have arrived in Rome.7 The enemy soldiers are attacking, but the rest of the army have left the camp.8 I went with my father to the marketplace when I was ten years old.9 Marius sailed to Carthage. When he arrived, Sextilius sent a slave to him.10 I am very worried: for my son has not yet returned home.

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UNIT I • GRAMMAR SUMMARY

When, within which and for how long

In most adverbial time phrases, Latin uses the accusative and ablative caseswithout prepositions.

In adverbial time phrases that express when something takes place, Latin usesthe ablative case.

In adverbial time phrases that express the time within which something takesplace, Latin also uses the ablative case.

In adverbial time phrases that express how long something lasts, Latin uses theaccusative case.

Time phrases with prepositions

The preposition abhinc (+acc.) means ago. It is followed by a noun or noun phrasein the accusative case.

The preposition ante (+acc.) means before. It is followed by a noun or noun phrasein the accusative case.

The preposition post (+acc.) means after. It is followed by a noun or noun phrasein the accusative case.

Before

The conjunctions antequam and priusquam mean before. The verbs in timeclauses introduced by antequam or priusquam will usually be in the present orperfect tense.

When the main clause is negative and has a verb in the future tense, the verb inthe time clause will be in the future perfect tense.

Latin is much more particular about tenses than English is. In Latin, futureevents are usually expressed with the future or future perfect tenses, even when apresent tense would be used in English. The future perfect tense is used when onefuture event precedes the other: the first event will be in the future perfect tense,the second in the future tense.

After

The conjunction postquam means after. Normally the verb in a time clauseintroduced by postquam will be in the perfect tense.

While

The word dum means while.

If the event described in the main clause takes place for the whole time that theevent in the time clause takes place, the verbs in both clauses will have the same

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tense. If the event described in the main clause takes place at some point duringthe time when the event in the time clause takes place, the verb in the time clausewill be in the present tense, and the verb in the main clause will usually be in theperfect tense.

When

The word ubi means when. Like postquam, it is often used with the present,future, perfect or future perfect tenses.

The word cum also means when. It can be used with the present, future or futureperfect tenses.

Cum can also be used with the perfect or pluperfect tenses to mean whenever. Notethat the verb in the temporal clause tends to be in the perfect tense when theverb in the main clause is in the present, and in the pluperfect tense when theverb in the main clause is in a past tense.

Noun phrases expressing place without prepositions

Latin does not usually use prepositions in adverbial phrases of place with thenames of towns, cities and small islands, or with the words domus (house, home),rus (the country) or humus (the ground).

With these words, in adverbial phrases of place expressing the place where, Latinusually uses the locative case. These are the forms of the locative case:

nominative locative

1st declension s. Roma Romae in Romepl. Athenae Athenis in Athens

2nd declension s. Mediolanum Mediolani in Milanpl. Pompeii Pompeiis in Pompeii

3rd declension s. Neapolis Neapoli/Neapole in Naplespl. Gades Gadibus in Cadiz

domus domi at homerus ruri in the countryhumus humi on the ground

With these words, in adverbial phrases of place expressing the place where from,Latin uses the ablative case by itself. In adverbial phrases of place expressing theplace where to, Latin uses the accusative case by itself.

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The verb ire (to go)

the verb eo, ire, i(v)i itum

present tense future tense ibo, ibis, ibit…

s. 1 eo imperfect tense ibam, ibas, ibat…2 is3 it perfect tense ivi, ivisti, ivit…

pl. 1 imus future perfect tense ivero, iveris, iverit…2 itis3 eunt pluperfect tense iveram, iveras, iverat…

Compounds of ire include: abire (to go away), redire (to go back, to return) andperire (originally to go through: usually to perish, to die), transire (to cross).

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REVISION: TRANSLATION PASSAGES

1.1 Labienus outwits the Gallic Chieftain

cum equitibus finitimis et legione Romana, Labienus multa saxa in castra noctuportavit. postridie Indutiomarus cum militibus prope castra apparuit. Romanosiaculis et sagittis oppugnavit. subito Labienus saxa e castris volvit. sic Treverosperturbavit et fugavit. simul equites e portis castrorum maturaverunt. Labienuspugnam spectavit, sed Indutiomarus inter Treveros non apparuit. sic LabienusRomanis clamavit, ‘ubi latet Indutiomarus? quis ducem Treverorum inveniet etnecabit?’

‘si Indutiomarum necaverimus, quid habebimus?’ milites Romaniclamaverunt.

‘magna praemia et auri et argenti habebitis’.Indutiomarus ad flumen maturaverat. in variis partibus fluminis vada erant

et Indutiomarus vadum iam appropinquabat. sed milites Romani etiammaturaverant et ducem in aqua invenerunt. dux clamavit sed clamores viri miserinon audiverunt milites: ducem necaverunt. caput Indutiomari ad castraportaverunt. milites praemia auri et argenti habuerunt et Labienus victoriammagno gaudio Caesari nuntiavit.

1.2 The Speech of Agamemnon

‘saepe, milites Graeci, minis Troianorum territi estis, saepe telis vulnerati estis,sed numquam a copiis superati estis. bellum est longum; patriam diu nonspectavistis. mox ad Graeciam navigabimus sed primum Troianos superabimus.Troiani in bello saepe antea superati sunt sed Hector est bonus dux et militessapientia regit. obsidionem paramus sed portae urbis Troiae semper clauduntur.consilium habeo: equum magnum e ligno aedificabimus. milites in equocelabuntur; tum equus cum militibus in ora ante muros urbis collocabitur. Troianinihil timebunt et equum in urbem trahent. nostri tum ex equo noctu maturabuntet per portas copias Graecas in urbem ducent. sic Troiam expugnabimus etvictoriam comparabimus.’

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NEW TRANSLATION PASSAGES

1.3 A prophecy independently confirmed

erant in Etruria multi et sapientes haruspices. ubi Romani urbem Veiosobsidebant, unus ex haruspicibus in sermonem cum militibus Romanis incidit.‘Romani’, inquit, ‘urbem Veios non expugnabunt nisi aqua e lacu Albanoemittetur.’ postea e muris in aggeres Romanos venit. tum unus e Romanis,iuvenis fortis, senem infirmum superavit et ad imperatorem traxit. ab imperatoread urbem missus est. interea Romani legatos in Graeciam ad oraculum Apollinismiserant et reditum exspectabant. legati ubi reverterunt dei responsumnuntiaverunt: ‘Sic Apollo Romanos monet: nisi aqua e lacu Albano emittetur,Romani Veios non expugnabunt.’ tum denique seni crediderunt. lacus Albanustum forte imbribus auctus erat. itaque Romani oraculo parent, aquam per agrosemittunt, urbem Veios expugnant.

ELTB 30

1.4 A schoolmaster’s treachery

Romani, ubi cum Etruscis bellum gerebant, urbem in Etruria Falerios obsederunt.Faliscorum filios omnes unus magister docebat, vir sapiens sed improbus. cotidiepueros ludi causa ex urbe ducebat, tandem ad castra Romana duxit. tum adCamillum, imperatorem Romanum, venit: ‘urbem’, inquit, ‘Romanis trado, namprincipum filios trado: si pueros obsides habebitis, Falisci statim urbem tradent.’respondit Camillus, ‘Non ita bellum gerimus Romani, nec contra pueros armasumpsimus: sunt et belli, sicut pacis, iura.’ tum magistrum nudavit et pueristradidit: pueri proditorem verberaverunt et in urbem egerunt. movit animosFaliscorum Camilli liberalitas: legatos statim ad castra Romana, inde ad Curiammiserunt. ‘beneficio’, clamaverunt, ‘si non armis, nos superavistis: ultro urbemtradimus: populi tam iusti imperio libenter parebimus.’

ELTB 28

1.5 The first aeronauts

Daedalus artifex erat per omnem Graeciam notus. templa aedificavit, deumimagines miras et pulchras fingebat. tum, quod sororis filium necaverat, aiudicibus damnatus est et ad Cretam insulam discessit. diu cum Icaro filiocaptivus in insula tenebatur. tandem alas finxit. ‘Mari undique’, inquit, ‘velutcarcere impedimur: naves non habemus: arte tamen via aperietur. si patrisconsilio parebis, per aera salutem petes.’ tum alas ad humeros cera deligavit.statim Icarus in aera ascendit: mox quoniam prope solem volabat, ceraliquescebat, puer infelix in mare cecidit et poenas audaciae morte persolvit.Daedalus autem incolumis in Italiam volavit ubi templum aedificavit alasqueApollini dedicavit.

ELTB 34

17

1.6 The judgement of Paris

dei olim, quod Peleus Thetin deam in matrimonium ducebat, magnum conviviumcelebrabant. di deaeque omnes ad cenam vocantur, praeter Discordiam: itaqueirata dea pomum in mediam turbam iactavit; in pomo inscripta erant verba‘Pulcherrimae deae munus pomum mittitur.’ statim maxima fuit inter Iunonem,Minervam, Venerem rixa. res Paridis arbitrio mandata est. Paris, regis TroianiPriami filius, oves tum in monte Idaeo pascebat. ad montem veniunt deae: puerianimum promissis conciliant. Iuno magnas divitias, Minerva belli famam, Venuspulcherrimam omnium uxorem promittit. Veneri dat Paris pomum: Venerisauxilio ad Graeciam navigavit, mox cum Helena, regis Menelai uxore, omniumtum feminarum pulcherrima, ad patriam revertit. tum Menelaus cumAgamemnone fratre plurimas naves paravit, ad Asiam navigavit, urbem Troiamobsidebat decemque post annos expugnavit.

ELTB 42

1.7 Orpheus

omnium olim poetarum notissimus erat Orpheus: multae de illo fabulaenarrantur. quotiens cithara ludebat, post se non solum animalia sed etiamarbores et saxa trahebat. eiusdem citharae dulci sono Argonautae navem in marededuxerunt, et draco, aurei velleris custos, sopitus est. uxorem ille Eurydicen anteomnia amabat: haec ubi vita excessit, et ipse ad Manes descendit uxoremque aPlutone petivit. respondit deus, ‘Uxorem post te ad terram duces, in terra iterumfaciem eius spectabis: tu primus ascendes: si semel oculos retro verteris, uxor tuaad Manes descendet nec iterum ascendet.’ maximo cum gaudio discesserunt;prope iam ad terram venerant ubi poeta propter ingentem amorem oculos retrovertit: statim Eurydice ad Manes revertit. postea semper Orpheus propterdolorem alias feminas contemnebat: illae iratae hominis infelicis corpusdilaniaverunt [tore to shreds], caput in Hebrum fluvium demiserunt.

1.8 The death of a dolphin

est in Africa colonia mari proxima: adiacet lacus ubi omnes, et maxime pueri,pisces captant, navigant atque etiam natant. inter se contendunt et victor est illequi longissime litus et comites reliquit. puer quidam, qui omnes ceteros audaciaet arte superabat, olim procul a litore natabat. subito in conspectum venitdelphinus: nunc eum praecessit, nunc circumiit, postremo subiit et portavitprimum in altum, mox flexit ad litus reddiditque terrae et comitibus. serpit percoloniam fama; concurrunt omnes; ipsum puerum tamquam miraculum spectant;interrogant, audiunt, narrant.

postero die obsident litus, prospectant mare. Natant pueri, et inter hos illepuer, sed cautius. delphinus rursus ad tempus, rursus ad puerum venit. fugit illecum ceteris. delphinus exsilit luditque et puerum revocare videtur. hoc altero die,hoc tertio, hoc multis diebus fecit. tandem homines audaciores fiunt;appropinquant et ludunt et appellant; et maxime ille puer, qui ad delphinumnatat et tergo insilit. nunc neuter timet, neuter timetur.

conveniebant tamen ad spectaculum omnes magistratus; eorum adventus etmora parvae rei publicae magno sumptui erant. tandem, quod locus ipse quietemsuam perdebat, cives delphinum occulte interficere constituerunt.

© NATL, page 191

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LATIN–ENGLISH VOCABULARY

abeo, -ire, -ivi, -itum go awayabhinc +acc. agoadvenio, -ire, adveni, adventum reach, arrive atadventus, -us m. arrivalaestas, aestatis f. summerAfrica -ae f. AfricaAmerica, -ae f. AmericaAnglia, -ae f. EnglandAthenae, -arum f. pl. AthensAustralia, -ae f. AustraliaBrundisium, -ii n. BrundisiumCantrabrigiae, -arum f. pl. CambridgeCarthago, -inis f. Carthagecastra pono, -ere, posui, positum pitch campconspicio -ere conspexi conspectum catch sight ofconstituo, -ere, constitui, constitutum decideCreta, -ae f. Cretediscedo, -ere, discessi, discessum a, ab

+abl.leave (a place)

dormire (4) sleepeo, ire, ivi, itum go, comeGades, -ium f. pl. CadizGallia, -ae f. GaulGraecia, -ae f. Greecehora -ae f. hourhortus, -i m. gardenIaponia, -ae f. Japanibi thereIndia, -ae f. IndiaItalia, -ae f. ItalyLondinium, -ii n. LondonMediolanum, -i n. Milanmedius, -a, -um middlemulier mulieris f. womanNeapolis, -is f. Naplesnon iam no longerotiosus, -a, -um idle, restingpaulo (with post, ante or a comparative) little, a little (adverb)pereo, -ire, -ivi, -itum perish, diepervenio -ire perveni perventum ad +acc. reachpeto -ere petivi petitum ask for, head forPompeii, -orum m. m. pl. Pompeiipunio, -ire, -ivi, -itum punishredeo, -ire, -ivi, -itum go backrelinquo -ere reliqui relictum leave behindRoma, -ae f. Romescribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum ad +acc. write toSicilia, -ae f. SicilySydneiensis, -is f. Sydneytaceo, -ere, -ui, -itum silent, to betrado, -ere, tradidi, traditum hand overtranseo, -ire, -ivi, -itum crossvalde very, very muchvesper, -i or -is m. eveningx annos natus, -a, -um sum, esse, fui old, be x years old

19

ENGLISH–LATIN VOCABULARY

Africa Africa -ae f.ago abhinc +acc.America America, -ae f.arrival adventus, -us m.ask for, head for peto -ere petivi petitumAthens Athenae, -arum f. pl.Australia Australia, -ae f.Brundisium Brundisium, -ii n.Cadiz Gades, -ium f. pl.Cambridge Cantrabrigiae, -arum f. pl.Carthage Carthago, -inis f.catch sight of conspicio -ere conspexi conspectumCrete Creta, -ae f.cross transeo, -ire, -ivi, -itumdecide constituo, -ere, constitui, constitutumEngland Anglia, -ae f.evening vesper, -i or -is m.garden hortus, -i m.Gaul Gallia, -ae f.go away abeo, -ire, -ivi, -itumgo back redeo, -ire, -ivi, -itumgo, come eo, ire, ivi, itumGreece Graecia, -ae f.hand over trado, -ere, tradidi, traditumhour hora -ae f.idle, resting otiosus, -a, -umIndia India, -ae f.Italy Italia, -ae f.Japan Iaponia, -ae f.leave (a place) discedo, -ere, discessi, discessum a, ab +abl.leave behind relinquo -ere reliqui relictumlittle, a little (adverb) paulo (with post, ante or a comparative)London Londinium, -ii n.middle medius, -a, -umMilan Mediolanum, -i n.Naples Neapolis, -is f.no longer non iamold, be x years old x annos natus, -a, -um sum, esse, fuiperish, die pereo, -ire, -ivi, -itumpitch camp castra pono, -ere, posui, positumPompeii Pompeii, -orum m. pl.punish punio, -ire, -ivi, -itumreach pervenio -ire perveni perventum ad +acc.reach, arrive at advenio, -ire, adveni, adventumRome Roma, -ae f.Sicily Sicilia, -ae f.silent, to be taceo, -ere, -ui, -itumsleep dormire (4)summer aestas, aestatis f.Sydney Sydneiensis, -is f.there ibivery, very much valdewoman mulier mulieris f.write to scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum ad +acc.

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Unit II • Commandsand questions


• how Latin expresses yes/no questions using the particle -ne and the words utrumand an.

• how Latin expresses questions using question words, including the interrogativepronoun quis, quid and the interrogative adjective qui, quae, quod.

• how Latin expresses commands using the imperative forms of the verb.

• how Latin expresses prohibitions using the words noli, nolite and the infinitive.

21

LESSON 1 • REVISION:SENTENCE–QUESTIONS ANDWORD–QUESTIONS

Sentence–questions

A sentence–question is a question whose answer is yes or no. Latin usuallyindicates a sentence–question by attaching the particle -ne to the first word in thesentence.

discessitne Caesar Roma?Has Caesar left Rome?

oppugnanturne castra?Is the camp under attack?

If a writer wanted to emphasise a particular word in a question, he or she would often put that wordfirst and attach -ne to it. Otherwise, the verb would usually go first, with the particle -ne attached toit.

Another word used in sentence–questions is an. Utrum…an, -ne…an or an byitself are used in questions where there is a choice between two alternatives.

utrum mecum venies, an hic manebis?Are you going to come with me, or will you stay here?

laboravistine hodie an non?Did you work today or not?

An is sometimes used to introduce a second question.

hostesne oppugnabitis? an timetis?Are you going to attack the enemy? Or are you frightened?

Questions where the answer yes is expected are introduced by the word nonne.Questions where the answer no is expected are introduced by the word num.

nonne mecum Romam iter facietis?Aren’t you going to travel to Rome with me?

num dormis, pater?You’re not asleep are you, father?

Word–questions

Word–questions are introduced by question words (sometimes calledinterrogatives). These include cur? (why?), quando? (when?), quem? (whom?, what?),quid? (what?), quis? (who?), quo? (where to?), unde? (where from?), ubi? (where?),quomodo? (in what way?) and quotus? (which one in a series? thehow–many–eth?).

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Exercise 2.1A

1 constituistine cras mane Roma discedere an non?2 quid nunc facitis, servi? num captivos liberatis?3 cur tecum Sextus iter facit? cur non Athenis mansit, sicut iussus erat?4 quota hora ad forum ibis, Sexte? — nona hora ire constitui, mi amice.5 quo cras navigabimus, domine? — cras ad Cretam navigabitis.6 nonne consul Romam iam rediit? — immo, etiamnunc abest.7 laborantne servi in horto? an cenam parant in culina?8 ubi sunt libri mei? portaveruntne servi eos ad ludum?9 quo modo exercitus consulis ducem hostium ceperunt?10 num Pompeii ab hostibus obsessi sunt? nonne eos defendunt custodes?

Exercise 2.1B

1 Are you a coward, Marcus? Or are you afraid of the enemy soldiers?2 You lived in Brundisium for how many years? — For six years.3 Whom did you see in the marketplace three days ago?4 Are the slaves preparing dinner? They’re not resting, are they?5 Are you very tired, or are you coming to the temple with us?

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 11.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 167–168, 405.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 169–171.

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LESSON 2 • THE INTERROGATIVEPRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE

The interrogative pronoun

You have already seen the forms quis, quem and quid, which are used tointroduce questions. These are all forms of the interrogative pronoun. Theinterrogative pronoun has a full set of forms.

the interrogative pronoun quis, quid

masculine feminine neuter

s. nom., voc. quis quis quidacc. quem quam quidgen. cuius cuius cuiusdat. cui cui cuiabl. quo qua quo

pl. nom., voc. qui quae quaeacc. quos quas quaegen. quorum quarum quorumdat. quibus quibus quibusabl. quibus quibus quibus

quem in foro video? cuius servi sunt in curia?Whom do I see in the marketplace? Whose slaves are in the senate house?

cui donum dabo? cum quibus forum intravisti?To whom shall I give the present? With whom did you go into the forum?

The interrogative adjective

In English, the words which and what are used as adjectives to introduce aquestion.

What book did you find? Which door shall I open?

The word used for this is called the interrogative adjective. Its forms are the sameas the interrogative pronoun, except in the nominative and accusative singular.

24

the interrogative adjective qui, quae, quod


s. nom., voc. qui quae quodacc. quem quam quodgen. cuius cuius cuiusdat. cui cui cuiabl. quo qua quo


qui servus nihil laboravit? cuius pueri est pila?Which slave has done no work? Which boy owns the ball?

cui militi signum dedit? quos discipulos hodie punivisti?Which soldier did he give the signal to? What pupils did you punish today?

Don’t forget that since this word is an adjective, a noun will go with it.

Exercise 2.2A

1 quibus cenam paratis, servi? — domino nostro et amicis eius.2 cuius est hic toga? et cuius hi calcei?3 cum quo nuntius castra intrat? — cum legato Romano.4 quos milites in castra vidisti? — milites legionis Tertiae.5 qui milites Antonium in proelio superaverunt? qui effugerunt?6 cum cuius patre ad forum iverunt pueri?7 qua via Romam ire constituistis? — via Appia iter faciemus.8 quarum viri a custodibus capti sunt? quid fecerant?9 constituimus iter Mediolanum facere. quid nos prohibebit?10 de quo fabulam magister narravit? — de Sinone equoque Troiano.

Exercise 2.2B

1 What are you looking for, boys? — We have lost our books.2 What are the boys frightened of? Why are they leaving already?3 What did the teacher say? — He warned us about the wild animals in the fields.4 Who did you travel from Athens to Brundisium with? — With a stupid sailor.5 Who is ruling the province now? — The province is being ruled by Aemilius.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 5.7, 5.9.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 97, 98.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 1.

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LESSON 3 • THE ACTIVE IMPERATIVELatin uses special forms of the verb for telling people what to do. Those forms arecalled imperatives.

Go away! Pick that up! Leave me alone!

The active imperatives in Latin are given below.

active imperatives

2nd person singular 2nd person plural

1st conjugation ama amate2nd conjugation mone monete3rd conjugation rege regitemixed conjugation cape capite4th conjugation audi audite

esse es esteire i itedicere dic diciteducere duc ducitefacere fac facite

festinate, pueri. duc me ad ducem tuum.Hurry up, boys. Take me to your leader.

hic mane paucas horas. abi statim.Wait here for a few hours. Go away immediately.

Sometimes, in order to make a command more urgent, Latin uses the word age, agite. You cantranslate this as come on.

When telling people not to do something, Latin uses the words noli and nolite(don’t) with the present infinitive (that is, the second principal part of a verb).Like the imperatives listed above, noli is used when you are speaking to oneperson, and nolite when you are speaking to more than one.

nolite timere, milites. fortes este. noli stultus esse, puer.Don’t be afraid, soldiers. Be brave. Don’t be an idiot, boy.

noli cuiquam credere. nolite me exspectare.Trust no one. Don’t wait for me.

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Exercise 2.3A

1 agite, pueri. vobis necesse est tacere dum in ludo sedetis.2 mane domi hodie. urbs est periculosa, quod sunt multi latrones in foro.3 nobis necesse est hostes quam celerrime superare. pugnate igitur fortiter.4 me quinque dies exspecta. nisi revenero, ab urbe statim discede.5 cape hanc epistolam et, ubi servus advenerit, ei trade.6 nolite fugere, mei amici. hi non sunt hostes, sed milites Romani.7 abice rem tibi pretiosissimam, quod dei tibi invident.8 adiuva me, serve. mihi necesse est haec Romam portare.9 mitte legatum in castra hostium. constitui de pace tandem agere.10 hi milites sunt ignavi. — compara igitur novas copias, imperator.

Exercise 2.3B

1 Don’t be an idiot, Sextus. I won’t leave before the slaves arrive.2 The slaves must be punished. Beat them, Marcus, but don’t kill them.3 Shut up, soldiers. After you capture the enemy soldiers, kill them immediately.4 Don’t sleep here, you lazy person. I have decided to prepare dinner.5 I must go to the farm at once. You stay here and wait for the messengers.

Exercise 2.3C

Write out the table of imperatives on page 25, and add English meanings.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 7f.1, 12.1–2.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 106, 115–119, 346, 349.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 3.

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LESSON 4 • THE PASSIVE IMPERATIVEThe passive imperatives in Latin are given below.

passive imperatives


1st conjugation amare amamini2nd conjugation monere monemini3rd conjugation regere regiminimixed conjugation capere capimini4th conjugation audire audimini

There are no passive imperatives for esse, facere and ire. Dicere and ducere have passive imperativesthat follow the pattern set out above.

a me monemini. nolite discedere. ducere ab imperatore.Take my advice. Don’t leave. Be led by the general.

[lit. Be advised by me. Don’t leave.]

Latin verbs have present passive infinitives, which are used with noli and noliteto make negative passive commands.

passive infinitives (present)

1st conjugation amari2nd conjugation moneri3rd conjugation regimixed conjugation capi4th conjugation audiri

nolite capi, milites. noli superari ab ignavis.Don’t get captured, soldiers. Don’t be beaten by cowards.

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Exercise 2.4A

1 nolite ignavi esse. tace, milites, et a me ducimini.2 num stultus es? te cela, igitur. noli a custodibus capi.3 veni mecum. dum hostes oppidum oppugnant, nos celabimus.4 vale, Sexte. tibi necesse est domum quam celerrime redire.5 abi, sceleste. noli curiam intrare, nisi senator es.6 adiuva me, mi frater. debeo ad matrem scribere, sed stilum non habeo.7 nobis necesse est arcem contra barbaros defendere. postula tela a principe.8 rus fugite, cives. locus est periculosus quod tota urbs incendio deletur.9 servate mulieres, Sexte. ibo ad arcem cum viris puerisque.10 noli timere, puer. milites nos non oppugnabunt antequam imperator signum

dederit.

Exercise 2.4B

1 With the barbarians’ help you will defeat the enemy. Don’t be afraid.2 Approach the consul, citizens. Don’t be prevented.3 Come on, run away as quickly as you can. Don’t get killed by the enemy soldiers.4 Take my advice. You must keep this letter safe while I am away.5 Don’t despair, my friends. I am the bravest: therefore, be led by me.

Exercise 2.4C

Write out the tables above, and add English meanings.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 7f.1, 12.1–2.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 106, 120–123, 346, 349.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 3.

