The Sustainable Development Goals challenging the Mining...

TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalschallengingtheMiningIndustry

AnarticletounderstandtheroleanduseoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsintheminingindustry.

(SOURCE:UN)

TheMiningIndustryandtheSDGs

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AboutCATAPA

CATAPA is a volunteering organisation thatworks around sustainable development andalternative globalisation, with a focus onminingissuesinLatinAmerica,butalsofollowsopen-pitminingcasesinGreeceandRomania.We support local communities against thesocialandecologicalimpactofopen-pitmines.

Since 2005, we encourage consumers andindustries tomake a more sustainable use ofmetals in order to contribute to a moresustainable solution against ecological andclimate crisis. We do this through awarenessraising, networking, research, exchangeprograms and by supporting local farmingcommunities threatened by multinationalmining companies in our partner countriesBolivia,ColombiaandPeru.

Wearealso raisingawareness in Belgiumandsome other European countries by organisingand participating in conferences, workshops,summer schools and other events in whichspecialists, activists and other interestedindividualsgettogethertodiscusstheissueofthe socio-economic and ecological impacts ofmining.

We have written this article to help youunderstand the current issues of the miningindustry, and how the SustainableDevelopment Goals can help to providesolutionstothese issues.Wewrotethearticlein the context of the summerschoolBusinessInnovation and Lifelong Learning forSustainability, from August 22 to 24 2016,whichweco-organiseaspartofourcampaignGeneratie Transitie (“Generation Transition”),which encourages young people to becomeactive actors of the transition towardssustainability, as they will leading actors ofsocietyuntil2050.

Ongoingprojects

CATAPA helps, through many projects andactivities, local communities thathave to facetheconsequencesofmining,byshedding lighton the issues that it raised, contacting localNGOs,byprovidingtrainingtolocalsaboutthedangers and consequences of mining, bybuildingnetworking,lobbying,etc.,inthehopeof persuading mining companies and theirstakeholders to make responsible andsustainabledecisions.

CATAPA is currently following up miningprojectsin:

- Bolivia and the mines Kori Kollo and KoriChaca, owned by the company EMIRSA. Thecompany has left Kori Kollo in 2010 and KoriChaca is in its closing phase since 