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Exercise 2.5A

1 nolite a Sexto duci, quod stultus est et ignavus.2 quibus mandata dedisti? parebuntne illi tibi?3 quo modo telum amisisti? num Marcus id celavit?4 senatores imperium Spurio dederunt. nobis necesse est ei parere.5 manete! castra ponere debemus antequam captivos capiemus.6 a me monere. i ad collem et quaere imperatorem quam celerrime.7 noli me discedere prohibere. nonne fortior sum quam tu?8 pater, duc me tecum ad curiam. noli solus ire.9 noli a custodibus interfici. tace, et a me ducere.10 paravistis cenam, servi? — ita vero. omnia nunc tibi parata sunt.

Exercise 2.5B

1 Come on, obey me. You must hurry to Rome and give the letter to Spurius.2 Are you travelling with me to Antium, or have you decided to stay in Rome?3 Why are you staying in the country? What are you frightened of?4 Whose sons have attacked Sextus? They will be punished, won’t they?5 Which books must you keep safe? Who ordered you?6 Sextus did just as I ordered him. He worked, while I slept.7 Whom did you see in the forum, girls? — Sextus and Marcus, mother.8 I must stay here. I am not going to the country until Marcus leaves.9 Did you go to Rome or not? — We haven’t gone yet, but we are going in three

days.10 While we were looking for the captives, the emissary arrived from Rome.

30

UNIT II • GRAMMAR SUMMARY

Questions

A sentence–question is a question whose answer is yes or no. Latin usually markssentence–questions by attaching the particle -ne to the first word in the sentence.

Utrum…an, -ne…an or an by itself are used in questions where there is a choicebetween two alternatives. An is sometimes used to introduce a second question.

Questions where the answer yes is expected are introduced by the word nonne.Questions where the answer no is expected are introduced by the word num.

Word–questions are introduced by question words (sometimes calledinterrogatives). These include cur? (why?), quando? (when?), quem? (whom?, what?),quid? (what?), quis? (who?), quo? (where to?), unde? (where from?), ubi? (where?),quomodo? (in what way?).

31

The interrogative pronoun

the interrogative pronoun quis, quid


s. nom., voc. quis quis quidacc. quem quam quidgen. cuius cuius cuiusdat. cui cui cuiabl. quo qua quo


The interrogative adjective

the interrogative adjective qui, quae, quod




32

The active imperative

active imperatives


1st conjugation ama amate2nd conjugation mone monete3rd conjugation rege regitemixed conjugation cape capite4th conjugation audi audite

esse es esteire i itedicere dic diciteducere duc ducitefacere fac facite

Negative active imperatives are formed using the words noli, nolite (don’t) withthe present active infinitive (i.e. the second principal part).

The passive imperative

passive imperatives


1st conjugation amare amamini2nd conjugation monere monemini3rd conjugation regere regiminimixed conjugation capere capimini4th conjugation audire audimini

Negative passive imperatives are formed using the words noli, nolite (don’t) withthe present passive infinitive

passive infinitives (present)

1st conjugation amari2nd conjugation moneri3rd conjugation regimixed conjugation capi4th conjugation audiri

33

TRANSLATION PASSAGES

2.1 Androclus and the lion

In Circo Maximo pugna populo dabatur. multae ibi fuerunt ferae et una praeterceteras omnibus admirationi fuit. hic enim leo animos oculosque omniummagnitudine corporis et fremitu terrifico in se converterat. in Circum inter aliosductus est servus cui nomen Androclus fuit. leo tamen, ubi eum vidit, statimstetit, deinde sensim et placide homini appropinquavit. tum caudam movet etcrura eius et manus leniter demulcet. Androclus metu paene exanimatus erat.deinde, ubi animum recuperavit, paulatim oculos ad leonem vertit. laetus leonemAndroclus agnovit!

statim cives conclamaverunt et Androclus a Caesare arcessitus est. ibiAndroclus rem novam atque inauditam narravit.

‘dum provinciam Africam meus dominus obtinet, ego eius crudelitate adfugam coactus sum. in loco deserto diu latebam, deinde, quod calorem medii solisvitare volebam, in cavernam intravi. brevi post ad eandem cavernam venit hic leo,gemitus edens; erat enim in uno pede stirps ingens. primo perterritus sum,deinde, postquam me vidit et mitis appropinquavit et pedem mihi demonstravit,stirpem revelli et vulnus curavi. ex eo die tres annos ego et leo in eadem cavernaeodemque cibo viximus. si quando exierat venatum, ad me membra pinguiorareportabat. sed olim, illa vita ferina defessus, ubi leo e caverna exiit, fugi.postquam iter breve feci, a militibus visus et captus et ad dominum ex AfricaRomam ductus sum. capitis damnatus et ad bestias datus sum. hic leo mihigratias nunc agit pro illo beneficio.’

Androclus liberatus est et leo ei suffragiis populi donatus.

NATL page 190

34

2.2 Polycrates, tyrant of Samos (Part 1)

in mari Aegaeo est insula haud parva, nomine Samos, ubi olim Polycratesquidam post discordiam civilem inimicos expulit et ipse regnum occupavit.classem multarum navium exercitumque magnum comparavit quibus aliasinsulas suae dicionis fecit. ita potens factus sibi fortunatissimus esse videbatur.Amasis autem, Aegyptiorum rex, qui societatem cum Polycrate coniunxerat etpostea eius amicus factus est, postquam haec omnia audivit, vehementer animopermotus est: sciebat enim homines quibus Fortuna faveret non numquam stultafacere. itaque ad Polycratem hanc epistulam misit: ‘mi amice, quod tu iamtantam potestatem consecutus es, maxime gaudeo, sed et metus est mihi futurimali: di immortales enim invidere solent hominibus qui semper prospera fortunaflorent. mihi quidem melius esse videtur ubi res bonae atque adversae mixtaehomini contingunt. quare te oro atque obsecro, quod tu maximi ducis, id abice,atque fac hoc idem et iterum si fortuna tibi adhuc favere videbitur.’


quam epistulam ubi accepit, Polycrates multum dolebat: tum id quod Amasistam amice admonuerat, quia haud dubie bonum erat, facere decrevit. habebatanulum aureum gemmatum, qui ei ante omnia alia pretiosissimus erat: huncabicere constituit. navem igitur conscendit et, postquam longe e terra vectus est,anulum abiecit in altissimum mare quia hoc modo numquam iterum eum visuruserat: et domum rediit, laetus quod, ut putabat, velut deo obtemperavit, seddolens quod rem pretiosissimam amiserat.compluribus autem post diebus nauta quidam ad Polycratem venit et ‘o rex,’inquit, ‘piscem permagnum heri cepi qui, quod, ut puto, mensa regis dignior estquam foro, tibi dono attuli.’ quem Polycrates benigne accepit, sed ubi servi eumaperuerunt et, ecce, anulum invenerunt, etiam laetior erat quod di ipsi hanc rempretiosam reddidisse videbantur.


iamque dominandi multo cupidior factus se superbum praebere et satrapes ipsosdespicere coepit. quorum unus, Oroetes nomine, maxime iratus ulcisci decrevitcontumeliam quam Polycrates legatis suis fecerat. itaque ad tyrannum epistulammisit in qua hoc scripsit: ‘Tu, ut audio, in animo habes terras plures inpotestatem tuam redigere, sed pecunia eges: ego autem pecuniam habeo sed ipsein periculo sum quod rex mihi irascitur. quare si tu mihi succurrere voles, ego tibiomnem pecuniam dabo quae necesse erit.’ hac epistula incitatus Polycratesmagnas equitum peditumque copias coegit, et in Asiam transire parabat cum filiamultis lacrimis venit et ‘noli ire’, inquit, ‘mi pater, te oro atque imploro, namsomnium mirum somniavi quo, ut mihi persuasum est, tibi maximum malumdenuntiatur.’ eadem fere imploraverunt omnes augures vatesque, sed Polycratesobstinato animo consilium mutare nullo modo volebat et tandem profectus est.sed simul atque ad urbem Magnesiam egressus est, interfectus est, haud scio anper Oroetem illum, qui tum Polycratis corpus cruci in omnium conspectu adfixit.ita evenit et quod filia praemonuerat et quod Amasis timuerat si Polycratescontinua et prospera fortuna frueretur.

AD 57

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2.5 The Vulgate: John 1:1–14

In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum. hocerat in principio apud Deum. Omnia per ipsum facta sunt, et sine ipso factum estnihil, quod factum est: in ipso vita erat, et vita erat lux hominum, et lux intenebris lucet, et tenebrae eam non comprehenderunt. fuit homo missus a Deo,cui nomen erat Ioannes. hic venit in testimonium, ut testimonium perhiberet delumine, ut omnes crederent per illum. non erat ille lux, sed ut testimoniumperhiberet de lumine, erat lux vera, quae illuminat omnem hominem venientem inhunc mundum. in mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum factus est, et mundus eumnon cognovit. in propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt. quotquot autemreceperunt eum, dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri, his qui credunt in nomineeius, qui non ex sanguinibus, neque ex voluntate carnis, neque ex voluntate viri,sed ex Deo nati sunt. et Verbum caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis: et vidimusgloriam eius, gloriam quasi Unigeniti a Patre, plenam gratiae et veritatis.

2.6 The Creed

Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem caeli et terrae, visibiliumomnium, et invisibilium. et in unum Dominum Jesum Christum, Filium Deiunigenitum. et ex Patre natum ante omnia saecula. Deum de Deo, lumen delumine, Deum verum de Deo vero. Genitum, non factum, consubstantialem Patri;per quem omnia facta sunt. qui propter nos homines, et propter nostram salutemdescendit de caelis. et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto ex Maria Virgine; et homofactus est. Crucifixus etiam pro nobis: sub Pontio Pilato passus, et sepultus est.Et resurrexit tertia die, secundum Scripturas. et ascendit in caelum: sedet addexteram Patris. et iterum venturus est, cum gloria iudicare vivos, et mortuos:cuius regni non erit finis. et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum, et vivificantem: quiex Patre Filioque procedit. qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur, etconglorificatur: qui locutus est per Prophetas. et unam, sanctam, catholicam etapostolicam Ecclesiam. confiteor unum baptisma in remissionem peccatorum. etexspecto resurrectionem mortuorum. et vitam venturi saeculi. Amen.

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abicio -ere abieci abiectum throw awayabsum abesse afui be away, be absentadsum adesse adfui be there, be presentage agite come onamitto, -ere, amisi, amissum loseamplus -a -um large, gloriousan or (in questions)animal, -is n. animalanimus -i m. feeling; mind, heartanulus -i m. ringappropinquare (1) +dat. approach, come nearauctoritas, -atis f. authorityautem (second word in clause) butauxilium -i n. helpbarbarus -a -um foreign, barbariancado cadere cecidi casum fallcaro carnis f. flesh, meatcelare (1) hide; se celare, hide oneselfcognosco -ere cognovi cognitum find out, learncohors -tis f. cohort (one tenth of a legion)comprehendo -ere -di -sum grasp, understand; captureconsilium -i n. plan, advice, ideacopiae -arum f. pl. forcescredo credere credidi creditum +dat. trust, believeculina -ae f. kitchendebere (2) owe; should +inf.denuntiare (1) announce; warn aboutdesperare (1) despairepistula -ae f. letteretiamnunc still, even nowfere almost, nearlyferus, -a, -um wildfinitimus -a -um neighbouringfremitus -us m. roaringfrumentum -i n. graingratia -ae f. favour, popularityimmo no, but; on the contraryimperare (1) +dat. orderimperium -i n. command, authorityintellego -ere intellexi intellectum understandinterficio, -ere, interfeci, interfectum kill (violently)invideo -ere invidi invisum +dat. envy, hateiussus -us m. orderlaetus -a -um happylux lucis f. light, daylightmalus, -a, -um evilmandata -orum n. instructionsmundus -i m. the worldnecesse est +dat. (for someone) +inf.

(to do something)it is necessary; must

nondum not yetparere (2) +dat. obeypeto petere petivi a, ab +abl.

(someone), +acc. (for something)ask for

portus -us m. harbourpostulare (1) a, ab +abl. (someone),

+acc. (for something)ask for, demand

princeps -ipis m. chief, chieftainprohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum prevent

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provincia, -ae f. provincerogare (1) askrus, ruris n. countryservare (1) keep safe, protectsicut just assolus, -a, -um alonesustineo -ere sustinui sustentum withstandtelum -i n. weapon; spearteneo tenere tenui tentum hold

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almost, nearly ferealone solus, -a, -umanimal animal, -is n.announce; warn about denuntiare (1)approach, come near appropinquare (1) +dat.ask rogare (1)ask for peto petere petivi a, ab +abl. (someone), +acc.

(for something)ask for, demand postulare (1) a, ab +abl. (someone), +acc. (for

something)authority auctoritas, -atis f.be away, be absent absum abesse afuibe there, be present adsum adesse adfuibut autem (second word in clause)chief, chieftain princeps -ipis m.cohort (one tenth of a legion) cohors -tis f.come on age agitecommand, authority imperium -i n.country rus, ruris n.despair desperare (1)envy, hate invideo -ere invidi invisum +dat.evil malus, -a, -umfall cado cadere cecidi casumfavour, popularity gratia -ae f.feeling; mind, heart animus -i m.find out, learn cognosco -ere cognovi cognitumflesh, meat caro carnis f.forces copiae -arum f. pl.foreign, barbarian barbarus -a -umgrain frumentum -i n.grasp, understand; capture comprehendo -ere -di -sumhappy laetus -a -umharbour portus -us m.help auxilium -i n.hide; se celare, hide oneself celare (1)hold teneo tenere tenui tentuminstructions mandata -orum n.it is necessary; must necesse est +dat. (for someone) +inf. (to do

something)just as sicutkeep safe, protect servare (1)kill (violently) interficio, -ere, interfeci, interfectumkitchen culina -ae f.large, glorious amplus -a -umletter epistula -ae f.light, daylight lux lucis f.lose amitto, -ere, amisi, amissumneighbouring finitimus -a -umno, but; on the contrary immonot yet nondumobey parere (2) +dat.or (in questions) anorder imperare (1) +dat.order iussus -us m.owe; should +inf. debere (2)plan, advice, idea consilium -i n.prevent prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itumprovince provincia, -ae f.ring anulus -i m.

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roaring fremitus -us m.still, even now etiamnuncthe world mundus -i m.throw away abicio -ere abieci abiectumtrust, believe credo credere credidi creditum +dat.understand intellego -ere intellexi intellectumweapon; spear telum -i n.wild ferus, -a, -umwithstand sustineo -ere sustinui sustentum

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Unit III • Wishes andpossibilities


• some verbs that are regularly followed by infinitives in Latin.

• the irregular verbs posse (can), velle (to want), nolle (not to want) and malle (toprefer).

• the forms of the present and imperfect subjunctive.

• how Latin expresses what someone should do or should have done using thesubjunctive.

• how Latin expresses wishes and possibilities using the subjunctive.

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LESSON 1 • REVISION: THE VERB ESSEAND THE PRESENT INFINITIVE

The verb esse

You have already met the following forms of the verb esse (to be).

the verb sum, esse, fui (to be)

present tense future tense ero, eris, erit,erimus, eritis, erunt

s. 1 sum2 es imperfect tense eram, eras, erat,3 est eramus, eratis, erant

pl. 1 sumus2 estis perfect tense fui, fuisti, fuit…3 sunt

future perfect tense fuero, fueris, fuerit…imperatives

pluperfect tense fueram, fueras, fuerat…s. espl este

The verb esse is a copulative verb. That is, it joins a subject to a complement.Normally both the subject and the complement will be in the nominative case.

magister est stultus. pater est argentarius. est in mari insula.The teacher is stupid. My father is a banker. There is an island in the sea.

The present infinitive

You have already met the present infinitive of Latin verbs. The infinitive gives youimportant clues about which conjugation a verb belongs to.

present infinitives

active passive

1st conjugation amare amari2nd conjugation monere moneri3rd conjugation regere regimixed conjugation capere capi4th conjugation audire audiri

Make sure that you can translate all these forms. You have also met the followingverbs and expressions that are followed by a present infinitive.

constituere decideiubere orderdebere oughtprohibere preventnecesse est it is necessarynoli, nolite don’t

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Exercise 3.1A

1 post cenam optimam, pater argentarios ad sacrificium invitare constituit.2 facile est amare; amari autem difficile est.3 amicum amare est difficilius quam inimico invidere.4 servi tacere debent omnes, dum dominus eorum dormit.5 ei melius est mihi appropinquare et de re agere.6 ubi ego iuvenis eram, pater me prohibuit cum amicis meis ludere.7 necesse est nobis magistris nostris credere. sumus enim boni discipuli.8 est in mari prope Australiam minima insula. Tasmania appellatur.9 Cicero, postquam domum rediit, servos orationem suam audire iussit.10 postquam custodes regem interfecerunt, erat facile verum cognoscere.

Exercise 3.1B

1 We should all be loved by our friends.2 There is a beautiful animal in the sea near the ship.3 Aeneas ought to stay in Troy with his son, Ascanius.4 Andromache ordered her son to write a letter to Aeneas immediately.5 I decided to buy the house after my father’s death.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 9 and 21.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 115, 369ff.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 1, Chapters 8 and 15;

Book 2, Chapters 17 and 18.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 22–24.

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LESSON 2 • THE VERB POSSE (CAN)The verb posse (can, be able) is irregular. Its principal parts are possum, posse,potui.

the verb possum, posse, potui (can)

present tense future tense potero, poteris, poterit…

s. 1 possum imperfect tense poteram, poteras, poterat…2 potes3 potest perfect tense potui, potuisti, potuit…

pl. 1 possumus2 potestis future perfect tense potuero, potueris, potuerit…3 possunt

pluperfect tense potueram, potueras,potuerat…

You can see from this table that posse is a compound of esse. In fact, it is formed from the stem pot-,which means power, ability. You will notice that when pot- comes before s, the final t turns into s.When pot- comes before f, the f disappears.

Posse is followed by a present infinitive.

adiuvare non possum. cras mane milites oppugnare poterunt.I can’t help. The soldiers will be able to attack tomorrow morning

Exercise 3.2A

1 Cicero plus uno die scribere poterat quam plures uno anno.2 arcem altam ascendere sine auxilio non possum.3 homines numquam volare poterunt, quod nullas alas habent.4 non potuimus servos emere quod pauperiores eramus.5 agricolae, quod stulti erant, suos filios adiuvare non potuerunt.6 Marcus, ubi puer erat, alios discipulos superare poterat.7 olim nocte sine periculo domum ambulare poteram.8 sed nunc horti Caesaris sunt periculosi, pleni furibus latronibusque.9 de imperatore canere non potero: eum enim non amo.10 milites inter se pugnare non potuerant, quod custodes adfuerant.

Exercise 3.2B

1 Life is short, but brevity can be a great virtue.2 Tomorrow morning we will be able to build a new temple.3 In spring, we were always able to visit Cicero in the country.4 Even Virgil’s slave could sing many songs about arms and men.5 In four hours, you will be able to go home with your brothers.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 9.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 135b.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 30.

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LESSON 3 • THE VERBS VELLE, NOLLEAND MALLE (TO WANT, NOT TO WANT,TO PREFER)

The verbs velle and nolle

The verb velle (want, wish) is irregular. Its principal parts are volo, velle, volui.The principal parts of nolle are nolo, nolle, nolui.

the verb volo, velle, volui (to want)

present tense future tense volam, voles, volet…

s. 1 volo imperfect tense volebam, volebas, volebat…2 vis3 vult perfect tense volui, voluisti, voluit…

pl. 1 volumus2 vultis future perfect tense voluero, volueris, voluerit…3 volunt

pluperfect tense volueram, volueras,voluerat…

The verb velle has two common compounds, nolle (formed from non velle) and malle(formed from magis velle). The verb nolle means not to want. It is conjugated inexactly the same way as velle, but the present tense has a few irregularities:

the verb nolo, nolle, nolui (not to want)

present tense In all other tenses and forms, simply change the vol- atthe beginning of the word to nol-.

s. 1 nolo2 non vis3 non vult

pl. 1 nolumus2 non vultis3 nolunt

The words noli and nolite, which you have seen used in negative imperatives, are the imperativeforms of this verb.

Both velle and nolle can be followed by an accusative object, a present infinitive orboth.

pacem volumus. discedere non vult.We want peace. He doesn’t want to leave.

volo hunc statim necari.I want this man killed at once.

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The verb malle

The verb malle means to want more, to prefer. It is conjugated in exactly the sameway as velle, but the present tense has a few irregularities:

the verb malo, malle, malui (to prefer)

present tense In all other tenses and forms, simply change the vol- atthe beginning of the word to mal-.

s. 1 malo2 mavis3 mavult

pl. 1 malumus2 mavultis3 malunt

This verb is a compound of magis (more) and velle.

Malle can be followed by the same constructions as velle and nolle. However, it canalso be followed by two accusatives or infinitives separated by quam (than).

Vergilium mavult quam Ciceronem.He prefers Virgil to Cicero.

statim agere malo quam morari.I prefer acting immediately to waiting around.

Exercise 3.3A

1 omnes pueri linguam Latinam malunt quam mathematica.2 discipuli magistro suo parere nolunt, quod eum non timent.3 malumus semper laborare quam nihil umquam facere.4 Nero matrem interficere voluerat, sed non iam iratus fuit.5 In Australia, paucae aves ad austrum volare volunt.6 Sextus Tarquinius, homo scelestus et audax, Lucretiam superare voluit.7 cives Romani bellum gerere noluerunt, quod defessi erant.8 malebamus inter nos pugnare quam de re agere.9 Diogenes pulchram togam gerere noluit. itaque servi eum dimiserunt.

Exercise 3.3B

1 Petronius never wished to drink cheap wine.2 Nero preferred murder to the friendship of his mother.3 The bad poets do not want to work in the garden with the sailors.4 He wants to be heard by the boys. Therefore be quiet, all of you.5 For some time, the young men had wanted to climb the citadel.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 9.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 139.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapters 31–33.

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LESSON 4 • THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVEYou have already seen that Latin verbs take on different forms to indicate thedifferent times at which their action takes place.

amo amabo amaviI love I will love I loved

Latin verbs also take on different forms according to the mode, or the manner, orthe type of action being described. Grammarians call these modes moods. Thereare four of them in Latin.

You have met verbs in the indicative mood. This mood is used to make simplestatements or to ask questions about matters of fact. It is called the indicativemood because it indicates, or signifies in a straightforward manner the action ofthe verb as a statement of fact.

lingua Latina satis difficilis est. mecum Baias iter facies?Latin is fairly difficult. Are you going to travel to Baiae with me?

You have also met verbs in the imperative mood, which is used for directcommands.

parate mihi cenam. noli timere. abite!Get my dinner ready. Don’t be scared. Get lost!

The infinitive can also be a mood of the verb. You will discover why in Unit VIII.

The other Latin mood is called the subjunctive. Verbs in this mood are foundmost often in subordinate clauses; in fact this is how the subjunctive got its name— it is the subjoining mode of the verb. You will learn about these uses in laterlessons.

The subjunctive can also be used in main clauses. When it is, its use tells us thatthe action of the verb is not concrete, or actualized but rather potential orhypothetical in some way. This conceived action can take the form of a wish, or ahope, a piece of encouragement or exhortation, or a deliberation.

The forms of the present subjunctive are as follows.

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the present subjunctive (active voice)

1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed

s. 1 amem moneam regam audiam capiam2 ames moneas regas audias capias3 amet moneat regat audiat capiat

pl. 1 amemus moneamus regamus audiamus capiamus2 ametis moneatis regatis audiatis capiatis3 ament moneant regant audiant capiant

the present subjunctive (passive voice)


s. 1 amer monear regar audiar capiar2 ameris monearis regaris audiaris capiaris3 ametur moneatur regatur audiatur capiatur

pl. 1 amemur moneamur regamur audiamur capiamur2 amemini moneamini regamini audiamini capiamini3 amentur moneantur regantur audiantur capiantur

the present subjunctive (irregular verbs)

esse ire posse velle nolle malle

s. 1 sim eam possim velim nolim malim2 sis eas possis velis nolis malis3 sit eat possit velit nolit malit

pl. 1 simus eamus possimus velimus nolimus malimus2 sitis eatis possitis velitis nolitis malitis3 sint eant possint velint nolint malint

This looks like a lot to learn. However, the personal endings are the same forevery verb: -m -s -t -mus -tis -nt for the actives, and -r -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur forthe passives. In the present subjunctive, most verbs have an -a- just before thepersonal ending. First conjugation verbs have an -e-, and a small group ofirregular verbs have an -i-.

We are often asked to give translations for the verbs in these tables. The fact is that the subjunctive isnot easy to translate in any one particular way until we know from the context of its use in a givensentence just what is going on.

Using the subjunctive

All you need to remember at this stage is that the subjunctive is used in mainclauses to express something hypothetical — a will, a wish or a possibility.

The subjunctive can be used when a person is deliberating (or wondering) aboutwhat course of action to take. This is called a deliberative subjunctive.

quo curram? quid nunc faciam? discedamne an non?Where should I run to? What should I do now? Should I leave or not?

In the first person plural, the subjunctive can be used when a person is trying toencourage a group of people to do something. This is called a hortativesubjunctive.

festinemus. domum eamus et totam rem matri narremus.Let’s hurry. Let’s go home and tell mother the whole story.

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In the third person, the subjunctive is used to express what the speaker wantssomeone else to do.

spectatores taceant. domum redeant et epistulam meam legant.Let the audience be silent. They must go home and read my letter.

fiat lux.Let there be light.

This third person usage is often called a jussive subjunctive; it has something incommon with the imperative, but it can be distinguished from the imperative bythe idea of wish which it contains.

Note that a jussive subjunctive is made negative with the word ne. Do not usenon with a jussive subjunctive.

ne timeamus. ne discedat servus.Let’s not be frightened. The slave must not leave.

Because the subjunctive mood can be used in a range of ways, it is not possible totranslate it into English on its own; in your Latin–English translation work, youwill have to decide precisely what kind of subjunctive is being used in eachparticular context.

Exercise 3.4A

1 sint parvae puellae fortissimae omnium civium!2 utrum ab urbe discedamus an hic maneamus?3 quo curramus? quid cum libris faciamus?4 mulieres statim domum redeant. locus est periculosus.5 exeant servi. de re amplissima agere volumus.6 quid nunc faciam? nullum frumentum nunc habeo.7 legati adsunt. — mihi igitur approprinquent, mi amice.8 ne ignavi simus. sumus fortiores quam hostes populi Romani.9 si me intrare non vultis, statim discedam.10 ‘intret canis,’ inquit Trimalchio. ‘me amat magis quam mea familia.’

Exercise 3.4B

1 They are to return home at once and work in the garden.2 Petronius has drunk all his wine. What is he to do now?3 Should we fight? Should we flee the enemy at once?4 Let us not fear death. Men fear many other things.5 Let us read his story before he finds us here.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 7d, 7e, 8b, 9.2, 33.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 115–125, 351–356.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapters 9, 11, 14.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 109.

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LESSON 5 • THE IMPERFECTSUBJUNCTIVEJust as there are different tenses in the indicative mood, there are in thesubjunctive too. You have already met the forms of the present subjunctive. Hereare the forms of the imperfect subjunctive.

the imperfect subjunctive (active voice)


s. 1 amarem monerem regerem audirem caperem2 amares moneres regeres audires caperes3 amaret moneret regeret audiret caperet

pl. 1 amaremus moneremus regeremus audiremus caperemus2 amaretis moneretis regeretis audiretis caperetis3 amarent monerent regerent audirent caperent

the imperfect subjunctive (passive voice)


s. 1 amarer monerer regerer audirer caperer2 amareris monereris regereris audireris capereris3 amaretur moneretur regeretur audiretur caperetur

pl. 1 amaremur moneremur regeremur audiremur caperemur2 amaremini moneremini regeremin

iaudiremini caperemini

3 amarentur monerentur regerentur audirentur caperentur

the imperfect subjunctive (irregular verbs)


s. 1 essem irem possem vellem nollem mallem2 esses ires posses velles nolles malles3 esset iret posset vellet nollet mallet

pl. 1 essemus iremus possemus vellemus nollemus mallemus2 essetis iretis possetis velletis nolletis malletis3 essent irent possent vellent nollent mallent

Again, this looks like a lot to learn. However, the imperfect subjunctive is alwaysthe same as the present active infinitive with the personal endings added to it: -m-s -t -mus -tis -nt for the actives, and -r -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur for the passives.

In the imperfect tense, the subjunctive is used to talk about what was to be done— some kind of conceived or hypothetical situation in the past. You will often usethe words should have in the translation.

quid facerem? — hic maneres et captivos custodires.What should I have done? — You should have stayed here and guarded the prisoners.

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Exercise 3.5A

1 ne timeremus oratores pessimi.2 quid cum carminibus suis faceret Vergilius?3 alii ea incendere volebant, alii nolebant.4 sit Cicero poeta clarior quam Vergilius.5 quid faceret? — hic maneret et captivos custodiret.6 magistrum audiremus dum rem explicat.7 gererem novam togam, quod imperator nunc adest.8 ne pugnaremus cum Carthaginiensibus. fortissimi enim sunt.9 Hercules ne in oppidum intraret, quod Hydram nondum superaverat.10 simus fortes! modus subiunctivus non difficilior est.

Exercise 3.5B

1 Why should Nero have wanted to be good?2 Let the audience be silent. The lions are entering the arena.3 The Greeks should have stayed in Greece and discussed the matter.4 You should have written me a letter. What am I to read?5 What were the soldiers to do, after the geese overrun their camp?

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 7d, 7e, 8b, 9.2, 33.1.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 115–125, 351–356.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapters 9, 11, 14.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 110.

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Exercise 3.6A

1 multos annos carmina Ciceronis amittere volebamus.2 antequam Vergilius advenit, multi orationem Ciceronis audire voluerunt.3 postquam Vergilius discessit, animalia verberare constituimus.4 poetae laudarentur propter amorem patriae suam.5 dum cenam parabam, uxor mea in horto dormiebat.6 quid faciam? discipuli mei ludos malunt quam linguam Latinam.7 a magistris amari volebamus. laborem nostrum igitur perfecimus.8 maneat lingua Latina optima et pulchra lingua in ludo nostro!9 volo amare totam gentem humanam.10 propter stultitiam suam a ludo Orbilii discedere nolet.

Exercise 3.6B

1 I have no wish to remain here.2 Let's go to the library at once and read more books.3 I always preferred Tacitus’s books to Virgil’s.4 What should we have done? The cave was cold and we were hungry.5 Let the prisoners dine with the guards outside the walls of the prison.6 When will you arrive in Brundisium? My friends wish to meet you at the port.7 What did you say? Have you lost your books?8 Give the money to Horace when he arrives.9 Let us not give the money to Virgil until the others leave.10 Be silent! Don't get killed by the angry farmers.

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LESSON 7 • EXTENSION: OPTATIVE ANDPOTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVESAs we said in Lesson 4, the subjunctive mood is used to express hypotheticalideas like will, wish and possibility. You have already met the subjunctive used toexpress different kinds of will — the jussive subjunctive, and the deliberativesubjunctive. The subjunctive used to express a wish is called an optativesubjunctive: the subjunctive used to express a possibility is called a potentialsubjunctive.

Not all grammarians use these same terms, and remember that there is often some overlap betweendifferent categories of subjunctive use.

The optative subjunctive

The optative subjunctive is used to express wishes. The present subjunctive isused for a wish that something will happen in the future.

cives sint semper beati! ne Marcus sero reveniat.May the citizens always be blessed. I hope Marcus doesn’t come back late.

It follows then that the imperfect subjunctive is used for a wish that somethingwas happening in the present.

utinam ne tot custodes essent. utinam ne frater Georgus adesset.If only there weren’t so many guards. I wish my brother George wasn’t here.

The word utinam is often used to introduce wishes with past tenses, and sometimes used tointroduce wishes in the present tense.

As you can see from the last two examples, an optative subjunctive is madenegative with the word ne.

The potential subjunctive

The potential subjunctive is used to express possibilities.

The subjunctive of posse, velle, nolle and malle are often potential subjunctives.The meaning is not very different from the indicative: it is just a little bit milder,a little less graphic.

So compare

volo omnes audire poetasI want everybody to hear the poets

with

velim omnes audire poetasI’d like everybody to hear the poets.

velim discipulos laborare. nolim te necari.I would like the pupils to work. I wouldn’t want you to be killed.

vellem me certiorem fieri. mallem abesse.I should have liked to be informed. I would have preferred not to be there.

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The other main use of the potential subjunctive is an indefinite use. It is found inthe second–person singular in generalising statements.

me heroem ducas.You might consider me a hero.

crederes Romanos superatos esse.You would have believed that the Romans had been defeated.

The potential subjunctive is also found in questions and indefinite statements.

quis mihi credat? quis filium suum necaret?Who would believe me? Who would have killed his own son?

aliquis hoc dicat. nemo tibi noceret.Someone might say this. No one would have hurt you.

The potential subjunctive is made negative with the word non.

Exercise 3.7A

1 simus semper laeti et felices!2 utinam ne Cicero adesset! orationes eius numquam amo.3 quis filiam suam interficiat? quis fratrem suum non adiuvet?4 perficiamus mox laborem nostrum. velim in vico ludere.5 utinam ne pauper essem. velim multa pulchra emere.6 quis nobis crederet? — mea mater et amicae.7 vellem adesse et videre victoriam copiarum nostrarum.8 utinam Romae habitaremus. Pompeiis habitare nolo.9 malim domi manere quam in agris laborare.10 velim orationem Antonii audirem, sed non orationem Bruti.

Exercise 3.7B

1 May we always be happy!2 I would rather stay at home tomorrow.3 No one would believe this.4 I wish Cicero weren’t here.5 I don't want you killed. I wouldn’t want you killed.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 33.1.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 358.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 119–121.

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UNIT III • GRAMMAR SUMMARY

The verb esse

the verb sum, esse, fui (to be)

present tense future tense ero, eris, erit,erimus, eritis, erunt

s. 1 sum2 es imperfect tense eram, eras, erat,3 est eramus, eratis, erant

pl. 1 sumus2 estis perfect tense fui, fuisti, fuit…3 sunt

future perfect tense fuero, fueris, fuerit…imperatives

pluperfect tense fueram, fueras, fuerat…s. espl este

The verb esse is a copulative verb. In narrative and direct speech, both subject andcomplement will be in the nominative case.

The present infinitive

present infinitives

active passive

1st conjugation amare amari2nd conjugation monere moneri3rd conjugation regere regimixed conjugation capere capi4th conjugation audire audiri

The following verbs and expressions are followed by a present infinitive.

constituere decideiubere orderdebere oughtprohibere preventnecesse est it is necessarynoli, nolite don’t

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The verb posse (can)

the verb possum, posse, potui (can)

present tense future tense potero, poteris, poterit…

s. 1 possum imperfect tense poteram, poteras, poterat…2 potes3 potest perfect tense potui, potuisti, potuit…

pl. 1 possumus2 potestis future perfect tense potuero, potueris, potuerit…3 possunt

pluperfect tense potueram, potueras,potuerat…

The verbs velle (to want), nolle (not to want), malle (to prefer)

the verb volo, velle, volui (to want)

present tense future tense volam, voles, volet…

s. 1 volo imperfect tense volebam, volebas, volebat…2 vis3 vult perfect tense volui, voluisti, voluit…

pl. 1 volumus2 vultis future perfect tense voluero, volueris, voluerit…3 volunt

pluperfect tense volueram, volueras,voluerat…

the verb nolo, nolle, nolui (not to want)

present tense In all other tenses and forms, simply change the vol- atthe beginning of the word to nol-.

s. 1 nolo2 non vis3 non vult

pl. 1 nolumus2 non vultis3 nolunt

the verb malo, malle, malui (to prefer)

present tense In all other tenses and forms, simply change the vol- atthe beginning of the word to mal-.

s. 1 malo2 mavis3 mavult

pl. 1 malumus2 mavultis3 malunt

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Velle, nolle and malle can be followed by an accusative object, a present infinitiveor both. Malle can also be followed by two objeccts or infinitives separated byquam.

The present subjunctive

the present subjunctive (active voice)


s. 1 amem moneam regam audiam capiam2 ames moneas regas audias capias3 amet moneat regat audiat capiat

pl. 1 amemus moneamus regamus audiamus capiamus2 ametis moneatis regatis audiatis capiatis3 ament moneant regant audiant capiant

the present subjunctive (passive voice)


s. 1 amer monear regar audiar capiar2 ameris monearis regaris audiaris capiaris3 ametur moneatur regatur audiatur capiatur

pl. 1 amemur moneamur regamur audiamur capiamur2 amemini moneamini regamini audiamini capiamini3 amentur moneantur regantur audiantur capiantur

the present subjunctive (irregular verbs)


s. 1 sim eam possim velim nolim malim2 sis eas possis velis nolis malis3 sit eat possit velit nolit malitpl. 1 simus eamus possimus velimus nolimus malimus2 sitis eatis possitis velitis nolitis malitis3 sint eant possint velint nolint malint

Using the subjunctive

The subjunctive can be used when a person is deliberating (or wondering) aboutwhat course of action to take. This is called a deliberative subjunctive.

In the first person plural, the subjunctive can be used when a person is trying toencourage a group of people to do something. This is called a hortativesubjunctive.

In the third person, the subjunctive is used to express what the speaker wantssomeone else to do. This third person usage is often called a jussive subjunctive. Ajussive subjunctive is made negative with the word ne.

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The imperfect subjunctive

the imperfect subjunctive (active voice)


s. 1 amarem monerem regerem audirem caperem2 amares moneres regeres audires caperes3 amaret moneret regeret audiret caperet

pl. 1 amaremus moneremus regeremus audiremus caperemus2 amaretis moneretis regeretis audiretis caperetis3 amarent monerent regerent audirent caperent

the imperfect subjunctive (passive voice)


s. 1 amarer monerer regerer audirer caperer2 amareris monereris regereris audireris capereris3 amaretur moneretur regeretur audiretur caperetur

pl. 1 amaremur moneremur regeremur audiremur caperemur2 amaremini moneremini regeremin

iaudiremini caperemini

3 amarentur monerentur regerentur audirentur caperentur

the imperfect subjunctive (irregular verbs)


s. 1 essem irem possem vellem nollem mallem2 esses ires posses velles nolles malles3 esset iret posset vellet nollet mallet

pl. 1 essemus iremus possemus vellemus nollemus mallemus2 essetis iretis possetis velletis nolletis malletis3 essent irent possent vellent nollent mallent

The imperfect subjunctive is used to talk about what was to be done — some kindof conceived or hypothetical situation in the past. You will often use the wordsshould have in the translation.

The optative subjunctive

The optative subjunctive is used to express wishes. The present subjunctive isused for a wish that something will happen in the future. The imperfectsubjunctive is used for a wish that something was happening in the present.

The word utinam is often used to introduce wishes with past tenses, andsometimes used to introduce wishes in the present tense.

The potential subjunctive

The potential subjunctive is used to express possibilities.

The subjunctive of posse, velle, nolle and malle is often a potential subjunctive. Themeaning is not very different from the indicative: it is just a little less graphic.

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The potential subjunctive is also found in the second–person singular ingeneralising statements and in questions and indefinite statements. A potentialsubjunctive is made negative with the word non.

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3.1 The philosopher Diogenes behaves eccentrically at a dinner party

vir dives cenam dabat. Diogenes invitatus est. Diogenes togam sordidam induit,neque barbam totondit, neque capillos compsit. cum domum viri divitisadvenisset, servi eum abegerunt.

‘abi, sceleste!’ inquiunt servi. ‘tu es pauper. nemo nisi vir comptus hucadmittitur.’

Diogenes, cum domum suam rediisset, togam celeriter mutavit, barbamtotondit, capillos compsit. domum viri divitis regressus, sine mora admissus est;nam togam splendidam nunc gerebat.

nunc cibus ei offerebatur, vinum fundebatur. Diogenes tamen cibum et vinumin togae sinum effudit. omnes obstipuerunt et causam quaerebant.

at Diogenes ‘bibe!’ inquit, ‘et cibum consume, o optime toga! nam tu, non ego,ad cenam invitata es!’

Dunlop, Short Latin Stories 36

3.2 A labour of Hercules

in valle quadam, Nemea nomine, habitabat illo tempore ingens leo quem maximeeius terrae incolae timebant. hunc Hercules occidere et ad regem portare iussusest. diu frustra cum monstro clava et sagittis pugnabat: tandem fauces eius suismanibus elisit. tum mortuum leonem in humeris ad regiam reportavit. quem ubividit rex ipse dicitur viri fortissimi viribus territus esse Herculemque iussisseexinde extra oppidi muros victorias nuntiare. postea taurum ingentem, qui Cretaeagros vastabat, occidere iussus est. hoc quoque opus dicitur peregisse vivumqueanimal in humeris domum reportavisse, mox liberavisse.

ELTB 62

3.3 Another labour of Hercules

erat olim monstrum horrendum, Hydra nomine, quod in palude prope lacumLernaeum habitabat agrosque finitimos vastabat. huic novem erant capitaquorum medium immortale fuit. Hercules, qui ab Eurystheo monstrum occidereiussus erat, ingenti clava oppugnavit. quotiens autem unum caput absciderat,statim duo capita eodem loco crescebant: etiam pugnanti ingens subvenit cancer,a quo Hercules vulneratus est. erat autem Herculi minister quidam fidus, Iolausnomine, cuius auxilio reliqua capita incendit, medium illud, quod immortale essedicebatur, sub magno saxo sepelivit. tum sanguine eius sagittas cruentavit, cuiusveneno omnes postea, qui Herculis sagittis vulnerati erant, necabantur.

ELTB 64

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3.4 Trimalchio’s dog (like its master) has terrible manners

deinde Trimalchio ad servum respexit quem Croesum appellabat. Croesuscatellae nigrae et indecenter pingui panem dabat. quo viso Trimalchio Scylacemiussit adduci ‘praesidium domus familiaeque.’ sine mora ingens adductus estcanis qui ante mensam se posuit. tum Trimalchio iaciens ei’ candidum panem‘nemo’ inquit ‘in domo mea me plus amat.’ iratus Croesus quod TrimalchioScylacem tam effuse laudaret, catellam in terram deposuit hortatusque est utpugnaret. Scylax ingenti latratu triclinium implevit catellamque Croesi paenelaceravit. nec solum tumultum praebuerunt canes, sed candelabrum etiam supermensam eversum et vasa omnia crystallina fregit et oleo ferventi aliquot convivasrespersit. at Trimalchio, ne videretur iactura motus esse, basiavit Croesum etiussit potionem ei dari.

Petronius, Satyricon 64, Adapted by M.G. Balme.

3.5 Terrible goings-on in Ancient Rome

cum ego iuvenis essem, puer quidam in domo nostra mortuus est. dum igiturmater misera eum plangeret et nos omnes tristes essemus, subito strigae striderecoeperunt. habebamus tunc servum longum, audacem, validissimum; poteratbovem iratum tollere. hic audacter stricto gladio extra ostium cucurrit et strigammediam traiecit. audivimus gemitum sed strigas ipsas non vidimus. servusautem reversus se proiecit in lectum et corpus totum lividum habebat. nos clausoostio rediimus iterum ad officium. sed dum mater amplectitur corpus filii sui,tangit et videt manuciolum de stramentis factum. non cor habebat, non intestina,non quicquam; nam iam puerum strigae surripuerant et supposuerantstramenticum vavetonem. servus autem ille longus post hoc factum numquamcoloris sui fuit sed post paucos dies phreneticus periit.

Petronius, Satyricon 63, adapted by M.G. Balme.

3.6 Extension: The rape of Lucretia

paucis post diebus Sextus Tarquinius cum comite uno Collatiam venit. ibiexceptus benigne post cenam in hospitale cubiculum deductus est. deinde amoreardens, postquam satis tuta omnia videbantur sopitique omnes, stricto gladio addormientem Lucretiam venit sinistraque manu mulieris pectore oppresso ‘tace,Lucretia,’ inquit; ‘Sextus Tarquinius sum; ferrum in manu est; moriere, siemiseris vocem. cum territa ex somno mulier nullam opem, prope mortemimminentem videret, tum Tarquinius fatetur amorem, orat, miscet precibusminas. ubi eam obstinatam videbat et ne mortis quidem metu inclinari, addit admetum dedecus: dicit se cum ea mortua iugulatum servum nudum positurumesse, ut in sordido adulterio necata esse dicatur. quo terrore cum vicissetobstinatam pudicitiam victrix libido, profectus est inde Tarquinius feroxexpugnato decore muliebri.

Livy 1.68, adapted by M.G. Balme.

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ac / atque andadeo (adverb) so, to such an extentagnoscere, -ere, agnovi, agnotum recogniseala -ae f. wingamicitia, -ae f. friendshipanser, anseris m. gooseappellare (1) call (i.e. name)argentarius, -ii m. bankerauster austri m. south, the south windavis, -is f. birdbibo, -ere, -i drinkbrevitas, -atis f. brevitycaedes, -is f. murder, slaughtercano, -ere, cecini, cantum singcarmen, carminis n. songclarus, -a, -um famouscurro, -ere, cucurri, cursum rundimitto -ere dimisi dimissum send awayemo, -ere, emi, emptum buyepistula, -ae f. letterexplicare (1) explainfacilis, -e easyfunus, -eris n. funeralfur, furis m. thiefgero -ere gessi gestum wearhibernus, -a, -um winter (adj.)hic herehiems, hiemis f. winter (n.)hinc from herehuc to here, hereignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum forgiveinimicus -i m. enemyinsula, -ae f. islandinter +acc. between, amonglatro, latronis m. burglar, footpad, cutpursemalo, malle, malui prefermeridies, -ei m. south (n.)mox soonnec / neque and notnec, neque and notnolo, nolle, nolui not wantoratio, -ionis f. speechpercurro, -ere, percucurri, percursum overrunperficio -ere perfeci perfectum finishplaceo, -ere, -ui, -itum pleasepossum, posse, potui can, be ableratio, -ionis f. reasonresisto, resistere, restiti, restitum

+dat.resist

scando, -ere climbver, veris f. springveritas, -atis n. truthvilis, -is, -e cheapvinum, -i n. winevisitare (1) visitvolare (1) flyvolo, velle, volui want

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and ac / atqueand not nec / nequeand not nec, nequebanker argentarius, -ii m.between, among inter +acc.bird avis, -is f.brevity brevitas, -atis f.burglar, footpad, cutpurse latro, latronis m.buy emo, -ere, emi, emptumcall (i.e. name) appellare (1)can, be able possum, posse, potuicheap vilis, -is, -eclimb scando, -eredrink bibo, -ere, -ieasy facilis, -eenemy inimicus -i m.explain explicare (1)famous clarus, -a, -umfinish perficio -ere perfeci perfectumfly volare (1)forgive ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotumfriendship amicitia, -ae f.from here hincfuneral funus, -eris n.goose anser, anseris m.here hicisland insula, -ae f.letter epistula, -ae f.murder, slaughter caedes, -is f.not want nolo, nolle, noluioverrun percurro, -ere, percucurri, percursumplease placeo, -ere, -ui, -itumprefer malo, malle, maluireason ratio, -ionis f.recognise agnoscere, -ere, agnovi, agnotumresist resisto, resistere, restiti, restitum +dat.run curro, -ere, cucurri, cursumsend away dimitto -ere dimisi dimissumsing cano, -ere, cecini, cantumso, to such an extent adeo (adverb)song carmen, carminis n.soon moxsouth (n.) meridies, -ei m.south, the south wind auster austri m.speech oratio, -ionis f.spring ver, veris f.thief fur, furis m.to here, here huctruth veritas, -atis n.visit visitare (1)want volo, velle, voluiwear gero -ere gessi gestumwine vinum, -i n.wing ala -ae f.winter (adj.) hibernus, -a, -umwinter (n.) hiems, hiemis f.

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Unit IV • Cause andconcession

In this Unit you will learn:

• how Latin expresses cause using prepositions like propter (because of).

• how Latin expresses cause using conjunctions like quod and quia (because).

• how Latin expresses concession using conjunctions like etsi, etiamsi (even if, eventhough) and quamquam (although).

• how Latin uses the conjunction cum with a verb in the subjunctive mood to meansince, when and although.

• how Latin uses the conjunctions quod and quia (because) with a verb in thesubjunctive mood to express supposed or rejected reasons.

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LESSON 1 • REVISION: THE WORDSQUOD, PROPTER AND CAUSAYou have already met several Latin words that convey the idea of cause. Twowords used to introduce adverbial phrases of cause are propter (+acc.) and causa(preceded by a genitive). Ob (+acc.) is similar in meaning and use to propter.

propter stultitiam suam consulum causabecause of his own stupidity for the sake of the consuls

You have also met the word quod used to introduce causal clauses. When thecausal clause involves the straightforward statement of a fact, its verb is in theindicative mood.

venator, quod aprum non timebat, eum oppugnare constituit.Because the hunter was not afraid of the boar, he decided to attack it.

Other words used for this purpose include quia (because), quoniam (since) andquando (when).

Exercise 4.1A

1 multi epistulas Ciceronis non amabant propter difficultatem earum.2 occidens ita appellatus est quod ibi sol occidit.3 multa animalia timentur quod homines edere amant.4 constituimus arma deponere rei publicae causa.5 nemo hostes conspexit propter multos et altos colles.6 propter beneficium suum ab omnibus semper amatur.7 me saepe in taberna invenies quod sitiens sum.8 rex decem legatos elegit quod ipse laborare noluit.9 ad ludum ire non potero quod valde aeger sum.10 poenas magistro dabimus quod ad ludum sero venimus.

Exercise 4.1B

1 For the sake of peace, the Queen stayed in the palace.2 I am at home since there is no one at school.3 As a result of the war, many children were killed in the fields.4 Since no one was in the forum, I went home.5 I often go to the shops because I am hungry.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 23.4.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 425.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 241, 242.

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LESSON 2 • CONCESSIVE CLAUSES WITHTHE INDICATIVEA causal clause gives a reason why something in its main clause takes place. Itmay be easier to remember it as a ‘becausal’ clause.

quod te fortior sum, mihi necesse est hostes oppugnare.Because I am braver than you, I must attack the enemy soldiers.

A concessive clause qualifies a statement in the main clause of a sentence. That isto say, it makes some kind of concession. In English, we often use words likealthough, even though and however to introduce concessive clauses.

Although he is always nice to me, I can’t stand him.

Even though I am bored rigid, I will finish your gardening for you.

I am prepared to listen to any idea you have, however stupid.

In Latin the words etsi, quamquam and sometimes etiamsi are used to introduceconcessive clauses. Where the clause involves the statement of a fact, its verb is inthe indicative mood.

etsi vir prudentissimus est, eum consulem creari nolo.Even though he is a very careful man, I don’t want him to be appointed consul.

Marium, quamquam imperator optimus erat, multi cives oderant.Although Marius was an excellent commander, many citizens hated him.

The words etsi and etiamsi also mean even if. When they do, they are followed by the subjunctivemood when the writer is writing about possibility, not a fact. You will encounter examples of thisnext year.

Exercise 4.2A

1 quod pulchrior sum vobis omnibus, a nautis militibusque amabor.2 etsi milites semper cauti sunt, saepe res frangunt.3 quod defessus es, laborem perficere non vis.4 Rufus, etsi parvus erat, moenia facile scandere potuit.5 Romus et Remus, quamquam fratres erant, erant non semper amici.6 mihi numquam credit, etsi verum semper dico.7 etsi Hercules apros improbavit, servet hunc aprum.8 quamquam infans erat esuriens, frater eum non adiuvavit.9 etsi taberna ardebat, volebamus eam intrare et amicum invenire.10 quamquam clamores magni erant, nos non conturbaverunt.

Exercise 4.2B

1 Although you are tired, you ought to finish your work.2 Aeneas did not love Dido, even though he married her.3 Peace is rare, even though it is good.4 Even if you do all your work, I will still punish you for something.5 Although we are hungry, we will drink your wine before dinner.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 9.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 135b.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 30.

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LESSON 3 • CUM–CLAUSES WITH THEPRESENT AND IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVEYou have already seen time clauses introduced by the word cum. Cum can beused with the present, future or future perfect indicative to mean when.

cum Marcum invenero, poenas dabit.When I find Marcus, he’ll be punished.

cum Romae sum, Romano vivo more.When I’m in Rome, I do as the Romans do.

You have also seen cum with the perfect or pluperfect indicative, meaningwhenever.

cum Ciceronem conspexi, statim timere incipio.Whenever I see Cicero, I start to be afraid.

Cum with the present subjunctive

Cum with the present subjunctive does not introduce time clauses. It is used tointroduce causal clauses. It is often translated since, or because.

cum aeger sim, domi manere constitui.Since I’m sick, I’ve decided to stay at home.

cum laboret, discedamus.Let’s go, since he’s working.

It is also used to introduce to introduce concessive (although) clauses.

cum in meo ludo laetissimus sim, tamen domum redibo.Although I am very happy at my school, I will return home.

Usually the relationship between the two clauses will make it clear whether theclause is causal or concessive. However, if the clause is concessive, you will oftenfind the word tamen in the main clause to make it clear.

Cum with the imperfect subjunctive

Cum with the imperfect subjunctive is used to introduce time clauses as well ascausal clauses and concessive clauses. Again, the relationship between thesubordinate clause and the main clause will tell you exactly what is going on.

Often you will have to translate a sentence into English before you will be able toidentify the type of cum clause you have before you.

Note that the imperfect subjunctive in these clauses refers to a continuous actionin the past. The verb will usually be translated with the words was —ing.

exploratores, cum insidias pararent, hostes conspexerunt.When they were preparing the trap, the scouts caught sight of the enemy.

cum dormiret, fur domum intravit.When he was asleep, a thief entered the house.

cum omnes adessent, de inopia agere constituerunt.Since everyone was there, they decided to discuss the shortage.

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cum uxorem amaret, ei nihil respondit.Although he loved his wife, he did not answer her.

Exercise 4.3A

1 cum pueri abessent, magister tamen in ludo mansit.2 cum milites castra ponerent, imperator in colle sedebat.3 cum Cicero carmina sua recitaverat, omnes ad colles currebat.4 cum Cicero in curia heri diceret, libenter eum audiebamus.5 cum nunc frigidum sit, animalia sunt calida omnia.6 cum in urbem pervenero, medicum visitare potero.7 cum haec leges, Athenae tandem erimus.8 Romani, cum a Poenis obsiderentur, pacem ab Hannibale petiverunt.9 Poeni, cum Romanos superare non possint, sunt tamen laetissimi.10 cum aper agros vastaret, Hercules eum occidere iussus est.

Exercise 4.3B

1 Although I am not stupid, I am often lazy.2 When our friends have gone, we will all go to sleep.3 Since our friends are away, let’s all go to sleep.4 When our friends are away, we are always very sad.5 Since he is working, let us not disturb him.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 23.4–6, 33.2.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 426, 435, 447.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 9.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 235, 236, 239.

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LESSON 4 • CUM–CLAUSES WITH THEPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVEYou have already seen the forms of the present and imperfect subjunctive. Theforms of the perfect subjunctive are as follows.

the perfect subjunctive

active passive

s. 1 amaverim amatus sim2 amaveris amatus sis3 amaverit amatus sit

pl. 1 amaverimus amati simus2 amaveritis amati sitis3 amaverint amati sint

All verbs form their perfect subjunctive in the same way, regardless of whatconjugation they belong to or whether they are irregular or not. As a result, theperfect subjunctive is easy to learn and remember. Simply add the perfectsubjunctive endings above to the perfect stem of the verb, or use the perfectpassive participle and the present subjunctive of esse.

Cum with the perfect subjunctive

Cum with the perfect subjunctive does not introduce time clauses. It is used tointroduce causal clauses or concessive clauses only. Knowing this will help yougreatly in your unseen translation work.

cum Marius praetor creatus sit, vobis necesse est ei parere.Since [i.e. because] Marius has been appointed praetor, you must obey him.

cum Spurius multos servos uxori comparaverit, eum tamen non amat.Although Spurius has got many slaves for his wife, she doesn’t like him.

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Exercise 4.4A

1 cum Socrates ab Atheniensibus necatus sit, eum visitare nolo.2 Plato, cum tela fingat, est vir divitissimus.3 Plato, cum vir divitissimus sit, est tamen philosophus.4 cum Socrates me videre nollet, Platonem visitavi.5 ‘cum cogitare possimus,’ inquit Descartes, ‘ergo sumus.’6 cum Romani in proelio superati sint, imperatores expellent.7 cum iuvenes aurum in silva invenerint, tamen inter se pugnant.8 cum Catullus me ad cenam invitaverit, tecum Romam ire nolo.9 cum Catullus me ad cenam invitavit, laetissimus sum.10 cum pontes Romae numquam viderim, fabulam tuam intellegere non possum.

Exercise 4.4B

1 When I arrive in Athens, I will visit Socrates.2 Although Socrates’ body is dead, his soul still lives.3 Since they do not work, philosophers are rarely rich.4 Although Socrates was at home, he did not wish to see me.5 Even though we were many, the enemy conquered us.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 7d, 7e, 8b, 9.2, 33.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 115–125, 426, 447.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapters 13, 14.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 236.

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LESSON 5 • CUM–CLAUSES WITH THEPLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVEYou have already seen the forms of the present, imperfect and perfect subjunctive.The forms of the pluperfect subjunctive are as follows. As with the othersubjunctive forms, the exact meaning of the forms below will depend on the waythey are being used.

the pluperfect subjunctive

active passive

s. 1 amavissem amatus essem2 amavisses amatus esses3 amavisset amatus esset

pl. 1 amavissemus amati essemus2 amavissetis amati essetis3 amavissent amati essent

All verbs form their pluperfect subjunctive in the same way, by adding thepersonal endings above to the perfect infinitive, regardless of what conjugationthey belong to or whether they are irregular or not. As a result, the pluperfectsubjunctive is not difficult to learn.

Cum with the pluperfect subjunctive

Cum with the pluperfect subjunctive is a very common way of saying when or afterin continuous narrative in the past. Modern English rarely makes the distinctionbetween pluperfect and perfect in these cases.

Cicero, cum barbaros conspexisset, statim timere coepit.When Cicero saw the barbarians [i.e. when he had seen the barbarians], he immediately

began to be afraid.

cum mater a foro revenisset, pueri eam multa rogaverunt .After their mother returned [i.e. had returned] from the forum, the boys asked her a

lot of questions.

Cum with the pluperfect subjunctive can also introduce causal or concessiveclauses.

cum exploratores nihil invenissent, fugere constituerunt.Since the scouts did not find anything, they decided to run away.

cum imperator captus esset, milites tamen fortiter pugnabant.Although their general had been captured, the soldiers still kept fighting bravely.

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Exercise 4.5A

1 Vergilius, cum Ciceronem in foro conspexisset, Brundisium abire constituit.2 iudex, cum nihil fecisset, tamen magnum stipendium postulavit.3 cum pueri domum abiisset, puellae arcem ceperunt.4 cum regina e Persia rediisset, senatores eam multa rogaverunt.5 cum venenum nihil effecisset, Nero gladio Senecam interficere volebat.6 cum anseres Manlius excitavissent, ille ad moenia statim festinavit.7 Saguntini, cum urbem muris munivissent, impetum Poenorum sustinebant.8 cum omnis Graecia in Romanorum potestatem venisset, imperator tandem laetus

erat.9 cum Iolaus ab Hydra oppugnatus esset, Hercules eum adiuvare voluit.10 cum navis deleta esset, Agrippina Neroni credere noluit.

Exercise 4.5B

1 Although most of the birds had left Rome, a few remained in Italy.2 Although I know everything, you are sometimes right.3 When the school had been set alight, the army captured the boys.4 The master is very happy, since all the boys love their work.5 When Rome had been besieged by the barbarians, everyone ran to the citadel.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 7d, 7e, 8b, 9.2, 33.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 115–125, 426, 447.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapters 13, 14.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 235, 236.

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Exercise 4.6A

1 propter Romanorum potestatem, aliae gentes saepe timebant.2 multi medici, cum diligenter non laborent, sunt divitissimi.3 medici olim erant divitiores, quod erant pauciores medici et plures aegri.4 cum infans dormiat, eamus ad hortos Caesaris.5 cum aeger sim, cras ad ludum ire non potero.6 tres dies iter fecimus etsi hostes iam domum venerant.7 iudices, cum pecuniam suam amisissent, tamen laetissimi erant.8 cum nomen artis audivi, statim telum capio.9 Ovidius, cum animal pulchrum in horto invenit, id colere vult.10 hodie domum non ibitis, antequam laborem perfeceritis.

Exercise 4.6B

1 Although the teacher was very angry, the pupil did not do his work.2 When they were in court, everybody listened carefully to the judge.3 Now that Romulus has been appointed King, Remus must go away.4 Although Tacitus has many wives, they don't like him.5 Because Tacitus has many wives they don't like him.6 King Latinus’s wife hated Turnus before he married her daughter.7 While the lions are in the fields, the Christians stay at home.8 I would like to be Nero, for I love golden houses very much.9 What am I to do with the money?10 Let us watch the horses in the Campus Martius.

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LESSON 7 • EXTENSION: SUPPOSED ANDREJECTED REASONSYou have already met causal clauses with quod and the indicative. Because theindicative is used, the causal statement is a straightforward expression of fact.

Baias cum Marco iter facere nolo, quod stultus est.I don’t want to travel to Baiae with Marcus, because he is an idiot.

Supposed reasons

Imagine that you want to leave the truth of the causal statement open — becauseit is not your own view, for example. This is where the subjunctive comes in, toindicate that the action of the verb has a different status to the action of the verbin the main clause.

cives Ciceronem oderunt omnes, quod pessimus orator sit.The citizens all hate Cicero because [they say] he is a very bad orator.

In the example above, the writer is not saying that Cicero is a bad orator, he isjust telling you the reason the citizens would give for hating him.

Some further examples:

latrones interfecti sunt quod oppidum oppugnavissent.The brigands were killed on the grounds that they had attacked the town.

Marcus discessit quod sero esset.Marcus left because [he said] it was late.

If the indicative were used here in place of the subjunctive, that would suggestthat the reason given in each sentence is true.

Rejected reasons

When you want to say not because…but because, you must use the subjunctive inthe clause which contains the rejected reason. Because the rejected reason is notthe true one, its distance from the real reason is marked by the subjunctive. Theword quia is commonly used to introduce rejected reasons.

dominum non amo, non quia homo durissimus esset, sed quod turpis est.I hate my owner, not because he is a very harsh man, but because he’s ugly.

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Exercise 4.7A

1 iudices iuvenem damnaverunt, non quia scelestus esset, sed quod eum improbant.2 Marcus domum ivit quod mater eum exspectabat.3 ambulare malo quam currere, non quod ignavus sim, sed quod iter est longum.4 Troiam non oppugnavit, quod custodes fortiores essent.5 nautae ad portum ire noluerunt, quod ibi nullae naves essent.6 magistrum improbo quod durus est, non quia Gallus sit.7 dominus omnes servos punivit, quod uxori numquam parerent.8 te visitare non potero quod mater me in horto laborare iussit.9 me visitare noluit, quod stultus et ignavus sim.10 Sextum legatum elegit quod ille est vir diligentissimus.

Exercise 4.7B

1 The boys all love Virgil because he is a great poet.2 The boys all love Virgil on the grounds that he is a great poet.3 I am writing you a letter because you are wrong.4 They had no friends because they had no money.5 The Romans were always victorious, because (they say) they were very brave.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 23.4, 33.2.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 425.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 243.

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UNIT IV • GRAMMAR SUMMARYAdverbial phrases of cause

Introduced by propter (+acc.), causa (preceded by a genitive) and ob (+acc.).

Adverbial clauses of cause, with the indicative

Introduced by quod, quia, quoniam and quando (because, since). The indicativeindicates that the reason given in the causal clause is a fact.

Adverbial clauses of concession, with the indicative

Introduced by etsi, quamquam and sometimes etiamsi (although, even though).The indicative indicates that the reason given in the concessive clause is a fact.

Cum with the subjunctive

Cum with the subjunctive introduces time clauses, causal clauses and concessiveclauses. When it is used to introduce time clauses, it is often translated when orafter. When it is used to introduce causal clauses, it is often translated since, orbecause. When it is used to introduce concessive clauses, it is often translatedalthough.

Usually the relationship between the two clauses will make it clear whether theclause is causal or concessive. If the clause is concessive, you will often find theword tamen in the main clause.

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Use of the subjunctive in cum–clauses

present imperfect perfect pluperfect

Used in causal andconcessive clausesonly. The presentsubjunctive in theseclauses refers to acontinuous action inthe present.

Used in time clauses,causal clauses andconcessive clauses.Translate the verbwith the words was(or were) —ing.

Used in causal andconcessive clausesonly. Translate theverb with the wordshas (or have) —ed.

Used in time clauses,causal clauses andconcessive clauses. Avery common way ofsaying when or afterin continuous narra-tive in the past.

Forms of the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive

the perfect subjunctive the pluperfect subjunctive

active passive active passive

s. 1 amaverim amatus sim s. 1 amavissem amatus essem2 amaveris amatus sis 2 amavisses amatus esses3 amaverit amatus sit 3 amavisset amatus esset

pl. 1 amaverimus amati simus pl. 1 amavissemus amati essemus2 amaveritis amati sitis 2 amavissetis amati essetis3 amaverint amati sint 3 amavissent amati essent

Supposed reasons

The subjunctive is sometimes used in an adverbial clause of cause introduced byquod or quia. It indicates that the reason given in the clause is not necessarily astatement of fact, but a reason present in the mind of someone involved in thesentence.

Rejected reasons

When you want to say not because…but because, you must use the subjunctive inthe clause which contains the rejected reason. The word quia is commonly used tointroduce rejected reasons.

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4.1 The Fall of Saguntum (218 B.C.)

Saguntini, qui urbem muris et turribus muniverant, octo menses Poenorumimpetum sustinebant: frustra a Romanis auxilium, ab Hannibale pacempetiverunt. tandem primi civitatis aurum argentumque omne in foram colligunt,in ignem iactant, ipsi in flammas saltant: reliquorum plurimi cum uxoribusliberisque domos super se ipsos incendunt. interea, quoniam muri custodibusnudati erant, hostes urbem intraverunt.

tum Q. Fabius cum aliis legatis Roma Carthaginem missus est. ‘nisi publicoconsilio,’ inquit, ‘socios nostros oppugnavistis et ducis vestri factum ipsi probatis,Hannibalem Romanis tradite.’ ad quae ubi multa et insolentia responderantPoeni, togae sinum manu tenuit, tum ‘hic,' inquit, ‘bellum et pacem portamus:utrum placet, sumite.’ illi, non minore cum superbia, ‘utrum placet, da’clamaverunt. ‘bellum do,’ respondit legatus. illi ‘sic esto: bellum eodem nos animo,quo sumpsimus, geremus.’

ELTB 55

4.2 More trouble for the Romans

vix iam Romani Poenos superaverant, ubi Macedoniis bellum indixerunt. huiusgentis rex Philippus in Thessaia prope colles qui Cynoscephalae vocabanturcastra posuerat: ibi gaudio permotus, cum parvam manum Romanorumfugavisset, contra totum exercitum processit. tum a Flaminino, qui nostrispraeerat, victus terras omnes quas extra Macedoniam regebat tradere coactusest. nec multo postea Antiochus, qui socius fuerat Philippi nec tamen in bello eisubvenerat, cum auxilium ab eo plurimae in Graecia civitates imploravissent,arma contra Romanos sumpsit. is quoque, primum Thermopylis, mox Magnesiaesuperatus magnum numerum navium longarum tradere decemque milia talentumpersolvere cogitur. viginti post annis iterum cum Macedoniis pugnatum est: quo inbello L. Aemilius Paulus a rege Perseo magnam victoriam reportavit. tandemomnis Graecia in Romanorum potestatem venit.

ELTB 67

4.3 A Labour of Hercules

ingens olim aper a monte Erymantho in campos descenderat. hunc, cum agrosubique vastaret, vivum ad regem portare iussus Hercules per altam nivem diupetebat: tum labore fessum rete impedivit Mycenasque avexit. aprum dum petit,Centauro Pholo occurrit, cui Bacchus olim eadum optimi vini dederat. hunc cadumHercules aperuit: tum reliqui Centauri, vini odore dulcissimo ducti, speluncam inqua Pholus habitabat obsederunt: ab Hercule pulsi Chironis domum fugapetiverunt. quos ille cum fugaret incaute amicum suum Chironem sagittavenenata vulneravit: Pholus quoque sagitta, quae in pedem eius forte ceciderat,vulneratus est. Chiron, cum immortalis esset, sagitta non necatus erat: ultrotamen vita excessit.

ELTB 68

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4.4 The Pardoner’s Tale

tres iuvenes in taberna bibebant et deos immortales magna voce vituperabant;tristissimi erant, et non sine causa. ‘eheu!’ dicebant; ‘morbus durus urbemnostram affligit. mors omnes amicos nostros interficit. mortem quaerere debemus.necesse est nobis Mortem ipsum interficere.’

itaque iuvenes ex urbe contenderunt et mox senem invenerunt. ille baculumtenens lente procedebat et terram pulsabat, semper ‘cara mater’, clamans,‘admitte me!’

iuvenes eum rogaverunt: ‘Mortemne vidisti? nam quaerimus eum.’‘et ego eum quaero’, respondit senex. ‘nuper eum sub illa arbore sedentem

conspexi.’iuvenes igitur ad arborem festinaverunt. ibi multum aurum in olla celatum

invenerunt.‘euge! divites nunc sumus,’ inquit iuvenis natu maximus. ‘ad urbem

contendite! nunc cenare et bibere debemus.’‘festina lente!’, inquit iuvenis natu minimus. ‘melius est noctu aurum ad

urbem ferre. tum nemo nos videre potest.’

SLS 32

4.5 The Pardoner’s Tale II

‘ita vero!’, inquit medius iuvenis. ‘sed nunc cibum consumere et vinum biberepossumus. tu ad urbem furtim contende! cibum et vinum nobis compara!’

iuvenis natu minimus, ubi ad urbem advenit, non solum cibum et vinumemit, sed etiam venenum potentissimum. venenum in amphoram vini miscuit.‘ita’, inquit, ‘omne aurum habere possum.’ sed postquem ille ad amicos rediit,iuvenis natu maximus bracchia eius comprehendit. deinde medius iuvenispugionem inter costas impulit. ille, ab amicis suis superatus, mortuus decidit.

‘nunc etiam divitiores sumus!’, inquit iuvenis natu maximus. ‘vinum bibe etbonam fortunam saluta’.

vinum igitur avide hauserunt. mox venenum, per venas manans, ad cordaadvenit. illi quoque mortui deciderunt. iuvenes, a sene ducti, Mortem ipsum revera invenerant.

SLS 32

4.6 Nero devises an evil plan to murder his own mother Agrippina

Anicetus, libertus Neronis, qui Agrippinam valde oderat, consilium callidum cepit.Neroni suasit ut navem construi iuberet cuius pars ita frangi posset utAgrippinam in mare coniceret; sic omnes credituros esse illam naufragio periisse.consilium Neroni placuit. paucis post diebus Agrippina navem conscendit ut diemfestum Baiis ageret. sed ubi navis haud multum progressa est, tectum eius ruit etfamiliarem Agrippinae nomine Crepereium interfecit. navis mox collapsa est sednon statim summersa est. igitur Agrippina (unum tamen vulnus umero excepit) sein mare leniter demittere et natando se servare poterat.

Dale 9

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4.7 Extension: Catullus invites his friend Fabullus to dinner

cenabis bene, mi Fabulle, apud mepaucis, si tibi di favent, diebus.si tecum attuleris bonam atque magnamcenam, non sine candida puellaet vino et sale et omnibus cachinnis.haec si, inquam, attuleris, venuste noster,cenabis bene; nam tui Catulliplenus sacculus est aranearum.sed contra accipies meros amores,seu quid suavius elegantiusve est:nam unguentum dabo, quod meae puellaedonarunt Veneres Cupidinesque,quod tu cum olfacies, deos rogabis,totum ut te faciant, Fabulle, nasum.

Catullus, carmen 13

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aeger, -gri m. patientaegrotare (1) unwell, be unwellambulare (1) walkanimus, -i m. soulaper apri m. boarardeo -ere arsi arsum burn, be on firears, artis f. artaureus, -a, -um goldenbellum, -i n. warcalidus, -a, -um warm (adj.)cautus -a -um careful, cautiouscollis, -is m. hillconturbare (1) disturbdepono -ere deposui depositum put downdifficultas, atis f. difficultydiligens -entis carefuldomus, -us f. homeedo, edere, edi, esus eateligo, -ere, elegi, electum appointerrare (1) wrong, be wrongesuriens -entis hungryfacile easilyfessus,- a, -um tiredfingo -ere finxi fictum make, manufactureforum, -i n. courtfrango, -ere, fregi, fractum breakfrigidus -a -um coldgens, -tis f. raceignavus, -a, -um lazyimprobare (1) dislikein matronium ducere marry (the man is subject, the woman object)infans, infantis m. babyinvenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum findiudex, iudicis m. judgelabor, -oris m. work (noun)lego, -ere, legi, lectum readlibenter gladly, with pleasureliberi -orum m. pl. childrenludus, -i m. schoolmaneo, -ere, mansi, mansum staymedicus, -i m. doctornemo (acc. neminem, dat. nemini) nobodynominare (1) nameobdormire (4) fall asleep, go to sleepoccidens, -entis m. westoccido, ere, occidi, occasum set, the sunomnes, -ium m. pl. everybodypoetica, -ae f. poetrypostulare (1) demandpropter (+acc.) because ofpulcher, pulchra, pulchrum prettypunire (4) punishputare (1) thinkquamquam althoughquod becauseraro rarelyregina, -ae f. queenres, rei f. thingserus, -a, -um late

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sitiens -entis thirstysol, -is m. sunstupidus, -a, -um stupidtaberna, -ae f. shoptelum, -i n. weapontimere (2) feartristis -is -e sadverum dico, ere, dixi, dictum right, I amvisitare (1) visit

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although quamquamappoint eligo, -ere, elegi, electumart ars, artis f.baby infans, infantis m.because quodbecause of propter (+acc.)boar aper apri m.break frango, -ere, fregi, fractumburn, be on fire ardeo -ere arsi arsumcareful diligens -entiscareful, cautious cautus -a -umchildren liberi -orum m. pl.cold frigidus -a -umcourt forum, -i n.demand postulare (1)difficulty difficultas, atis f.dislike improbare (1)disturb conturbare (1)doctor medicus, -i m.easily facileeat edo, edere, edi, esuseverybody omnes, -ium m. pl.fall asleep, go to sleep obdormire (4)fear timere (2)find invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventumgladly, with pleasure libentergolden aureus, -a, -umhill collis, -is m.home domus, -us f.hungry esuriens -entisjudge iudex, iudicis m.late serus, -a, -umlazy ignavus, -a, -ummake, manufacture fingo -ere finxi fictummarry (the man is subject, the woman object) in matronium ducerename nominare (1)nobody nemo (acc. neminem, dat. nemini)patient aeger, -gri m.poetry poetica, -ae f.pretty pulcher, pulchra, pulchrumpunish punire (4)put down depono -ere deposui depositumqueen regina, -ae f.race gens, -tis f.rarely raroread lego, -ere, legi, lectumright, I am verum dico, ere, dixi, dictumsad tristis -is -eschool ludus, -i m.set, the sun occido, ere, occidi, occasumshop taberna, -ae f.soul animus, -i m.stay maneo, -ere, mansi, mansumstupid stupidus, -a, -umsun sol, -is m.thing res, rei f.think putare (1)thirsty sitiens -entistired fessus,- a, -um

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unwell, be unwell aegrotare (1)visit visitare (1)walk ambulare (1)war bellum, -i n.warm (adj.) calidus, -a, -umweapon telum, -i n.west occidens, -entis m.work (noun) labor, -oris m.wrong, be wrong errare (1)

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Unit V • Adjectivesand adjectivalclauses


• how Latin uses adjectives to modify nouns.

• how Latin uses comparative and superlative adjectives.

• how Latin uses the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod to create relative clauses,which are used to modify nouns.

• how Latin uses the subjunctive mood in relative clauses to express cause.

• how Latin uses the subjunctive mood in relative clauses in comparisons.

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LESSON 1 • REVISION: USE OFADJECTIVES, WORD ORDERAdjectives in Latin agree with their nouns in number, gender and case.

miles fortis reginae magnae templa pulchrathe brave soldier of, for the great queen the beautiful temples

When an adjective goes with more than one noun, it generally agrees with thenearest noun.

mulieres et liberi, clamoribus perterriti, ex urbe fugerunt.The women and children, frightened by the shouting, ran out of the city.

However, if the adjective is on the other side of a copulative verb like esse, it willbe masculine if the nouns it goes with refer to people (unless the people are allwomen), and neuter if they refer to things.

rex et regina duri et scelesti sunt.The king and queen are harsh and wicked.

virtus, dignitas, honestas sunt levia et incerta.Virtue, rank and honour are trivial and uncertain things.

Adjectives that denote size and quantity, including cardinal numbers, generally goin front of their noun.

multi nautae magnus clamor quattuor diesmany sailors a loud shout for four days

Adjectives that denote quality, including ordinal numbers and possessiveadjectives, generally go after their noun.

homo crudelissimus legio secunda mater tuaa very cruel man the second legion your mother

However, the position of adjectives is by no means fixed, and a writer may vary itto produce some special effect.

cives imperatorem victorem salutaverunt omnes.The citizens hailed the victorious general — every one of them.

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Exercise 5.1A

1 adventu Ciceronis perterriti, cives boni ad colles cucurrerunt.2 ‘iuventus’ inquit Abraham ‘est non semper pulchrior senectute.’3 imperatores superbissimi raro amantur a militibus miseris.4 in hortis pulchris Graeciae sunt multae et novae aves.5 amor, amicitia, matrimonium sunt incerta et difficilia.6 legio Secunda est optima e viginti legionibus.7 viri mulieresque propter magnos clamores erant perterriti.8 Marcus huc iratus advenit, sed post cenam laetus discessit.9 senes perterriti forum occupaverunt totum.10 redeant domum omnes discipuli deformes.

Exercise 5.1B

1 For many years I used to go to bed early.2 All boys prefer the beauty of Virgil to the decadence of Scribonius.3 Before evening, the evil emperor Nero drank some very cheap wine.4 The Latin language is harder than the new language of Indonesia.5 The fifth legion was in the beautiful citadel before the fourth legion had

approached the lofty camp.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 2, 29.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 193, 196b.

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LESSON 2 • COMPARATIVES ANDSUPERLATIVES

Comparatives

You have already seen comparative adjectives used in sentences where two thingsare compared.

Cicero eloquentior est quam ego.Cicero is more eloquent than I am.

However, comparative adjectives can be used when there is no explicit comparisonat all.

Spurius vir fortior est.Spurius is quite a brave man. [i.e. he is braver than most]

tecum ire nolo, quod iter longius est.I don’t want to go with you, because the journey is too long.

[i.e. it is longer than I would like]

In these situations, words like too, rather or quite can often be used in thetranslation.

Ablative of comparison

The word than after a comparative adjective or adverb in Latin is quam. The twothings being compared will be in the same case.

te amo magis quam Marcus.I love you more than Marcus does.

te amo magis quam Marcum.I love you more than I love Marcus.

Sometimes a word in the ablative case is used instead of quam followed by aword in the nominative or accusative case. This is called the ablative ofcomparison.

Spurius est avarior Marco.Spurius is greedier than Marcus.

Ablative of difference

The ablative is also used with comparative adjectives to indicate by how muchthe two things compared are different.

hic murus tribus pedibus altior est quam ille.This wall is three feet higher than that one.

via Romae est quattuor milibus passuum longior quam via Mediolani.The road to Rome is four miles longer than the road to Milan.

The words multo (by much), paulo (by a little) and aliquanto (considerably) areoften used to express the degree of difference.

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sol multo maior est quam terra.The sun is much bigger than the earth. [i.e. is bigger ‘by much’ than the earth.]

hoc opus paulo difficilius est.This job is a little more difficult.

Superlatives

Superlative adjectives can also be used when there is no explicit comparison.

Gaius, homo scelestissimus, matrem suam non amabat.Gaius, a very wicked man, did not like his mother.

Titus, vir doctissimus, librum meum semper laudat.Titus, a very well educated man, always praises my book.

When there is a comparison, the things being compared will usually be in thegenitive.

Brutus erat omnium Romanorum nobilissimus.Brutus was the noblest of all the Romans.

sum miles fortissimus huius legionis.I am the bravest soldier in this legion.

The word multo is not usually used with superlatives: the adverb longe is usedinstead.

sum longe optimusI am by far the best.

Exercise 5.2A

1 amor est multo nobilior quam inimicitia.2 Socrates erat Plataeae longe fortissimus ex omnibus militibus.3 cum domus medici sit aliquanto pulchrior quam insula agricolae, ibi cenemus.4 cum nox sit, omnia animalia ferocia sunt periculosiora quam sunt die.5 cum consulem iratum magis timemus quam tu, redi domum cum eo.6 paulum vini salutis causa est melius quam multa alia remedia.7 reginam amamus magis quam regem novum, virum eius.8 consulem seniorem amamus magis quam frater noster.9 Spurius, homo scelestissimus, erat omnium civium doctissimus.10 magister vester est longe superbissimus omnium virorum.

Exercise 5.2B

1 I would rather not go home with you because the journey is too long.2 The Tiber is many miles shorter than the rivers of Australia.3 Although he is rather rich, he is also extremely happy.4 I prefer to lay waste the fields of the poets rather than listen to their poems.5 The mighty spears of the goddess are considerably smaller than the mountains of

Italy.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 4.3, 14.6f, 14.6k.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 231, 244.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 78, 82.

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LESSON 3 • RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH THEPRONOUN IN THE NOMINATIVE ANDACCUSATIVEA relative clause is a clause used to define or describe a noun. As a result, youwill often see relative clauses classified as adjectival clauses. In English, relativeclauses follow their noun, either directly, or introduced by a word like who, whichor that.

The woman I marry must have that certain special something.

The clothes that I bought yesterday have gone missing.

The emperor, who was chosen for his quick wit, has gone senile.

The word which the relative clause defines or describes (the woman, the clothes,the emperor) is called the antecedent.

In Latin, relative clauses are introduced by the relative pronoun. Its forms areexactly the same as the forms of the interrogative pronoun qui, quae, quod whichyou have already learned.

the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod




The relative pronoun will always have the same number and gender as itsantecedent. However, the pronoun’s role in the relative clause will determine itscase. This is because the pronoun must agree with the verb in the subordinateclause.

In the examples below, and in the exercise, all of the relative pronouns will be inthe nominative or accusative case.

mulier, quae huc venit, amica mea est.The woman who is coming here is my friend.

templum, quod Marius aedificat, foedum est.The temple that Marius is building is foul.

centurio, quem salutare noluisti, te interficiet.The centurion you refused to salute is going to kill you.

equum, quem mihi dedisti, domitare non possum.I cannot tame the horse you gave me.

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Exercise 5.3A

1 pueri, qui linguam Latinam magis otio amant, diligenter laborant.2 ludus, quem poetae aedificaverunt, est maior domo matris.3 horti, quos Romae invenisti, sunt longe pulcherrimi Italiae.4 spelunca, quae est ad lacum, est periculosa et feris plena.5 poeta, quem puer amabas, est nunc mortuus.6 soror mea, quam Spurius in matrimonium duxit, tandem advenit.7 remedium, quod medicus mihi dedit, erat optimum.8 non potuimus audire ea quae de nobis dixit magister.9 milites, quos imperator discedere iussit, statim abierunt.10 cui pecuniam dedisti? — nautae, quem heri in foro vidi, eam tradidi.

Exercise 5.3B

1 The evil emperor, who was loathed by all the people, has gone to Sicily.2 What should I do now with the food I bought in the city?3 I am unable to lay waste the fields which you used to hate.4 The second legion, which was praised by the mother of the farmer, has bought

new spears.5 The happy goddesses, whom you used to be able to see in the sky, have gone to

Germany.

Exercise 5.3C

Write out the declension of the relative pronoun qui quae quod, and add all theappropriate English meanings.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 5.7, 23.1.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 97, 330–332, 450.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapters 4–5.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 230.

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LESSON 4 • RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH THEPRONOUN IN OTHER CASES;PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

Relative clauses with the pronoun in other cases

As we said in the last lesson, the relative pronoun will always have the samenumber and gender as its antecedent. However, the pronoun’s role in the relativeclause will determine its case.

In the examples below, and in the exercise, all of the relative pronouns will be inthe genitive, dative or ablative case.

dominus, cuius servus Manium oppugnavit, poenas neglegentiae suae dedit.The master whose slave attacked Manius has been punished for his lack of care.

Nervii, quorum oppidum Caesar suique expugnaverunt, nomen stultissimumhabent.

The Nervii, whose town Caesar and his troops captured, have a very silly name.

servus, cui litteras mandavi, inveniri non potest.The slave I entrusted the documents to cannot be found.

puer, cui leo nocuit, mortuus est.The boy whom the lion injured died.

amici, cum quibus Baias iter fecimus, discesserunt.The friends we travelled to Baiae with have departed.

Prepositional phrases dependent on nouns

In English it is possible to describe nouns using dependent prepositional phrases.

the harbour in Naples the road to Rome the house on the hill

Latin avoids these if possible. It will sometimes do this by using the genitivecase.

portus Neapolis via Romaethe harbour in Naples the road to Rome

Latin also uses relative clauses instead of dependent prepositional phrases.

domus, quae in colle estthe house on the hill

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Exercise 5.4A

1 puella, cui poeta nocuit, nunc valuit.2 mulieres, quarum hastae a poetis captae sunt, Mediolanum revenit.3 Caesares, quorum gens Romam multos annos rexit, non semper benigni erant

animalibus.4 servus, cuius dominus domum agricolae oppugnavit, cras necabitur.5 amici nostri, quibuscum semper Romam iter faciebamus, Neapolim abierunt.6 amisistine gladium quo dux hostium in proelio interfectus est?7 via Romae est semper difficilis propter montes fluminaque.8 Dionysius templum intravit, in quo erat maxima statua deae Iunonis.9 praetor, cui epistula tradidimus, multa de vobis rogavit.10 Roscius, a quo multi in theatro delectati sunt, erat tamen vir tristissimus.

Exercise 5.4B

1 The farmers, whose fields are near the river, love to swim at night.2 The boy to whom I gave the books has gone home.3 The house on the hill is bigger than the temple in the valley.4 The lions, whose food is often human, are never hungry.5 No one was able to find the arrows that Hercules killed Cacus with.

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Exercise 5.5A

1 ab amicis amari est facilius quam inimicos amare.2 Aristoteles, qui erat Alexandri Magni magister, semper diligentissime laboravit.3 Cicero et Vergilius sunt duo auctores Romani, quos discipuli etiam nunc amant.4 Aristoteles ab eo Platone doctus est, qui multa optima scuta finxit.5 melius est nocte laborare quam dormire nec posse lucem lunae videre, quae est

pulcherrima.6 velim omnes pueros qui ruri nunc habitant, agricolas audire.7 Horatii fundus, qui est pulcherrimus, ei ab amico Maecenatis datus est.8 pater Vergilii carmina filii improbavit, quod mollia et inutilia essent.9 sunt nocte feroces bestiae in Campo Martio, et raro domum redeunt ante primam

lucem.10 Italiani malebant aquaeductus quam carmina, quod carmina aquam portare non

possunt.

Exercise 5.5B

1 Whenever I go out, I can see an elephant in the garden which is near my villa.2 Who is there! I cannot see well when the bright light of the sun is not present.3 Balbus left Rome because some stupid people built a cheese shop in his garden.4 Cheese, which is very popular among the Romans, often smells.5 The citizens all love Demosthenes because he is Greek and not Roman.6 The Italians did not like the Greeks, because they were philosophers, not

barbarians.7 Socrates was never drunk, even though his friends gave him much wine.8 Plato, who is very famous, never drank soup, on the ground that it disturbed him.9 ‘Brutus was the most arrogant of all the Romans,’ said his friend, Sextus.10 Cicero, whose speeches are frequently read today, was quite a brave man.

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LESSON 6 • EXTENSION: CAUSAL ANDCOMPARATIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES WITHTHE SUBJUNCTIVEYou will remember from your work in Unit III that the subjunctive can indicatethat the verb in a subordinate clause is subordinate. Relative clauses frequentlyhave the subjunctive in them. Clauses like that can be purpose clauses, resultclauses, causal or concessive clauses or clauses subordinate to indirect speech. Inthis lesson, we are looking at two of these kinds of clauses.

Causal relative clauses with the subjunctive

In Unit IV, you met quod with the indicative used to introduce causal clauses,where the cause is a statement of fact.

Cicero, quod omnes cives eum oderant, invitus ex urbe discessit.Because all the citizens hated him, Cicero reluctantly left the city.

A relative clause with the subjunctive can also be used as a causal clause, if thecause given is a supposed or hypothetical one. Often, an English translation willnot reveal this difference.

Cicero, quem omnes cives odissent, invitus ex urbe discessit.Because all the citizens hated him, Cicero reluctantly left the city.

Sometimes a Roman writer will use the words ut, utpote or quippe at thebeginning of the relative clause to make it clear that the clause is a causal clause.Sometimes the words eo, idcirco or propterea in the main clause are also used tomake this clear.

te amo utpote qui me ames.I love you because you love me.

Comparative relative clauses with the subjunctive

In Lesson 2, we saw how quam was used after comparative adjectives andadverbs to mean than.

sum multo sapientior quam tu.I am much wiser than you are.

A relative clause with the subjunctive can also be used after quam. This sort ofclause is called a comparative relative clause. It is closely related to a resultclause, which you will meet in Unit VI.

sum multo sapientior quam tibi credam.I am much too wise to believe you.

[lit. I am much wiser than someone who would believe you.]

Spurius maior est quam quem superare possim.Spurius is too big for me to defeat.

[lit. Spurius is too big for me to defeat.]

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Exercise 5.6A

1 filia mea est cautior quam quae tibi credat.2 cives consulibus credunt utpote qui bene urbem regant.3 Speratus, quippe qui Christianus esset, ab iudicibus damnatus est.4 hostes erant fortiores quam quos vincere possemus.5 Androclus, qui leonem antea adiuvisset, ab eo non oppugnatus est.6 Hannibal milites, qui e proelio effugissent, propter ignaviam eorum punivit.7 imperator Romanus, cui omnes cives crederent, omnia quae voluit facere potuit.8 Maecenas, qui et Horatium et Vergilium adiuverit, est etiam nunc notissimus.9 frater meus stultior est quam qui mathematica intellegat.10 abhinc sex menses legati dimissi erant, utpote quibus multi non crederent.

Exercise 5.6B

1 Because he wrote a very good story, Virgil is famous everywhere.2 Virgil left Rome on the ground that Augustus hated him.3 The poets love the farmers because the farmers love them.4 Cicero is much too good an orator for me to beat him in court.5 The boys are much too wise to believe the girls.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 23.2.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 423, 453.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 147–148, 230.

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UNIT V • GRAMMAR SUMMARY

Use of adjectives

Adjectives in Latin agree with their nouns in number, gender and case. When anadjective goes with more than one noun, it generally agrees with the nearestnoun.

But if the adjective is on the other side of a copulative verb, it will be masculine ifthe nouns it goes with refer to people (unless the people are all women), andneuter if they refer to things.

Adjectives that denote size and quantity, including cardinal numbers, generally goin front of their noun. Adjectives that denote quality, including ordinal numbersand possessive adjectives, generally go after their noun.

Comparatives

Comparative adjectives are usually used in sentences where two things arecompared. However, they can be used when there is no explicit comparison at all.In these situations, words like too, rather or quite can often be used in thetranslation.

The word than after a comparative adjective or adverb in Latin is quam. The twothings being compared will be in the same case.

Sometimes a word in the ablative case is used instead of quam followed by aword in the nominative or accusative case. This is called the ablative ofcomparison.

The ablative is also used with comparative adjectives to indicate by how muchthe two things compared are different. The words multo (by much), paulo (by alittle) and aliquanto (considerably) are often used to express the degree ofdifference.

Superlatives

Superlative adjectives are usually used in sentences where more than one thing iscompared. However, they can be used when there is no explicit comparison at all.In these situations, the word very can often be used in the translation.

When there is a comparison, the things being compared will usually be in thegenitive.

The word multo is not usually used with superlatives: the adverb longe is usedinstead.

Relative clauses

A relative clause is a clause used to define or describe a noun. Relative clausesare sometimes called adjectival clauses. The word which the relative clausedefines or describes is called the antecedent.

In Latin, relative clauses are introduced by the relative pronoun.

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the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod




The relative pronoun will always have the same number and gender as itsantecedent. However, the pronoun’s role in the relative clause will determine itscase. This is because the pronoun must agree with the verb in the subordinateclause.

Prepositional phrases dependent on nouns

Latin avoids using dependent prepositional phrases to describe nouns if possible.It will sometimes do this by using the genitive case. It will also use relativeclauses instead of dependent prepositional phrases.

Causal relative clauses with the subjunctive

A relative clause with the subjunctive can also be used as a causal clause, if thecause given is a supposed or hypothetical one.

Sometimes a Roman writer will use the words ut, utpote or quippe at thebeginning of the relative clause to make it clear that the clause is a causal clause.Sometimes the words eo, idcirco or propterea in the main clause are also used tomake this clear.

Comparative relative clauses with the subjunctive

A relative clause with the subjunctive can also be used after quam (than). It isused to translate ideas like He is strong enough/not strong enough/too weak to dothis.

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5.1 Physician, heal thyself

Roscius erat comoedus notissimus. tam perite cachinnos audientium excitabat, utcives eum magnopere amarent; magnas divitias quoque habebat. cotidie in urbemprofectus, multis fautoribus comitantibus, in foro cum amicis sermonem habebat;deinde ad thermas ibat; thermis recreatus, ad theatrum procedebat. postremo,vespere appropinquante, domum regressus, cum paucis convivis magnificecenabat. sed Roscius tristissimus erat neque sciebat cur tam tristis esset, nequeullo modo tristitiam exuere poterat. tandem sibi dixit ‘morbus mentem meamopprimit.’ itaque, cum ad medicum ivisset, oravit eum ut tristitiam levaret.medicus, quod occupatissimus erat, Roscium in theatro numquam viderat; eumigitur non agnovit. ‘tibi necesse est’, inquit, ‘saepius ridere.’ deinde ei persuadebatut comoedias spectaret. ‘ille Roscius te sanare potest’.

© P. Dunlop & CUP, SLS 37

5.2 Dionysius provides the King of the Gods with more suitable attire

Dionysius, cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas:isque, cum secundissimio vento cursum teneret, ridens, ‘videtisne’, inquit, ‘amici,quam bona a dis immortalibus navigatio sacrilegis detur?’ idem, cum adPeloponnesum classem appulisset, et in fanum venisset Iovis Olympii, aureum eidetraxit amiculum, quo Iovem ornaverat ex manubiis Carthaginiensium tyrannusHiero. atque in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum amiculum,hieme frigidum, eique laneum palleum iniecit, cum id esse aptum ad omne annitempus diceret.

VV3B

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5.3 An unexpected reply

Antiochus, rex Syriae, Poenis superatis Hannibalem apud se excepit. ei ostenditcopias in Campo instructas, quas bellum populo Romano facturus comparaverat.milites, currus, equos, elephantos monstravit, omnesque armis aureis sumptuoseornati sunt. tum rex superbus, conspectu tanti exercitus elatus, Hannibalemaspexit et, ‘putasne,’ inquit, ‘haec omnia satis esse Romanis?’ At Hannibal,ignaviam militum eius pretiose armatorum aspernatus, respondit. ‘Credo certesatis esse haec omnia Romanis, etiam si avarissimi sunt.’ Rex de numeroexercitus sui quaesiverat; respondit Hannibal de praeda. Antiochus non risit sedHannibali non nocuit.

5.4 Pyrrhus praises the courage of the Romans

Pyrrhus mox ad Italiam venit, tumque primum Romani cum transmarino hostedimicaverunt. Missus est contra eum consul P. Valerius Laevinus, qui cumexploratores Pyrrhi cepisset, iussit eos per castra duci, ostendi omnem exercitum,tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho quaecunque a Romanis agerentur.Commissa mox pugna, cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantorum auxilio vicit, quosincognitos Romani expaverunt. Sed nox proelio finem dedit. Laevinus tamen pernoctem fugit, Pyrrhus Romanos mille octingentos cepit et eos summo honoretractavit, occisos sepelivit. Quos cum adverso vulnere et truci vultu etiammortuos iacere vidisset, tulisse ad caelum manus dicitur cum hac voce: se totiusorbis dominum esse potuisse, si tales sibi milites contigissent.

5.5 Arruns recognizes his enemy, Brutus

Postquam in agrum Romanum ventum est, obviam hosti consules eunt. Valeriuspedites ducit; Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu antecessit. Eodem modo inprimo agmine hostium equites erant; praeerat eis Arruns Tarquinius, filius regis;rex ipse cum peditibus sequebatur. Arruns ubi lictoribus visis procul intellexitconsulem venire, deinde iam propius progressus facie quoque Brutum agnovit, iraincensus "ille est vir" inquit "qui nos exsules expulit patria. Ipse nostrisdecoratus insignibus superbe incedit." Concitat calcaribus equum atque in ipsumconsulem dirigit; Brutus non minus avide se pugnae offert.SLG

5.6 Extension: Catullus dedicates his poems to Cornelius

cui dono lepidum novum libellumarido modo pumice expolitum?Corneli, tibi; namque tu solebasmeas esse aliquid putare nugas,iam tum cum ausus es unus Italorumomne aevum tribus explicare chartisdoctis, Iuppiter, et laboriosis.quare habe tibi quidquid hoc libelliqualecunque; quod, O patrona virgo,plus uno maneat perenne saeclo.

Catullus, carmen 1

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5.7 Extension: Who was Job?

Igitur Iob uir fuit iustus et uerax, ab uniuersis concupis centiis huius mundisecretus, conuersatione limpidus, mente limpidior, usque adeo circumspectusatque inreprehensibilis, ut dei sit testimonio collaudatus. Unde non inmeritobeatus beata uita fruebatur. Namque erat illi splendidissima domus, diuescensus, diues quoque numerus liberorum et, quod est parentibus gratum,utriusque sexus et inuicem se amantium; quorum pro numero deo diurnashostias offerebat. Tanto autem puritatis ac fidei erat muro munitus, ut nonauderet eum adtemptare diabolus nisi a deo iussus.

Zeno of Verona, Tracts 1.15.3

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5.8 From the Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs

Scillium was near Carthage; in the late second century some local Christians were tried here andsubsequently put to death. The proceedings of their trials are preserved in these Acta. The Latin of thispassage is quite unlike what you have already read both in style and in syntax.

Make sure that you do not start to emulate this kind of spelling — domnus, for dominus, for example,in Saturninus’s first speech. Note also that Praesente in the first line is the name of a consul, not anadjective.

(Proceedings of 17 July, A.D. 180)

Praesente bis et Claudiano consulibus, XVI Kalendas Augustas, Kartagine insecretario inpositis Sperato, Nartzalo et Cittino, Donata, Secunda, Vestia,Saturninus proconsul dixit:Potestis indulgentiam domni nostri imperatoris promereri, si ad bonam mentemredeatis.Speratus dixit:Nunquam malefecimus; iniquitati nullam operam praebuimus: nunquammalediximus, sed male accepti gratias egimus; propter quod imperatoremnostrum observamus.Saturninus proconsul dixit:Et nos religiosi sumus, et simplex est religio nostra, et iuramus per genium domninostri imperatoris, et pro salute eius supplicamus, quod et vos quoque faceredebetis.Speratus dixit:Si tranquillas praebueris aures tuas, dico mysterium simplicitatis.Saturninus dixit:Initianti tibi mala de sacris nostris aures non praebebo; sed potius iura pergenium domni nostri imperatoris.Speratus dixit:Ego imperium huius seculi non cognosco; sed magis illi Deo servio quem nemohominum vidit nec videre his oculis potest. furtum non feci; sed siquid emero,teloneum reddo: quia cognosco domnum meum regem regum et imperatoremomnium gentium.Saturninus proconsul dixit ceteris:Desinite huius esse persuasionis.Speratus dixit:Mala est persuasio homicidium facere, falsum testimonium dicere.Saturninus proconsul dixit: Nolite huius dementiae esse participes.Cittinus dixit: Honorem Caesari quasi Caesari; timorem autem Deo.Vestia dixit: Christiana sum.Secunda dixit: Quod sum, ipsud volo esse.Saturninus proconsul Sperato dixit: Perseveras Christianus?Speratus dixit: Christianus sum.Et cum eo omnes consenserunt.Saturninus proconsul dixit: Numquid ad deliberandum spatium vultis?Speratus dixit: In re tam iusta nulla est deliberatio.Saturninus proconsul dixit: Quae sunt res in capsa1 vestra?Speratus dixit: Libri et epistulae Pauli viri iusti.Saturninus proconsul dixit: Moram XXX dierum habete et recordemini.Speratus iterum dixit: Christianus sum.Et cum eo omnes consenserunt.Saturninus proconsul decretum ex tabella recitavit:

1. A case for carrying books.

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Speratum, Nartzalum, Cittinum, Donatam, Vestiam, Secundam et ceteros rituChristiano se vivere confessos, quoniam oblata sibi facultate ad Romanorummores redeundi obstinanter perseveraverunt, gladio animadverti placet.Speratus dixit: Deo gratias agimus.Nartzalus dixit: Hodie martyres in caelis sumus: Deo gratias.Saturninus proconsul per praeconem dici iussit: Speratum, Nartzalum, Cittinum,Veturium, Felicem, Aquilinum, Laetantium, Ianuariam, Generosam, Vestiam,Donatam, Secundam duci iussi.

Adapted from The Osterley Selection from the Latin Fathers, ed. J. Crehan S.J.,London 1950

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administrare (1) governaquaeductum, -i n. aqueductarx, arcis f. citadelat butAthenae, -arum f. Athensauctor -oris m. author, person responsiblebestia, -ae f. creaturebibliotheca, -ae f. librarybrevis, -e shortcaelum, -i n. skycarcer, carceris n. prisoncaseus, -i m. cheesecautus -a -um carefulconvicium, -i n. taunt (noun)deformis, -e uglydelectare (1) please, delightebrius -a -um drunkelephantus, -i m. elephantemo, -ere, emi, emptum buyferox, -ocis fierceimmaturus, -a, -um earlyiubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum order, commandius, iuris n. souplaedo, -ere, laesi, laesum injureloca -orum n. pl. terrain, arealocus -i m. placemalus, -a, -um evilmathematica n. pl. mathematicsmensis -is m. monthmollis, -e effetemora -ae f. delaynatare (1) swimnoceo -ere nocui nocitum +dat. hurtnovus, -a, -um strangeodi, odisse (fut. part. osurus) hate (verb)olere (2) smell, be smellyotium -i n. leisurepaulum +gen. little, a littlepervenio -ire -veni -ventum

ad +acc.reach

peto -ere petivi petitum ask for, look for; attack; make forplenus -a -um +abl. full (of)poema, poematis n. poempono -ere posui positum putpontus, -i m. seaportus, -us m. port, harbour.postea afterwards, after thatpraeter +acc. pastprex, precis f. prayerrelinquo -ere reliqui relictum leave, leave behind, abandonreliquus -a -um the rest ofremedium, -i n. remedyrevello -ere revulsi revulsum tear out, removerex, regis, m. kingrursus againsalus salutis f. health, safetysenectus, -utis f. old agesensim graduallyspelunca -ae f. cave

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statim immediately, straight away, at oncestuprum, -i n. decadencesuperbus, -a, -um arrogant, proudvalesco -ere valui get well

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afterwards, after that posteaagain rursusaqueduct aquaeductum, -i n.arrogant, proud superbus, -a, -umask for, look for; attack; make for peto -ere petivi petitumAthens Athenae, -arum f.author, person responsible auctor -oris m.but atbuy emo, -ere, emi, emptumcareful cautus -a -umcave spelunca -ae f.cheese caseus, -i m.citadel arx, arcis f.creature bestia, -ae f.decadence stuprum, -i n.delay mora -ae f.drunk ebrius -a -umearly immaturus, -a, -umeffete mollis, -eelephant elephantus, -i m.evil malus, -a, -umfierce ferox, -ocisfull (of) plenus -a -um +abl.get well valesco -ere valuigovern administrare (1)gradually sensimhate (verb) odi, odisse (fut. part. osurus)health, safety salus salutis f.hurt noceo -ere nocui nocitum +dat.immediately, straight away, at once statiminjure laedo, -ere, laesi, laesumking rex, regis, m.leave, leave behind, abandon relinquo -ere reliqui relictumleisure otium -i n.library bibliotheca, -ae f.little, a little paulum +gen.mathematics mathematica n. pl.month mensis -is m.old age senectus, -utis f.order, command iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussumpast praeter +acc.place locus -i m.please, delight delectare (1)poem poema, poematis n.port, harbour. portus, -us m.prayer prex, precis f.prison carcer, carceris n.put pono -ere posui positumreach pervenio -ire -veni -ventum

ad +acc.remedy remedium, -i n.sea pontus, -i m.short brevis, -esky caelum, -i n.smell, be smelly olere (2)soup ius, iuris n.strange novus, -a, -umswim natare (1)taunt (noun) convicium, -i n.

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tear out, remove revello -ere revulsi revulsumterrain, area loca -orum n. pl.the rest of reliquus -a -umugly deformis, -e

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Unit VI • Purpose andresult


• how Latin compares two actions or events using the words ita…ut andtam…quam.

• how Latin expresses purpose using in or ad with the accusative.

• how Latin uses ut and a verb in the subjunctive mood to express purpose.

• how Latin uses ut and a verb in the subjunctive mood to express result.

• how Latin uses ne and a verb in the subjunctive mood to express purpose.

• how Latin uses ut non and a verb in the subjunctive mood to express result.

• how Latin uses a relative clause containing a verb in the subjunctive mood toexpress purpose.

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LESSON 1 • REVISION: ITA...UT,TAM...QUAM; PREPOSITIONAL PHRASESEXPRESSING PURPOSE

ita…ut (in what way)

In Latin, the words ita…ut, sic…ut or sicut can be used with the indicative toliken the contents of two clauses. The clause introduced by ut or sicut is called acomparative clause. It compares the way things happen in the two clauses.

nauta navem solvit sicut iusserat magister.The sailor put out to sea just as his captain had ordered.

Marcus me ita aggressus est ut canis felem.Marcus attacked me the way a dog attacks a cat.

tam…quam (to what extent)

The words tam…quam are also used in comparative clauses. Tam…quam are areused to qualify adjectives and other adverbs. They are used to compare the extentto which things happen in the two clauses.

tam pertinax fuit quam centurio ipse.He was as stubborn as the centurion himself.

tam celeriter cucurrit quam ventus.He ran as fast as the wind.

Prepositional phrases expressing purpose

Latin often uses the prepositions ad (+acc.) and in (+acc.) to express purpose.

sacerdotes victimam ad sacrificium parabant.The priests would prepare the victim for sacrifice.

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Exercise 6.1A

1 feles urbem agricolarum oppugnaverunt sicut canes iusserant.2 orationes Ciceronis sunt tam longae quam iucundae.3 hastae nautarum celerius quam ventum volaverunt.4 post cenam Seneca librum suum in editionem parabat.5 Vergilius navem ita solvit ut mater eum monuerat.6 exire non possum quod omnia ad iter parare debeo.7 Cicero non est tam eloquens quam multi alii oratores.8 eum improbo quod mihi omnia ita explicabat ut magister discipulo stulto.9 in arce omnia ad proelium tandem parata est.10 sum laetior Marco, sed non sum tam laetus quam Sextus.

Exercise 6.1B

1 Outside the city, the old men were preparing Cicero for sacrifice.2 The geese flew faster than the spears of the angry farmers.3 Augustus was not as brave as Antony when they fought at Actium.4 Cicero’s daughter fled the poets as fast as she could.5 In his book, a pig attacks some men in the same way that a cat attacks a mouse.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 23.1, 7.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 178, 335, 449.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 250–253.

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LESSON 2 • PURPOSE CLAUSESA purpose clause usually expresses the purpose or motive behind the subject of themain verb. Purpose clauses are often called final clauses, because they lookforward to the end, the goal, the finis of an action.

In Latin, a purpose clause usually consists of the word ut, followed by a verb inthe subjunctive mood.

If the verb in the main clause is a present or future tense, then the verb in thepurpose clause will be present subjunctive.

diligenter laboro ut a praeceptoribus meis lauder.I am working hard to get praised by my teachers.

civitas leges habet, ut cives serventur.A state has laws so that its citizens are protected.

If the verb in the main clause is a past tense (imperfect, perfect or pluperfect),then the verb in the purpose clause will be imperfect subjunctive.

imperator constitit ut milites quiescerent.The general halted so that his soldiers could rest.

Sometimes, if the verb in the main clause is in the perfect tense, then the verb inthe purpose clause is present subjunctive. This happens particularly when theperfect tense has a strong present force. (That is, when it would be translatedinto English using the word have.)

huc veni ut vos castigem.I have come here to reprimand you.

Note that in the purpose clause, the subject of the main clause will be referred tousing the reflexive pronoun.

hoc fecit Sextus ut magistratus se laudaret.Sextus did this so that the magistrate would praise him.

A purpose clause containing a comparative adjective or adverb will be introducedby quo.

hoc fecit Sextus quo certior fieretSextus did this in order to become better informed.

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Exercise 6.2A

1 domum redii ut dormirem, quod post orationem defessus eram.2 domi manere constitui ut servos adiuvem.3 Plato naturam rerum Atheniensibus explicavit, quo melius viverent.4 Cicero ad filias agricolae scripsit, ut illae de vita sua legerent.5 i, mi fili, ut dominum tenebrarum gladio lucis superes.6 poetae fabulam de tempore scripserunt, ut sapientes viderentur.7 canem quaerere voluit ut Marcus sibi magnum praemium daret.8 Agrippina Claudio venenum dedit, ut filius suus Romam regere posset.9 pueri ad ludum ire debent quo plura discant.10 di immortales nobis nocent ut sibi pareamus.

Exercise 6.2B

1 The geese flew into the huge cave of the beautiful goddess to find food.2 The pupil worked hard so that he could leave school more quickly.3 Plato’s father made shields in order that his son might be very rich.4 The barbarians took the gold so that they might return home richer than before.5 Sextus jumped into the wide river so that he might catch a fish for dinner.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 23.2.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 423.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapters 12–14.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 147–150.

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LESSON 3 • RESULT CLAUSESA result clause usually expresses the actual or possible result of the actiondescribed in the main clause. Result clauses are often called consecutive clausesbecause their action follows on from the action of the main clause.

Like a purpose clause in Latin, a result clause is usually introduced by the wordut, followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood.

However, a result clause is often distinguished from a purpose clause by thepresence of a word like ita, sic, adeo (used with verbs to mean so much, to such anextent), tam (used with adverbs and adjectives to mean so much, to such anextent), tantus, talis, and tot in the main clause.

Spurius tam stultus est ut rem intellegere non possit.Spurius is so stupid that [as a result] he can’t understand the situation.

tam fortiter pugnavit Manlius, ut Gallos sterneret omnes.Manlius fought bravely enough to flatten all the Gauls.

[i.e. So bravely did Marcus. fight that as a result he…]

filii eum adeo oderunt, ut eum necare constituerint.His sons hate him so much that they have decided to kill him.

The tense of the subjunctive in a result clause follows a pattern similar to thatused in purpose clauses. There are two main differences, however:

1. Since past events can cause present results, a past tense in the main clausecan be followed by the present subjunctive.

Spurius nos totiens prodidit, ut ei non iam credamus. Spurius has betrayed us so often that we don’t trust him any more.

2. And if a writer wants to emphasise an actual result rather than just apossible result, the perfect subjunctive will often be used, regardless ofsequence. Compare the following two sentences.

tam callidus erat Manlius, ut Gallos fallere posset.Manlius was clever enough to be able to deceive the Gauls.

tam callidus erat Manlius, ut Gallos fallere potuerit.Manlius was so clever that he was (actually) able to deceive the Gauls.

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Exercise 6.3A

1 Montana, mater Radulphi, erat tam irata ut eum sine cenam in cubiculum dimisit.2 nemo est tam stultus ut orationes Ciceronis amet.3 Gellia atque Gellius collem ascenderunt ut aquae situlam compararent.4 anseribus sacris domum aedificaverunt ut in pace viverent.5 tantus fuit clamor ut etiam mortuos excitare posset.6 adeo timebant ut domo quam celerrime discesserint.7 tot libros habeo ut omnes legere non possim.8 Balbus officinam casei tam pulchram aedificavit, ut omnes mulieres eum

laudaverint.9 canis infantem tam ferociter oppugnavit, ut eum graviter vulneraverit.10 Ciceronis orationes sunt tam iucundae ut omnes eas legere velint.

Exercise 6.3B

1 Cicero is so clever that everyone admires him.2 The boys are brave enough to be able to defeat the girls.3 Radulphus was so sad that he remained in his room all day.4 Aulus threw a spear out of the window, with the result that a poet was killed.5 I threw the ball with such great force that it flew across the harbour.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 23.3.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 421a–422.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 39.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 160–168.

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LESSON 4 • NEGATIVE PURPOSE ANDRESULT CLAUSESAlthough purpose and result clauses look very similar, the negative forms of themare quite different from one another.

Negative purpose clauses

Negative purpose clauses are introduced by the word ne (lest, in order that…not).

huc venit ne Ciceronem videret.He came here so that he wouldn’t see Cicero.

Because the negative is contained in ne, there is no need for negatives to be usedwithin the subordinate clause itself. Instead, ne is used with the correspondingpositive pronoun, adjective or adverb.

negative purpose clauses

instead of… use…

ut non neut nemo ne quisut nihil ne quidut nullus ne ullusut numquam ne umquamut nusquam ne usquam

Here are some examples:

Spurius omnia explicavit ne quis timeret.Spurius explained everything so that no one would be frightened.

Caelia servos semper vinxit, ne umquam effugerent.Caelia always tied her slaves up so that they would never escape.

In the list above, the words quis and quid are the short forms of aliquis andaliquid (someone, something). These forms are always used after ne, si, nisi andnum (introducing an indirect question).

Negative result clauses

These rules do not apply to negative result clauses. These are introduced by utfollowed by whatever negative pronoun, adjective or adverb is necessary.

Sextus tam stultus est ut rem numquam intellegat.Sextus is so stupid that he never understands the situation.

Cato tam suspiciosus erat ut nemini crederet.Cato was so suspicious that he did not trust anyone.

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Exercise 6.4A

1 mensa aedificabatur ut senex senator cenam edere posset.2 ut piscem caperet, Sextus ad flumen latum iter fecit.3 sacerdos scelestus nuntium nocte sacrificavit ne quis de victoria audiret.4 poetae carmen de tempore scripserunt, ne stultiores agricolis viderentur.5 Radulphus insulam rosis ornavit, ut regina laetissima fuerit.6 mater Radulphi ianuam clausit ne quis clamores eius audivit.7 gladium Herculis delevit ne umquam ab inimicis inveniretur.8 amicus meus tam tristis erat, ut ad ludum ire noluit.9 omnes discipuli Orbilium adeo timebant ut nemo ei responderit.10 servi constituerunt dominum suum necare ut liberarentur.

Exercise 6.4B

1 The boy decided to work very hard so that no one would scold him.2 The elephants were so suspicious that they did not trust Hannibal.3 The great sailor adorned his ships with roses so that they might not sail too quickly.4 The pupil worked harder so that his master might not scold him.5 The mother of Radulphus was so cross that she sent him to the most dangerous

battle line.

Exercise 6.4C

Write out the table on page 114, and add the literal English meaning of eachintroductory phrase.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 23.2–3.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 421a, 423.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 13.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 149, 168.

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Exercise 6.5A

1 Valerius in cubiculum serpsit ne quis se conspiceret.2 Aeneas patrem Anchisem Troia portavit, ne ille in incendio periret.3 necesse est nobis grammaticam discere, quo melius de lingua agere possimus.4 Cleops et Bitias erant tam pii, ut di eos necaverint.5 tot cives in forum adsunt, ut difficile sit intrare.6 Balbus semper caseum edit, ut bene dormiret.7 lingua Latina est tam difficilis, ut multi pueri eam discere non possint.8 Cicero ad uxorem suam scripsit, ut eam cenam omnibus parare iuberet.9 Marcus tantum vini bibit ut domum redire non possit.10 omnes curiam intraverunt ut orationem Ciceronis audirent.

Exercise 6.5B

1 Cicero was such a good speaker that his mother was very proud.2 Virgil wrote many poems, and as a result his name is immortal.3 After dinner, Socrates visited Plato to tell him many things about philosophy.4 We were all so tired that no one was willing to close the gates of the city.5 The senators’ shouts were so loud that we could not hear the speaker.6 Since Radulphus is not here, we can do what we want.7 Cicero went to his room, so that his slaves could rest.8 The journey to Alaska is so long that few people go there.9 Hercules and Iolaus fought bravely so that the citizens could live in peace.10 Radulphus Montanus bound his arm with a bandage so that no blood would ooze

from the wound.

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LESSON 6 • EXTENSION: RELATIVEPURPOSE CLAUSESYou have already seen purpose clauses introduced by ut, ne or quo, with verbs inthe subjunctive mood.

quam celerrime cucurrit Marcus, ut primus adveniret.Marcus ran as quickly as he could so that he would arrive first.

Sometimes the relative pronoun is used to introduce a purpose clause instead ofut. The same tense of the subjunctive is used. This usually happens which theobject of the main clause is the subject of the purpose clause.

legatos misit qui rem sociis explicaret.He sent out emissaries to explain the situation to the allies.

servum ad forum misit qui cibum emeret.He sent a slave to the marketplace to buy food.

Exercise 6.6A

1 multi custodes extra muros missi sunt, qui poetas pugnarent.2 mulieres filias Athenas mittent, quae philosophiam discant.3 pueros invenire volo, qui me in ludo adiuvent.4 dominus noster multos alios servos emit, qui captivos custodirent.5 ad cenam invitati sumus, qui servos adiuvaremus.6 leones dentes magnos habent, quibus animalia edant.7 in foro multos et pulchros pisces comparabo quos ipse vobis vendam.8 Spurius, quod ignavissimus est, uxorem volebat, quae omnia sibi faceret.9 huc equum duxi, quem regi donum darem.10 missi sumus Athenas, qui rem ducibus explicaremus.

Exercise 6.6B

1 Pliny sent his wife to school to learn grammar.2 My mother bought an elephant in the marketplace to carry her things.3 Hercules sent Iolaus to the village to warn the villagers about the monster.4 The friends of the emperor used to find small children to sell in the forum as slaves.5 The astronomer lived on the roof of his house to study the stars better.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 23.2.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 453.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 147–148.

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UNIT VI • GRAMMAR SUMMARY

ita…ut

In Latin, the words ita…ut, sic…ut or sicut can be used with the indicative toliken the contents of two clauses. The clause introduced by ut or sicut is called acomparative clause.

tam…quam

The words tam…quam are also used in comparative clauses. Tam…quam are areused to qualify adjectives and other adverbs.

Prepositional phrases expressing purpose

Latin often uses the prepositions ad (+acc.) and in (+acc.) to express purpose.

Purpose clauses

In Latin, a purpose clause usually consists of the word ut, followed by a verb inthe subjunctive mood.

If the verb in the main clause is a present or future tense, then the verb in thepurpose clause will be present subjunctive. If the verb in the main clause is a pasttense (imperfect, perfect or pluperfect), then the verb in the purpose clause will beimperfect subjunctive.

Sometimes, if the verb in the main clause is in the perfect tense, then the verb inthe purpose clause is present subjunctive. This happens particularly when theperfect tense has a strong present force. (That is, when it would be translatedinto English using the word have.)

Note that in the purpose clause, the subject of the main clause will be referred tousing the reflexive pronoun.

A purpose clause containing a comparative adjective or adverb will be introducedby quo.

Result clauses

A result clause usually expresses the actual or possible result of the actiondescribed in the main clause.

Like a purpose clause in Latin, a result clause is usually introduced by the wordut, followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. However, a result clause is oftendistinguished from a purpose clause by the presence of a word like ita, sic, adeo(used with verbs to mean so much, to such an extent), tam (used with adverbs andadjectives to mean so much, to such an extent), tantus, talis, and tot in the mainclause.

The tense of the subjunctive in a result clause is similar to that used in purposeclauses. However, if a writer wants to emphasise an actual result rather than

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just a possible result, the perfect subjunctive will often be used, regardless ofsequence.

Negative purpose clauses

Negative purpose clauses are introduced by the word ne (lest, in order that…not).

Because the negative is contained in ne, there is no need for negatives to be usedwithin the subordinate clause itself. Instead, ne is used with the correspondingpositive pronoun, adjective or adverb.

negative purpose clauses


ut non neut nemo ne quisut nihil ne quidut nullus ne ullusut numquam ne umquamut nusquam ne usquam

In the list above, the words quis and quid are the short forms of aliquis andaliquid (someone, something). These forms are always used after ne, si, nisi andnum (introducing an indirect question).

Negative result clauses

These rules do not apply to negative result clauses. These are introduced by utfollowed by whatever negative pronoun, adjective or adverb is necessary.

Relative purpose clauses

You have already seen purpose clauses introduced by ut, ne or quo, with verbs inthe subjunctive mood.

Sometimes the relative pronoun is used to introduce a purpose clause instead ofut. The same tense of the subjunctive is used.

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6.1 Pliny writes to his wife Calpurnia and tells her that he misses her

Plinius Calpurniae suae S.incredibile est quanto desiderio tui tenear. in causa amor primum, deinde

quod non consuevimus abesse. inde est quod magnam noctium partem in imaginetua vigil exigo; inde quod interdiu, quibus horis te visere solebam, ad diaetamtuam ipsi me pedes ducunt; quod denique aeger et maestus ac similis excluso avacuo limine recedo. unum tempus his tormentis caret, quo in foro et amicorumlitibus conteror. aestima tu, quae vita mea sit, cui requies in labore, in miseriacurisque solacium. vale.

Pliny, epistulae 7.5

6.2 Cicero invites his for dinner, and warns his wife

Tullius S. D. Terentiae suaein Tusculanum nos venturos putamus aut Nonis aut postridie. ibi ut sint

omnia parata. plures enim fortasse nobiscum erunt, et, ut arbitror, diutius ibicommorabimur. labrum si in balineo non est, ut sit. item cetera, quae sunt advictum et ad valetudinem necessaria. vale.

Kal. Oct. de Venusino

Cicero, ad familiares 14.20

6.3 Some people who were very pious

In Sicilia cum Aetna mons primum ardere coepit, Damon matrem suam ex ignerapuit, item Phintia patrem. Aeneas item in Ilio Anchisem patrem umeris etAscanium filium ex incendio eripuit. Cleops et Bitias Cydippae filii. Cydippesacerdos Iunonis Argiuae cum boues in pastionem misisset neque ad horam quasacra in monte ad templum Iunonis duci et fieri deberent apparerent et essentmortui, quae nisi ad horam sacra facta essent, sacerdos interficiebatur; interquam trepidationem Cleops et Bitias pro bubus sub iugo se iunxerunt et adfanum sacra et matrem Cydippen in plaustro duxerunt; sacrificioque peractoCydippe precata est Iunonem, si sacra eius caste coluisset, si filii aduersus eampii fuissent, ut quicquid bonum mortalibus posset contingere, id filiis eiuscontingeret.

Hyginus, Fabulae 254

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adiuvo, -vare, -iuvi, -iutum helpadmiratio, -ionis, f. admirationadmoneo (2) warnadolesco, -ere, -olevi grow upadulescens, -tis, m. young manadulescentia, -ae, f. youth, youthfulnessadversus, -a, -um oppositealius -a -ud other, anotherastrologus, -i m. astronomercelebratio, -onis f. fair (noun)claudo -ere clausi clausum close, shutcontendo -ere contendi contentum strive for; hurry, marchcubiculum -i n. bedroomeditio -onis f. publicationfames, -is f. hungerfascia, -ae f. bandage (noun)feles -is f. cat, polecatfenestra -ae f. windowgero gerere gessi gestum carry on, conduct; weargrammatica, -ae f. grammarimmortalis, -e immortalinde from there, nextinsilio -ire -silui -sultum jump ontoiratus, -a, -um cross (adj.)iterum again, for the second timeiucundus, -a, -um fascinatingleo, -onis m. lionmanare (1) ooze (verb)occulte secretlyopinio, -ionis f. opinionparies, parietis n. wallpila, -ae f. ballpiscis, -is m. fishpraeda, -ae f. preyproximus -a -um next, very nearquies quietis f. peace, quietrosa, -ae f. rosescio, scire, scivi, scitum know (a thing)serpo -ere serpsi serptum creepsitula, -ae f. pailsolvo -ere solvi solutum untie, solvespelunca, -ae f. cavestirps stirpis f. offspring; stem, splintersuspiciosus -a -um suspicioustamquam as iftergum -i n. backTroia, -ae f. Troyvasto (1) lay waste, overrunvendo, vendere, vendidi sellventus, -i m. windvoco (1) call

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admiration admiratio, -ionis, f.again, for the second time iterumas if tamquamastronomer astrologus, -i m.back tergum -i n.ball pila, -ae f.bandage (noun) fascia, -ae f.bedroom cubiculum -i n.call voco (1)carry on, conduct; wear gero gerere gessi gestumcat, polecat feles -is f.cave spelunca, -ae f.close, shut claudo -ere clausi clausumcreep serpo -ere serpsi serptumcross (adj.) iratus, -a, -umfair (noun) celebratio, -onis f.fascinating iucundus, -a, -umfish piscis, -is m.from there, next indegrammar grammatica, -ae f.grow up adolesco, -ere, -olevihelp adiuvo, -vare, -iuvi, -iutumhunger fames, -is f.immortal immortalis, -ejump onto insilio -ire -silui -sultumknow (a thing) scio, scire, scivi, scitum lay waste, overrun vasto (1)lion leo, -onis m.next, very near proximus -a -umoffspring; stem, splinter stirps stirpis f.ooze (verb) manare (1)opinion opinio, -ionis f.opposite adversus, -a, -umother, another alius -a -udpail situla, -ae f.peace, quiet quies quietis f.prey praeda, -ae f.publication editio -onis f.rose rosa, -ae f.secretly occultesell vendo, vendere, vendidistrive for; hurry, march contendo -ere contendi contentumsuspicious suspiciosus -a -umTroy Troia, -ae f.untie, solve solvo -ere solvi solutumwall paries, parietis n.warn admoneo (2)wind ventus, -i m.window fenestra -ae f.young man adulescens, -tis, m.youth, youthfulness adulescentia, -ae, f.

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Unit VII • Pronounsand irregular verbs


• a group of adjectives called pronominal adjectives, whose genitive singular ends in-ius and whose dative singular ends in -i.

• the pronoun/adjectives is (he, that), hic (this), ille (he, that), ipse (self), quidam (a,some) and idem (the same)

• the irregular verb ferre (to carry)

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LESSON 1 • REVISION: PERSONALPRONOUNSYou have already met the personal pronouns in Latin. These pronouns have thefollowing forms.

first and second person pronouns ego, nos, tu, vos

ego (I) tu (you, singular)

s. nom., voc. ego tuacc. me tegen. mei tuidat. mihi tibiabl. me te

nos (we) vos (you, plural)

pl. nom., voc. nos vosacc. nos vosgen. nostrum

nostrivestrumvestri

dat. nobis vobisabl. nobis vobis

These words are used in sentences in much the same way as nouns. That, ofcourse, is why they are called pro–nouns; they stand in the place of nouns.

nos te valde amamus.We love you very much.

ego vobis multa narrabo.I will tell you many stories.

Note that the preposition cum is often tacked on to the end of these pronouns. Hence the formsmecum, tecum, nobiscum and vobiscum are common.

The genitive of these nouns is not used to indicate possession. Instead, thepossessive pronouns are used.

first and second person possessive pronouns ego, nos, tu, vos


meus mea meum (my) tuus tua tuum(your, belonging to one person)


noster nostra nostrum (our) vester vestra vestrum(your, belonging to more than oneperson)

The possessive pronouns are used like adjectives; this is why they are given abovein their masculine, feminine and neuter forms. They usually follow their noun.

pater meus me haec facere iussit. patri meo parui.My father ordered me to do this. I obeyed my father.

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You will learn how to use the genitives of the personal pronouns in Unit XIV.

Latin also has a third–person personal pronoun, se, which is only used to refer orreflect back to the third–person subject of its clause. Because of its meaning, it iscalled the reflexive pronoun.

third person reflexive pronoun se

singular and plural possessive pronoun

acc. se suus sua suumgen. suidat. sibiabl. se

milites inter se pugnabant.The soldiers were fighting amongst themselves.

coquus sibi cenam paravit.The cook prepared himself dinner

The possessive pronoun suus -a -um means his, hers, its, or theirs, but only whenthe possessor is the subject of the clause.

matres liberos suos interficiebant.The mothers were killing their own children.

Exercise 7.1A

1 ego te valde amo, sed tu me semper improbas.2 ‘de me’ inquit Cicero vobis ‘agere volo, quod ego sum iucundus.’3 extra muros, omnes milites me custodiebant et inter se pugnabant.4 nostri servi sunt semper cautiores quam tui.5 ‘lingua Graecia’ nobis inquit magister ‘est difficilior quam lingua Latina.’6 ‘lingua mea’ inquit mihi mathematicus ‘est multo melius quam tua.’7 mihi Marcus equum dedit, sed tibi nihil.8 servi sibi multa in foro comparaverunt, quod pecunia mihi rapuerant.9 heri vos in foro conspexi, sed me non vidistis.10 magister nobis multa de te narravit, ut se amaremus.

Exercise 7.1B

1 I wish to tell you all many new stories about our sacred geese.2 You are all always good to me, but I am often cruel to you.3 The cook prepared us for dinner and then he ate us before Cicero’s arrival.4 Cicero and Virgil were fighting amongst themselves outside the city walls.5 The angry robbers laid waste their own fields, and then they wished to kill us.

Exercise 7.1C

Look up the declension of the possessive pronouns in your grammar textbook, andwrite out the forms of meus, tuus, noster and vester here, in all cases and genders,and in both numbers.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 5.1.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 92a, 92b, 93.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 1, Chapters 43, 47.

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LESSON 2 • PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVESThere is an important group of adjectives in Latin that has a slightly unusualdeclension. Its genitive singular ends in -ius and the dative singular in -i. Theseadjectives are called pronominal adjectives, because grammatically they areclosely related to pronouns.

the pronominal adjective solus, sola, solum (only, alone)


s. nom. solus sola solumvoc. sole sola solumacc. solum solam solumgen. solius solius soliusdat. soli soli soliabl. solo sola solo

pl. The plural is completely regular, like the plural of bonus.

Other pronominal adjectives include:

alius alia aliud anotheralter altera alterum the other (of two)neuter neutra neutrum neither one (of two)nullus -a -um nonesolus -a -um only, alonetotus -a -um wholeullus -a -um anyunus -a -um oneuter utra utrum? which one? (of two)

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The word alius has the form aliud in the neuter nominative, vocative and accusative singular. Theadjective alienus (alien, belonging to someone else) is usually used instead of the genitive alius toavoid confusion.

Exercise 7.2A

1 pater meus totum diem Romae mansit, et deinde Veronam rediit.2 cuius sunt servi, qui in culina laborant? utrum tui sunt an alieni?3 utri consuli credis? — neutri, quod homines scelestissimi sunt.4 ita vero, nullas bananas habemus. nullas habemus hodie.5 ubi sunt mei calcei? — eos uni ex servis dedi, quod ille suos amiserat.6 te per totum mensem exspectavi, et deinde librum tuum abieci.7 per totam vitam meam, meos anseres magis quam geometriam amavi.8 alteri fratri pretiosum donum dedi, alteri nihil.9 utrius consulis est hic exercitus? — est Varronis, viri solius et miseri.10 duo ex ducibus alterius urbis sunt scelesti. ergo, neutri credo.

Exercise 7.2B

1 Which consul is worse? — Neither consul is very good.2 ‘Which book is better’ said Cicero, ‘his or mine?’3 Neither poet can write good poetry, said Cicero. But which one is better?4 The leaders of the other party are all evil and none of them are my friends.5 The other boy’s teacher brought presents for the whole school.

Exercise 7.2C

Explain, in your own words, why these adjectives are often called pronominal.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 10.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 89, 101a, 101b, 101c.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 6.

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LESSON 3 • IS, HIC, ILLE, IPSEYou will meet several new pronouns in this unit, and you must learn theirdeclensions carefully. It will seem like a lot of work at first, but you will quicklysee that they are easy enough to use.

You have met the third person reflexive pronoun, se. Latin also has three otherthird–person demonstrative pronouns, which are not reflexive. They are is, ea, id;hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud. They are called demonstrative pronouns, becausethey are used to demonstrate something, or point it out.

third–person pronoun is, ea, id (he/she/it, that)


s. nom. is ea idacc. eum eam idgen. eius eius eiusdat. ei ei eiabl. eo ea eo

pl. nom. ei or ii eae eaacc. eos eas eagen. eorum earum eorumdat. eis or iis eis or iis eis or iisabl. eis or iis eis or iis eis or iis

This can be used as both a pronoun and an adjective. As a pronoun, it means he,she, it.

eam amat. eis credidit. patrem eius oderant.He loves her. He trusted them. They hated his father.

As an adjective, it means that.

is canis ea tempestas eo temporethat dog that storm at that time

hic, ille

Latin has two more demonstrative pronouns. Hic means this; ille means that.Both of these can be similarly be used as pronouns or adjectives.

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the demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc (this)


s. nom. hic haec hocacc. hunc hanc hocgen. huius huius huiusdat. huic huic huicabl. hoc hac hoc

pl. nom. hi hae haecacc. hos has haecgen. horum harum horumdat. his his hisabl. his his his

the demonstrative pronoun ille, illa, illud (that)


s. nom. ille illa illudacc. illum illam illudgen. illius illius illiusdat. illi illi illiabl. illo illa illo

pl. plural is completely regular

hic illathis man, the man here that woman, the woman there

haec hoc oppidum illo diethese things this town on that day

ipse

The word ipse is the emphasising pronoun. (In some grammar books you will findit called the intensive pronoun.) It is declined as follows

the emphasising pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum


s. nom., voc. ipse ipsa ipsumacc. ipsum ipsam ipsumgen. ipsius ipsius ipsiusdat. ipsi ipsi ipsiabl. ipso ipsa ipso

pl. the plural is completely regular, like bonus

This word is used as an adjective to emphasise a noun. It can usually betranslated into English using the words himself, herself, itself or themselves.

subito puerum amissum ipsum conspexerunt.Suddenly they caught sight of the lost boy himself.

volo haec domino ipsi dare.I wish to give these things to the master himself.

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The word can also be used by itself as a pronoun.

ipse mihi rem explicavit.He himself explained the matter to me.

Be careful when you are translating the words himself, herself and so on. Se, thereflexive pronoun, should be used if the English pronoun refers back to thesubject of the sentence. Ipse is an emphasising pronoun, so it should only beused if the English pronoun is used to emphasise another noun or pronoun.

Exercise 7.3A

1 horum mater est multo callidior quam illorum.2 nos ipsi insulam invenimus, cum in mari Ionio navigabamus.3 ea tempestate omnia carmina mea deleta sunt: sum igitur ipse tristissimus.4 subito perterritus, Cicero in currum suum desiluit, et ab urbe discessit.5 hos milites non amo, quod tela eorum sunt acria et periculosa.6 suum patrem valde amavit, sed patrem eius oderat.7 cum eis non crederem, eos culinam intrare nolui.8 Cicero est tam clarus, ut ipse ei donum dare velim.9 heri hi agricolae agros horum poetarum vastaverunt, antequam mulieres ipsae

suam cenam ederant.10 in hac urbe, omnes amatorem Latinum amat, sed Coloniae nemo linguam Latinam

amat.

Exercise 7.3B

1 The girls did not trust those boys who always came late to school.2 This man’s slaves are much better than that man’s.3 This temple was built by Hadrian himself. He dedicated it to his friend Antinous.4 Cicero himself was the first to explain the matter to the Romans on that evil day.5 That dog is larger than this cat, but the lion himself is the king of all the animals.

Exercise 7.3C

1 Write out the declension of ille, illa, illud in both singular and plural.2 Write out the declension of ipse, ipsa, ipsum in both singular and plural.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 5.2–5.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 94, 96.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 1, Chapters 45, 48, 50,

51.

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LESSON 4 • QUIDAM, IDEM

quidam

You have no doubt been worried for some time now that Latin does not have anindefinite article. However, it is possible for Latin to express the ideas a, a certainor some, using the indefinite pronoun quidam. Quidam is usually used the firsttime someone or something is mentioned in a narrative.

the indefinite pronoun quidam, quaedam, quoddam (a, a certain, some)


s. nom., voc. quidam quaedam quoddamacc. quendam quandam quoddamgen. cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdamdat. cuidam cuidam cuidamabl. quodam quadam quodam

pl. nom., voc. quidam quaedam quaedamacc. quosdam quasdam quaedamgen. quorundam quarundam quorundamdat. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdamabl. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam

Make sure that you do not confuse quidam with the indeclinable adverb quidem, which meansindeed.

Like most of the other pronouns we have seen in this Unit, quidam can be usedeither as a pronoun or an adjective.

homo quidam per vicum ambulabat.A (certain) man was walking along the street.

quidam ex discipulis ei appropinquavit.One of the pupils approached him.

idem

The word idem means the same. Idem is sometimes called a definitive pronoun.

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the adjective idem eadem idem (the same)


s. nom., voc. idem eadem idemacc. eundem eandem idemgen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdemdat. eidem eidem eidemabl. eodem eadem eodem

pl. nom., voc. eidem or idem eaedem eademacc. eosdem easdem eademgen. eorundem earundem eorundemdat. eisdem or isdem eisdem or isdem eisdem or isdemabl. eisdem or isdem eisdem or isdem eisdem or isdem

This is basically the third–person pronoun is, ea, id with -dem on the end.

Idem can be used as a pronoun or an adjective. The words atque or ac are oftenused after it to mean as. Relative clauses also often follow idem.

eodem die revenit.He returned on the same day.

idem est hodie atque (or qui) semper fuit.He is the same today as he always was.

Exercise 7.4A

1 subito, homo quidam, qui nemo agnovit, curiam intravit.2 dux noster ad eundem locum hieme quotannis ibat.3 servus est eiusdem mulieris, quae heri in foro conspexistis.4 eodem die, multi cives, longo bello defessi, curiam obsederunt.5 homo quidam, nomine Gaius, olim hanc urbem regebat.6 volo eadem facere atque hae puellae faciunt.7 Trimalchio quendam ex servis vocavit, qui tabulam portabat.8 idem sumus hodie atque fuimus ubi Galli arcem nostram oppugnaverunt.9 milites eandem partem moenium oppugnabunt, quam heri oppugnavimus.10 Androclus non vulneratus est, quod erat idem leo quem antea adiuverat.

Exercise 7.4B

1 Some of the boys were building a new prison outside on that same day.2 He was the same yesterday as he will be tomorrow.3 It is strange but true: some people want to do the same work all their lives.4 Once upon a time, in Rome, there lived a certain old man called Spurius who loved

to sleep for the whole of the day.5 That man is the same tyrant he was when he took over Milan.

Exercise 7.4C

Write out the declensions of quidam and idem in all genders, both numbers.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 5.6, 5.8.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 95, 100.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 6.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 251.

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LESSON 5 • THE VERB FERREThe verb ferre is a very common word in Latin. It has a wide range of meanings,including to carry, bear or put up with. Sometimes it can be used to refer tospeech, in which case it means to say, assert or report. When used with thereflexive pronoun se it can be a verb of motion, to take oneself somewhere.

the verb fero, ferre, tuli, latum (to carry, bear, put up with)

active voice

present tense future tense feram, feres, feret…

s. 1 fero imperfect tense ferebam, ferebas, ferebat…2 fers3 fert present subjunctive feram, feras, ferat…

pl. 1 ferimus2 fertis imperfect subjunctive ferrem, ferres, ferret…3 ferunt

passive voice

present tense future tense ferar, fereris, feretur…

s. 1 feror imperfect tense ferebar, ferebaris,ferebatur...

2 ferris3 fertur present subjunctive ferar, feraris, feratur…

pl. 1 ferimur2 ferimini imperfect subjunctive ferrer, ferreris, ferretur…3 feruntur

The perfect, future perfect and pluperfect tenses of ferre are all regularly formedfrom the perfect form tuli.

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Exercise 7.5A

1 haec navis nos omnes per maria ad Cretam feret.2 erant in vico multi milites qui signa prae se ferebant.3 fertne haec via Romam? — minime. haec est via Neapolis.4 necesse est nobis hanc cladem aequo animo ferre.5 postquam latrones templum incenderunt, flammae per totum aedificium lati sunt.6 cum per campos nos ferremus, subito virum, quem quaerebamus, invenimus.7 puellae, cum Ciceronem conspexissent, se celeriter ad ianuam tulerunt.8 qui ferre posset hominem qui non linguam Latinam intellegere potest?9 postquam ad urbem advenimus, vidimus multos hostes, ut nuntius tulerat.10 hi currus ferent multa saxa ad castra, quae prope montes sunt.

Exercise 7.5B

In the following exercise, you should use the verb ferre in your translations wherever you can.

1 I am able to bear everything which life brings but not old age or geometry.2 The farmers all put up with the shortage of grain for many months.3 The farmers ran to where the wind was blowing.4 Different people used to say different things about the stars which are in the

heavens.5 You yourself will be able to carry the dead poets into the forum before the arrival

of the queen.

Exercise 7.5C

Look up ferre in your Latin dictionary and write out all of the meanings listed there.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 9.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 136.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 37.

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Exercise 7.6A

1 ille est idem atque nobis frumentum Romam tulit.2 nobis necesse est ferre ad Platonis villam haec scuta, quae illi demus.3 imperator eis credit, quod sibi semper vera dixerint.4 habitabat Athenis homo quidam, nomine Spurius, qui suos amicos ferre non potuit.5 utrum feramus hos libros ad bibliothecam, an hic reliquamus?6 sacerdos se ad templum ferebat, ut quosdam ex Christianis sacrificaret.7 ille subito in campo Hannibalem conspexit, qui ab elephanto ferebatur.8 eodem die, hi pueri servos emerunt, qui sibi cenam pararent.9 ea nocte, omnes agricolae intra muros manserunt, ne a custodes caperentur.10 pedes ad templum lente ferebat, quod nolebat a Cicerone conspici.

Exercise 7.6B

1 Once upon a time a man called Spurius brought the sacred geese to Greece.2 That man has a brother who condemned the sacred geese of Rome.3 I believe this man’s story more than that man’s, because this man is a Roman.4 I think therefore I am, and I am so that I may think. Am I right, or not?5 There is no grain in this city now, because the farmers have lost it all.6 ‘Nothing,’ said Cicero ‘is as beautiful as this library and these books.’7 On that very day, some women were led from this city to that harbour, and they

praised those arrogant lawyers.8 This storm has destroyed these beautiful animals and those horrible bankers are

eating their dinner in the cave.9 The messenger reported the victory of the brave Gauls near the river Allia.10 We were carried by horses towards this city, but by boat to Rome.

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UNIT VII • GRAMMAR SUMMARY

Personal pronouns

first and second person pronouns ego, nos, tu, vos


s. nom., voc. ego tuacc. me tegen. mei tuidat. mihi tibiabl. me te

nos (we) vos (you, plural)pl. nom., voc. nos vos

acc. nos vosgen. nostrum

nostrivestrumvestri

dat. nobis vobisabl. nobis vobis

first and second person possessive pronouns ego, nos, tu, vos


meus mea meum (my) tuus tua tuum(your, belonging to one person)


noster nostra nostrum (our) vester vestra vestrum(your, belonging to more than oneperson)

third person reflexive pronoun se

singular and plural possessive pronoun

acc. se suus sua suumgen. suidat. sibiabl. se

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Pronominal adjectives

the pronominal adjective solus, sola, solum (only, alone)


s. nom. solus sola solumvoc. sole sola solumacc. solum solam solumgen. solius solius soliusdat. soli soli soliabl. solo sola solo

pl. The plural is completely regular, like the plural of bonus.

Other pronominal adjectives include:

alius alia aliud anotheralter altera alterum the other (of two)neuter neutra neutrum neither one (of two)nullus -a -um nonesolus -a -um only, alonetotus -a -um wholeullus -a -um anyunus -a -um oneuter utra utrum? which one? (of two)

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is ea id

third–person pronoun is, ea, id (he/she/it, that)


s. nom. is ea idacc. eum eam idgen. eius eius eiusdat. ei ei eiabl. eo ea eo

pl. nom. ei or ii eae eaacc. eos eas eagen. eorum earum eorumdat. eis or iis eis or iis eis or iisabl. eis or iis eis or iis eis or iis

hic, ille

the demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc (this)


s. nom. hic haec hocacc. hunc hanc hocgen. huius huius huiusdat. huic huic huicabl. hoc hac hoc

pl. nom. hi hae haecacc. hos has haecgen. horum harum horumdat. his his hisabl. his his his

the demonstrative pronoun ille, illa, illud (that)


s. nom. ille illa illudacc. illum illam illudgen. illius illius illiusdat. illi illi illiabl. illo illa illo

pl. plural is completely regular

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ipse

the emphasising pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum


s. nom., voc. ipse ipsa ipsumacc. ipsum ipsam ipsumgen. ipsius ipsius ipsiusdat. ipsi ipsi ipsiabl. ipso ipsa ipso

pl. the plural is completely regular

quidam

the indefinite pronoun quidam, quaedam, quoddam (a, a certain, some)


s. nom., voc. quidam quaedam quoddamacc. quendam quandam quoddamgen. cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdamdat. cuidam cuidam cuidamabl. quodam quadam quodam

pl. nom., voc. quidam quaedam quaedamacc. quosdam quasdam quaedamgen. quorundam quarundam quorundamdat. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdamabl. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam

idem

the adjective idem eadem idem (the same)


s. nom., voc. idem eadem idemacc. eundem eandem idemgen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdemdat. eidem eidem eidemabl. eodem eadem eodem

pl. nom., voc. eidem or idem eaedem eademacc. eosdem easdem eademgen. eorundem earundem eorundemdat. eisdem or isdem eisdem or isdem eisdem or isdemabl. eisdem or isdem eisdem or isdem eisdem or isdem

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ferre

the verb fero, ferre, tuli, latum (to carry, bear, put up with)

active voice

present tense future tense feram, feres, feret…

s. 1 fero imperfect tense ferebam, ferebas, ferebat…2 fers3 fert present subjunctive feram, feras, ferat…

pl. 1 ferimus2 fertis imperfect subjunctive ferrem, ferres, ferret…3 ferunt

passive voice

present tense future tense ferar, fereris, feretur…

s. 1 feror imperfect tense ferebar, ferebaris, ferebatur...2 ferris3 fertur present subjunctive ferar, feraris, feratur…

pl. 1 ferimur2 ferimini imperfect subjunctive ferrer, ferreris, ferretur…3 feruntur

The perfect, future perfect and pluperfect tenses of ferre are all regularly formedfrom the perfect form tuli.

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7.1 Jack and Jill

Gellia atque Gelliusviam petunt in Alpes;urceos manu tenentaqua nova replendos.Ecce Gellius priorcadit, caputque frangit;quem secuta Gellia estsubinde se revertens.mater ut videt malumsilens utrumque curat;namque uterque vapulatbibitque uterque acetum.

T. W. Melluish and J. A. Crook

7.2 Cicero reports a thieving slave to the military authorities

Dionysius, servus meus, qui meam bibliothecam pretiosissimam administravit,cum multos libros abstulisset et se poenas daturum putaret, aufugit. is est inprovincia tua. eum et M. Bolanus, familiaris meus, et multi alii viderunt; sed cumse a me manumissum esse diceret, crediderunt. hunc tu si mihi tradideris, nonpossum dicere quam mihi gratum futurum sit. res ipsa parva, sed animi meidolor magnus est. ubi sit et quid fieri possit, Bolanus te docebit. ego, si hominemper te reciperavero, magnum me beneficium a te accepisse putabo.

Dale

7.3 Medea

Aeetae Medea et Idyiae filia cum ex Iasone iam filios Mermerum et Pheretemprocreasset summaque concordia uiuerent, obiciebatur ei hominem tam fortem acformosum ac nobilem uxorem aduenam atque ueneficam habere. huic CreonMenoeci filius rex Corinthius filiam suam minorem Glaucen dedit uxorem. Medeacum uidit se erga Iasonem bene merentem tanta contumelia esse affectam,coronam ex uenenis fecit auream eamque muneri filios suos iussit nouercae dare.Creusa munere accepto cum Iasone et Creonte confraglauit. Medea ubi regiamardere uidit, natos suos ex Iasone Mermerum et Pheretem interfecit et profugit aCorintho.

Hyginus, fabulae 25

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7.4 The twelve tasks of Hercules (again!)

Infans cum esset, dracones duos duabus manibus necauit, quos Iuno miserat,unde primigenius est dictus. Leonem Nemeum, quem Luna nutrierat in antroamphistomo atrotum, necauit, cuius pellem pro tegumento habuit. HydramLernaeam Typhonis filiam cum capitibus nouem ad fontem Lernaeum interfecit.haec tantam uim ueneni habuit ut afflatu homines necaret, et si quis eamdormientem transierat, uestigia eius afflabat et maiori cruciatu moriebatur. hancMinerua monstrante interfecit et exinterauit et eius felle sagittas suas tinxit;itaque quicquid postea sagittis fixerat, mortem non effugiebat, unde postea etipse periit in Phrygia. aprum Erymanthium occidit. ceruum ferocem in Arcadiacum cornibus aureis uiuum in conspectu Eurysthei regis adduxit. auesStymphalides in insula Martis, quae emissis pennis suis iaculabantur, sagittisinterfecit. Augeae regis stercus bobile uno die purgauit, maiorem partem Ioueadiutore; flumine amisso totum stercus abluit. taurum cum quo Pasiphaeconcubuit ex Creta insula Mycenis uiuum adduxit. Diomedem Thraciae regem etequos quattuor eius, qui carne humana uescebantur, cum Abdero famulointerfecit; equorum autem nomina Podargus Lampon Xanthus Dinus. HippolytenAmazonam, Martis et Otrerae reginae filiam, cui reginae Amazonis balteumdetraxit; tum Antiopam captiuam Theseo donauit. Geryonem Chrysaoris filiumtrimembrem uno telo interfecit. draconem immanem Typhonis filium, qui malaaurea Hesperidum seruare solitus erat, ad montem Atlantem interfecit, etEurystheo regi mala attulit. canem Cerberum Typhonis filium ab inferis regi inconspectum adduxit.

Hyginus, fabulae 30

7.5 Androcles and the Lion II

The original version of the passage you read at the beginning of the year.

‘In circo maximo’ inquit ‘uenationis amplissimae pugna populo dabatur. Eius rei,Romae cum forte essem, spectator’ inquit ‘fui. Multae ibi saeuientes ferae,magnitudines bestiarum excellentes, omniumque inuisitata aut forma erat autferocia. Sed praeter alia omnia leonum’ inquit ‘immanitas admirationi fuitpraeterque omnis ceteros unus. Is unus leo corporis impetu et uastitudineterrificoque fremitu et sonoro, toris comisque ceruicum fluctuantibus animosoculosque omnium in sese conuerterat. Introductus erat inter compluris ceteros adpugnam bestiarum datus seruus uiri consularis; ei seruo Androclus nomen fuit.Hunc ille leo ubi uidit procul, repente’ inquit ‘quasi admirans stetit ac deindesensim atque placide tamquam noscitabundus ad hominem accedit. Tum caudammore atque ritu adulantium canum clementer et blande mouet hominisque secorpori adiungit cruraque eius et manus prope iam exanimati metu lingua leniterdemulcet. Homo Androclus inter illa tam atrocis ferae blandimenta amissumanimum recuperat, paulatim oculos ad contuendum leonem refert. Tum quasimutua recognitione facta laetos’ inquit ‘et gratulabundos uideres hominem etleonem.’

Aulus Gellius, noctes Atticae, V.14

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APPENDIX • ROMAN NAMESRoman men and women tended, on the whole, to have at least two names andoften three. The first, the praenomen,was a personal name and it was followed bythe nomen, the name of the person's clan or gens. In addition to these two names,many Romans had an additional name, called the cognomen. The cognomen wasoften little more than another personal name like the praenomen, but in somefamous cases cognomina indicate physical features in their owners. Ovid'scognomen, for instance, means nose.

Here are some well known Roman authors you will meet, with their full names.

Marcus Tullius Cicero (Cicero)Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid)Publius Vergilius Maro (Virgil)Quintus Horatius Flaccus (Horace)Gaius Valerius Catullus (Catullus)

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Unit VIII • Indirectspeech


• how Latin expresses direct speech using verbs like inquit and ait.

• how Latin expresses indirect statements using the accusative and infinitiveconstruction.

• how Latin expresses indirect questions using a question word and a verb in thesubjunctive mood.

• how Latin expresses indirect command using ut or ne and a verb in the subjunctivemood.

• how Latin combines indirect statements, questions and commands into continuouspassages of indirect speech.

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LESSON 1 • REVISION: DIRECT SPEECHWITH INQUIT AND AIT.You have already seen how Latin handles direct speech with the word inquit (hesays, he said). The word inquit must follow one or a few words of the quoteddirect speech. The direct speech can constitute a statement, a question or acommand.

sed Spurius ‘oportet me ire:’ inquit. ‘sero enim est’But Spurius said, ‘I must go: for it’s late.’

imperator ‘quid timetis?’ inquit. ‘hostes populi Romani ignavi sunt omnes’The general said, ‘What are you afraid of? The enemies of the Roman people are all

cowards.’

dominus ‘age!’ inquit ‘parate cubiculum. hospes meus mox adveniet.’The master said, ‘Come on! Get the bedroom ready. My guest will soon arrive.’

Note that the forms inquam (I say, I said) and inquiunt (they say, they said) alsoexist. There is another verb, aio, which also means say. It tends to be rathercolloquial. In the present tense, only the forms aio, ais, ait, and aiunt are used.

The verb dicere is not normally used to introduce direct speech in Classical Latin.

Exercise 8.1A

1 ‘vobis non credo,’ ait Spurius, ‘quod scelesti barbari estis.’2 ‘o me miserum,’ inquit parvus puer, ubi pons in suam domum cecidit.3 ‘quid faciamus?’ inquiunt servi, ‘leones dominum nostrum ederunt.’4 ‘huc festinate,’ inquit imperator militibus, ‘ut castra ponatis.’5 ‘errare est humanum,’ inquiunt multi, ‘sed ignoscere divinum.’6 ‘nihil habeo’, inquit mihi Catullus, ‘tamen ad cenam invitatus es, Fabulle.’7 ‘abite omnes,’ inquit Scintilla, ‘ego vos omnes odi propter stultitiam vestram.’8 ‘vos vestrum agrum colite,’ inquit agricola iratus, ‘ego meum colam.’9 ‘vir felix sum,’ inquit Horatius, ‘quod arbor in me cecidit, sed etiam nunc vivo.’10 ‘si me coletis,’ inquit dea hominibus, qui erant extra urbem, ‘semper vos

adiuvabo.’

Exercise 8.1B

1 ‘Prepare the spears and the shields,’ said the general. ‘The enemy is here.’2 When he saw his old friend in the senate, Caesar said ‘You too Brutus?’3 Before he went home every day, Cicero used to say to his slaves ‘Go away!’4 The slave said ‘Let the guests go home! I do not wish to cook their dinner.’5 Aulus exclaimed ‘You have killed the beautiful animal which used to live in the

wood.’

Exercise 8.1C

Look up the conjugation of aio (Kennedy 142b), copy it out and learn it.

Further reading

B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 142b, 458

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LESSON 2 • INDIRECT STATEMENTYou have already seen how Latin deals with direct speech, where the words of thespeaker are simply quoted word–for–word.

In indirect speech, the sense of the speakers words are given, but the wordsthemselves are not quoted word–for–word.

He said he would come with us. We asked him what he was doing.

Indirect speech in Latin seems a little complicated, but it is perfectly logical. Theverb dicere, for example, is a normal transitive verb — that is to say, it takes adirect object in the accusative. In the sentence, dixit multa, ‘he said many things’,you will immediately agree that multa, the direct object of the verb, must be inthe accusative case, neuter plural.

Sometimes whole clauses can be the direct object of the verb. In the sentence Hesaid he would come with us, the clause he would come with us is the object of theverb said. In the sentence We asked him what he was doing, the clause what hewas doing is the object. These clause–objects are sometimes called noun clauses.

Infinitives

The construction Latin uses for indirect statement is called the accusative andinfinitive construction. The subject of the indirect statement is put in theaccusative case. This is because it becomes the object of the verb introducing theindirect statement. The verb in the indirect statement becomes an infinitive,governed by the main verb. It is really quite simple once you get the hang of thebasic idea.

Here are all of the infinitives of Latin verbs.

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infinitives

active voice present perfect future

1st conjugation amare amavisse amaturus esse2nd conjugation monere monuisse moniturus esse3rd conjugation regere rexisse recturus essemixed conjugation capere cepisse capturus esse4th conjugation audire audivisse auditurus esse

esse esse fuisse futurus esse orfore

The present infinitive is the second principal part. The perfect infinitive is the perfect stem plus -isse.The future infinitive is the future participle plus the present infinitive of the verb to be, esse. The futureparticiple is formed from the fourth principal part, by changing the -um to -urus -ura -urum.

infinitives

passive voice present perfect future

1st conjugation amari amatus esse amatum iri2nd conjugation moneri monitus esse monitum iri3rd conjugation regi rectus esse rectum irimixed conjugation capi captus esse captum iri4th conjugation audiri auditus esse auditum iri

The present passive infinitive you have already learned. The perfect passive infinitive is the presentinfinitive of the verb to be, esse, plus the perfect participle. The perfect participle is formed from thefourth principal part, by changing the -um to -us -a -um The future passive infinitive is the fourthprinicipal part plus iri, which is the present passive infinitive of ire.

Accusative and infinitive construction: summary

In indirect statements in Latin, the subject of the indirect statement goes into theaccusative case, while the verb becomes the corresponding form of the infinitive.

In the examples below, Latin versions are given in both direct and indirectspeech.

agricola ‘boves’ inquit ‘mortui sunt.’The farmer says ‘The cattle are dead.’

agricola dicit boves mortuos esse.The farmer says that the cattle are dead

[lit. The farmer says the cattle to be dead.]

‘ego’ inquam ‘multo fortior fui quam ceteri.’I said ‘I was much braver than the others’.

dixi me multo fortiorem fuisse quam ceteros.I said that I had been much braver than the others.

[lit. I said myself to have been braver by much than the others.]

Balbus ‘mox’ inquit ‘amici mei advenient.’Balbus dixit amicos suos mox adventuros esse.Balbus said that his friends would arrive soon.

The subject of the direct speech becomes accusative in indirect speech. In effect, itbecomes the object of the verb of speaking. Note that any adjectives or participles

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that belong to the subject, including those that are part of the infinitive itself, alsobecome accusative.

Melissa scit me fidelem esse.Melissa knows that I am trustworthy.

legatus Romanos victos esse nuntiabit.The lieutenant will announce that the Romans have been defeated.

The verb in indirect speech becomes infinitive: present infinitive if the originalstatement was present, future infinitive if it was future, and perfect infinitive if itwas past.

dico me paratum esse. dico me paratum fuisse. dico me paratum fore.I say that I am ready. I say that I was ready. I say that I will be ready.

Remember: any pronoun which refers back to the subject of the main sentencemust be reflexive.

Marcus se reventurum esse promisit.Marcus promised that he would come back.

pro certo habet imperatorem sibi praemium daturum esse.He is sure that the general will give him a reward.

Servius clamabat suos libros ardere.Servius shouted that his books were on fire.

Servius clamabat libros eius ardere would mean Servius shouted that his [someone else’s] books wereon fire. This is an important distinction to make. Se (and its forms) will be used in indirect speech torefer to the person speaking: is (and its forms) must refer to someone else.

Exercise 8.2A

1 omnes credunt deos in monte Olympo habitare.2 mater me explicavit suam amicam valde defessam esse.3 Sextus clamabat latrones tabernam suam incendisse.4 Balbus amico suo dixit suam tabernam a militibus deletum iri.5 Aulus Balbo dixit se domum pulchram eius deleturum esse.6 cras Vergilius nuntiabit se Aeneidem tandem perfecisse.7 pueri pro certo habent Radulphum se puniturum esse.8 speramus urbem Romam a barbaris obsessum iri.9 Marcus dicebat se fortiorem omnibus aliis esse.10 tibi dixit magister nos mox poenas ignaviae daturos esse.

Exercise 8.2B

1 The priest said that all the men in the city of Rome were evil.2 Servius said that Virgil's poems were very good indeed.3 The general said that his soldiers were the bravest and the best in the world.4 Virgil shouted to the women that he had laid waste the fields of the poets.5 Aristotle said that many things in the heavens are always on fire.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 7f, 21.7, 25.4.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 115–124, 414.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapters 19–21.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Sections 25–32.

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LESSON 3 • NEGATIVE INDIRECTSTATEMENT; HOPES, THREATS ANDPROMISES

Negative indirect statement

In Latin, an indirect statement is made negative using a negative word like non.

However, if the word dicere is used to introduce an indirect statement somespecial rules apply. Non and other negative words cannot be used in the indirectstatement itself, even if they appear in the English sentence you are translating.Instead, the verb negare (to deny) must be used. Because the negative iscontained in negare, there other negatives cannot be used inside the indirectstatement itself. Study the table below, copy it out and translate both columnsinto English.

negative indirect statement


dicere ... non negaredicere ... neminem negare ... quemquamdicere ... nihil negare ... quidquamdicere ... nullum negare ... ullumdicere ... numquam negare ... umquamdicere ... nusquam negare ... usquam

There are important differences between this table and the table you saw in Unit VI, which dealtwith negative purpose clauses. The words quemquam and quidquam are from quisquam, which isdeclined exactly like quis? (who?), with the suffix -quam.

Hopes and promises

In English, the infinitive is frequently used after verbs of hoping or promising. InLatin, however, a full accusative and infinitive is used. Because hoping andpromising involves future rather than present action, the infinitive will be a futureinfinitive.

spero me cras Baias iter facturum esse.I hope to travel to Baiae tomorrow.

[lit. …that I will travel…]

frater eius se promiserat ante vesperem securim redditurum esse.His brother had promised to return the axe before evening.

[lit. …that he would return the axe… ]

custos promisit fugitivum mox captum iri.The guard promised that the escapee would soon be captured.

Where esse occurs in the future infinitive (and in the perfect passive infinitive), it isoften omitted. Leaving out verbs whose presence in a sentence would seem to benecessary is called ellipsis.

promitto me venturum [sc. esse]I promise to come.

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Exercise 8.3A

1 anus negavit se ossa ad canis cenam usquam invenire posse.2 Quintus negavit se captivos umquam liberavisse.3 miser Cicero negavit se ullum vinum hospitibus aptum habere.4 magister nobis promisit se multas et iucundas fabulas narraturum.5 pueri promiserunt se immaturos ad ludum cras venturos.6 fures amico negaverunt se quidquam pretiosum in villa mea invenisse.7 Augustus promiserat se Romam recturum ante reditum Antonii.8 Hercules negavit se umquam Iolaum solum in proelio reliquisse.9 cum ad portum advenissemus, nauta nobis dixit naves tempestate deletas esse.10 quamquam ei non credidimus, illa promisit se mox redituram.

Exercise 8.3B

1 We hope to go away to Baiae next year in spring.2 The girl promised to return the spear to her mother before dawn.3 Aristotle used to say that he liked nothing more than cheese for dinner in summer.4 Plato said that no one had been in his house on the night before the murder of

Spartacus.5 Virgil said that he had never seen a black animal in the cave of the beautiful

goddess.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 25.4c, 4e.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 414 n. 2.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapters 20, 21.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 30.

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LESSON 4 • INDIRECT QUESTION

Word–questions

Word–questions in indirect speech are exactly the same as those in direct speech,except that the verb is put in the subjunctive mood. They are calledword–questions because they are introduced by a question word. The use of thesubjunctive is unsurprising, since one of the uses of the subjunctive is to mark theverb in a subordinate clause. Because the subjunctive is a finite part of the verb,its subject will be in the nominative case. Indirect questions do not use theaccusative and infinitive construction.

quis advenit? nemo scit quis adveniat.Who is coming? Nobody knows who is coming.

The tense of the verb in the main clause affects the tense of the verb in thesubordinate clause. This rule is called the sequence of tenses.

You have already seen sequence of tenses in purpose clauses (Unit VI, Lessons 2 and 3).

sequence of tenses

If the verb in the main clause is a present or future tense, ora perfect tense with have… (Primary Sequence)

use… to represent…

present subjunctive present tenseperfect subjunctive past tensefuture participle plus presentsubjunctive of esse

future tense

If the verb in the main clause is a past tense… (HistoricSequence)


imperfect subjunctive present tensepluperfect subjunctive past tensefuture participle plusimperfect subjunctive of esse

future tense

The first group of tenses in the table above is generally called the PrimarySequence. The second group is called the Historic Sequence. Note that the perfecttense with have is regarded as a primary tense, because the action of a verb inthe perfect tense will still apply in the present. I have died, for instance, effectivelymeans I am dead. I have fallen down the stairs effectively means that I am now atthe bottom of the stairs.

Here, as always in grammar, rules have a perfectly solid logical basis. Many of you may find it easierfrom now on to learn the logic behind the rules rather than the rules themselves.

Spurius in animo volvit cur adsis.Spurius is wondering why you are here.

nescio quid mater dictura sit.I don’t know what mother will say.

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Balbus non intellexit cur poenas dedisset.Balbus didn’t understand why he had been punished.

legatus nuntios rogavit quando novae copiae adventurae essent.The lieutenant asked the messengers when the reinforcements would arrive.

The future participle plus present or imperfect subjunctive is sometimes called the periphrastic futuresubjunctive. It is Latin’s way of getting round its lack of a future subjunctive tense. In fact, it is notreally necessary. If there is no threat of ambiguity, Latin will often just use the present or imperfectsubjunctive instead.

Sentence questions

Indirect sentence questions are formed in exactly the same way as indirect wordquestions. They are introduced by the word num (whether).

servos roga num canis effugerit.Ask the slaves if the dog has run away.

Alternative questions are introduced by utrum…an.

nemo sciebat utrum Cicero defessus an ignavus esset.No one knew if Cicero was tired or lazy.

The word for or not in an indirect question is necne.

utrum discessit an non? non sciebam utrum discessisset necne.Has he left or not? I didn’t know whether he had left or not.

After num, si, nisi and ne, the words for anyone and anything are quis and quid.

Exercise 8.4A

1 nemo intellegere potest cur tu hodie adsis. quid efficere vis?2 visne scire quid hodie facturi simus an non?3 Aristoteles in animo volvit utrum stellae vivant necne.4 Cicero servos rogavit num oratio sua eos delectavisset.5 servi nesciverunt utrum ridere an flere deberent.6 roga agricolas num multae ferae in his silvis habitent necne.7 dominus, cum servos in cubiculo suo vidisset, eos rogavit quid facerent.8 puellae scelestae nesciunt cur patris sui hastae in lacu frigido sint.9 te rogare volo num mecum Veronam iter facturus sis.10 imperator centurionem rogabit quando cena parata sit.

Exercise 8.4B

1 Balbus wants to ask you why you do not like his cheese.2 The general asked the centurion when his dinner would be ready.3 Cicero didn't understand why the poets ran away from the senate house.4 The women want to know if you will be home for dinner today.5 Virgil asked the woman if anyone was at home in the town.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Sections 25.2.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Sections 406, 420.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapters 34, 35.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 177–182.

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LESSON 5 • INDIRECT COMMAND

The verbs iubere and vetare

You have already met indirect commands and prohibitions using the verbs iubereand vetare with the accusative and an infinitive

magister me iussit hunc librum legere.The teacher told me to read this book.

mater me vetuit arborem scandere.Mother told me not to [lit. forbade me to] climb the tree.

Other indirect commands

Veto and iubeo are relatively unusual in allowing this kind of construction afterthem. With most verbs of asking or ordering, an indirect command is expressedwith ut or ne and the subjunctive mood.

Some grammarians consider the resulting subordinate clause to be a type of purpose (or final)clause. One gives an order, in order to achieve some kind of result.

magister mihi imperavit ut librum legerem.The teacher told me to read this book.

A simple sequence of tenses applies here. If the verb in the main clause is apresent or future tense, then the verb in the indirect command will be presentsubjunctive.

a patre petam ut navem meam reficiat.I will ask father to repair my boat.

Andromache Graecos obsecrat ut filio parcant.Andromache is begging the Greeks to spare her son.

If the verb in the main clause is a past tense (imperfect, perfect or pluperfect),then the verb in the indirect command will be imperfect subjunctive.

orator populo persuasit ut sibi faverent.The orator persuaded the people to support him.

Don’t forget to use the reflexive pronoun when necessary, to refer back to thesubject of the whole sentence, as in the last example.

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Exercise 8.5A

1 Aemiliae imperavit pater ut fratri suo nuberet.2 Homerus Hesiodo imperavit, ut oppidum cum aliis poetis relinqueret.3 Lucius me rogavit ut secum Alexandriam iter facerem.4 magister nobis persuasit, ut taciti sederemus et diligenter laboraremus.5 Salvius a medico petivit ut sibi remedium optimum daret.6 omnes cives oppidi a Balbo petiverunt ut tabernam casei tandem deleret.7 sacerdotes deos orabit ut se semper contra hostes in bello defendant.8 Antonius suis imperavit ut manus Ciceronis praeciderent.9 dominus noster, cum domum rediisset, servis imperavit ut sibi cubiculum pararent.10 boni poetae agricolas scelestos rogaverunt ut murum intra deae speluncam

aedificarent.

Exercise 8.5B

1 The women begged Cicero to return their sharpest spears.2 My mother used to tell me to go to bed early.3 The sisters of the poets often used to bid them destroy their work.4 The orator ordered the poets to go home and write odes.5 Cicero persuaded the people of Baiae to lay waste his enemy’s villa.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 25.3.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 417.Paterson and Macnaughton, The Approach to Latin, Book 2, Chapter 16.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 139, 140.

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Exercise 8.6A

1 quamquam scelestus sum, spero meos amicos me amare.2 Hannibal dicitur novem diebus ad templum prope Alpes advenisse.3 imperator suis imperavit ut se post tres dies quaererent.4 mater nos rogavit ne in silva ludere. sed ei non paruimus, et elephantus nos edit.5 ego pro certo habeo me numquam quidquam contra legem fecisse.6 Caesar, postquam suam cenam paravit, matri imperavit ut Athenas statim iret.7 dic mihi cur haec feceritis, puer scelestissime.8 nescio utrum manere an discessere debeam.9 dixistine te ante vesperem adventurum? sero enim advenisti.10 oppidani contra Poenos ipsi pugnaverunt, quod nesciebant utrum novae copiae

adventurae essent.

Exercise 8.6B

1 They always used to say to the pupils that the road to riches is difficult.2 He promised me that he would never again be so lazy.3 The soldiers saw that the Carthaginians were braver than they themselves.4 The poets said that because of the storms many books were lost.5 Caesar said that he was the finest orator in the world.6 I told him to walk with me into the river at dawn.7 Radulphus Montanus forbade the boys to speak at school.8 We all knew that Cicero was the most fascinating orator of all the Romans.9 He fell on his spear, so that he would not be killed by the cruel women.10 Let us declare war immediately against the Gauls.

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LESSON 7 • EXTENSION: CONVERTINGDIRECT SPEECH TO INDIRECT SPEECHYou have already seen short indirect statements, questions and commands inLatin sentence. It is possible, however, to have very long passages of indirectspeech in Latin. Occasionally even the verb of speaking will be omitted.

Latin indicates that a whole passage is in indirect speech by making all the mainclauses of indirect statements into accusatives and infinitives. All other verbs inindirect speech — whether in questions, commands or subordinate clauses of anykind — will be in the subjunctive mood. This kind of extended passage in indirectspeech is often called oratio obliqua, whereas direct speech is called oratio recta.

Here is an example.

tum ex consilio patrum Romulus legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, quisocietatem conubiumque novo populo peterent: [1] urbes quoque, ut cetera,ex infimo nasci; dein, quas sua virtus ac di iuvent, magnas opes sibimagnumque nomen facere; satis [se] scire origini Romanae et deosadfuisse et non defuturam virtutem; [2] proinde ne gravarentur hominescum hominibus sanguinem et genus miscere.

Then, in accordance with the senators’ advice, Romulus sent ambassadors around theneighbouring races to seek an alliance and intermarriage for the new people. [1][These ambassadors said] that cities also, like everything else, are born fromsmall beginnings. Then the ones who are helped by their own virtue and by thegods make great wealth and a great reputation for themselves. [They] knew quitewell that the gods were present at Rome’s outset, and that the virtue would not belacking. [2] [They asked,] therefore, for people not to be reluctatnt to join theirblood and lineage with other men.

In this long passage, the indirect speech starts at point [1], where an accusativeand infinitive appears. There is no main verb of speaking: the reader naturallyassumes that the accusative and infinitive represents the message of theambassadors. Point [2] is where the indirect command, introduced by ne, begins.

Because there are never any indicative or imperative verbs in long passages of indirect speech, theappearance of one of these forms will indicate that indirect speech is over.

Exercise 8.7A

Translate into English

Senex uxori suae his verbis querebatur: [dicebat] se in agros quotidie exiredomumque vesperi regredi labore confectum. illam autem domi sedere ignavam.uxor respondit se ignavam esse nolle promisitque se ipsam postero die in agrosexituram esse. vir igitur domi manebat ut cenam pararet; sed haud talium rerumperitus nihil paravit quod vesperi possent edere; et postridie dixit se laborareatque edere malle quam dormire atque esurire. itaque ipse in agros exiit.

Philippo nuntiatum est Romanos adesse. in forum igitur procurrit se proditumesse exclamans misitque alios qui thesauros in mare abicerent, alios qui navesincenderent. ii qui eum videbant dicunt eum similem fuisse furenti. de industriasaltus ab suis ducibus desertos fuisse affirmabat atque se nocentes poena esseaffecturum simul pollicebatur se multam pecuniam daturum esse pro unoquoqueRomano intra regni sui fines interfecto.

North and Hillard, Latin Prose Composition

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Exercise 8.7B

Translate into Latin.

Virgil used to complain to the other poets in these words. He used to say that hewent to the city every day and wrote lots of poetry. He would return home in theevening tired and cross but that the other poets stayed at home and did nothing.They replied that they were not idle, but that they had many thoughts about lifeand love. Whereupon Virgil ordered them to go the city and work and he decidedto stay at home. After their first day, when they got home in the evening, thepoets told him that they had had a lovely time in town, and that they neverwished to stay at home again; Virgil should now write his poems at home inpeace. Poor Virgil was not pleased.

Further reading

Cambridge Latin Grammar, Section 25.B. H. Kennedy, The Revised Latin Primer, Section 470.E. C. Woodcock, A New Latin Syntax, Section 262ff.

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UNIT VIII • GRAMMAR SUMMARY

Direct speech

The verb inquit must follow one or a few words of the quoted direct speech. Theforms inquam (I say, I said) and inquiunt (they say, they said) also exist

The verb ait also exists. It tends to be rather colloquial. In the present tense, onlythe forms aio, ais, ait, and aiunt are used.

The verb dicere is not normally used to introduce direct speech in Classical Latin.

Infinitives

infinitives (active voice)

present perfect future

1st conjugation amare amavisse amaturus esse2nd conjugation monere monuisse moniturus esse3rd conjugation regere rexisse recturus essemixed conjugation capere cepisse capturus esse4th conjugation audire audivisse auditurus esse

esse esse fuisse futurus esse orfore

infinitives (passive voice)

present perfect future

1st conjugation amari amatus esse amatum iri2nd conjugation moneri monitus esse monitum iri3rd conjugation regi rectus esse rectum irimixed conjugation capi captus esse captum iri4th conjugation audiri auditus esse auditum iri

Indirect statement: the accusative and infinitive

In indirect statements in Latin, the subject of the indirect statement goes into theaccusative case, while the verb becomes the corresponding form of the infinitive.Any adjectives or participles that belong to the subject, including those that arepart of the infinitive itself, also become accusative.

The verb in indirect speech becomes infinitive: present infinitive if the originalstatement was present, future infinitive if it was future, and perfect infinitive if itwas past.

Any pronoun which refers back to the subject of the main sentence must bereflexive.

Negative indirect statement

In Latin, an indirect statement is made negative using a negative word like non.

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However, if the word dicere is used to introduce an indirect statement, non andother negative words must not be used in the indirect statement itself. Instead,the verb negare (to deny) must be used. Because the negative is contained innegare, negative words must not be used within the indirect statement itself.

negative indirect statement


dicere ... non negaredicere ... neminem negare ... quemquamdicere ... nihil negare ... quidquamdicere ... nullum negare ... ullumdicere ... numquam negare ... umquamdicere ... nusquam negare ... usquam

Hopes, threats and promises

In Latin, however, a full accusative and future infinitive is usually used (not justan infinitive by itself).

Where esse occurs in the future infinitive (and in the perfect passive infinitive), it canbe omitted.

Indirect question

Word questions in indirect speech are exactly the same as those in direct speech,except that the verb is put in the subjunctive mood.

Indirect sentence questions are formed in exactly the same way as indirect wordquestions. They are introduced by the word num (whether). After num, the wordsfor anyone and anything are quis and quid, respectively. This is also true after si,nisi and ne.

Alternative questions are introduced by utrum…an. The word for or not in anindirect question is necne.

The tense of the verb in the main clause affects the tense of the verb in thesubordinate clause. This rule is called the sequence of tenses.

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sequence of tenses

If the verb in the main clause is a present or future tense, ora perfect tense with have…


present subjunctive present tenseperfect subjunctive past tensefuture participle plus presentsubjunctive of esse

future tense

If the verb in the main clause is a past tense…


imperfect subjunctive present tensepluperfect subjunctive past tensefuture participle plusimperfect subjunctive of esse

future tense


Indirect command

Indirect commands and prohibitions can be expressed using the verbs iubere andvetare with the accusative and an infinitive

With other verbs of asking or ordering, an indirect command is expressed with utor ne and the subjunctive mood.

In primary sequence (see the table above), the verb in the indirect command willbe present subjunctive. In historic sequence, the verb in the indirect command willbe imperfect subjunctive.


Extension: converting direct speech to indirect speech

It is possible to have very long passages of indirect speech in Latin. Occasionallyeven the verb of speaking will be omitted.

Latin indicates that a whole passage is in indirect speech by making all the mainclauses of indirect statements into accusatives and infinitives. All other verbs inindirect speech — whether in questions, commands or subordinate clauses of anykind — will be in the subjunctive mood.

Because there are never any indicative or imperative verbs in long passages ofindirect speech, the appearance of one of these forms will indicate that indirectspeech is over.

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8.1 Caesar writes to his friend Oppius about his troubles with Pompey

Caesar Oppio Cornelio sal.a. d. vii Idus Martias Brundisium veni, ad murum castra posui. Pompeius

est Brundisi. misit ad me M. Magium de pace. quae visa sunt respondi. hoc vosstatim scire volui. cum in spem venero de compositione aliquid me conficere,statim vos certiores faciam. Pompeius se oppido tenet. nos ad portas castrahabemus. conamur opus magnum et multorum dierum propter altitudinem maris.sed tamen nihil est quod potius faciamus. ab utroque portus cornu moles iacimus,ut aut illum quam primum traicere quod habet copiarum, cogamus aut exituprohibeamus.

[Julius Caesar], epistulae fr. 8

8.2 A Latin version of the beginning of Homer's Iliad

iram pande mihi Pelidae, Diva, superbi,tristia quae miseris iniecit funera Graisatque animas fortes heroum tradidit OrcoLatrantumque dedit rostris volucrumque trahendosillorum exsangues inhumatis ossibus artus.confiebat enim summi sententia regis,protulerant ex quo discordia pectora turbas,sceptriger Atrides et bello clarus Achilles.quis deus hos ira tristi contendere iussit?Latonae et magni proles Iovis. ille Pelasguminfestus regi pestem in praecordia misitimplicuitque gravi Danaorum corpora morbo.

Homerus Latinus, Ilias 1. 1–12

8.3 A hymn to the Earth

dea sancta Tellus, rerum naturae parens,quae cuncta generas et regeneras in dies,quod sola praestas [tuam] tutelam gentibus,caeli ac maris diva arbitra rerumque omnium,per quam silet natura et somnos capit,itemque lucem reparas et noctem fugas;tu Ditis umbras tegis et inmensum chaosventosque et imbres tempestive contineset, cum libet, dimittis et misces fretafugasque solem et procellas concitasitemque, cum vis, hilarem promittis diem;alimenta vitae tribuis perpetua fideet, cum recesserit anima, in te refugiemus:ita, quidquid tribuis, in te cuncta recidunt.

Anonymus, precatio terrae matris, 1–14

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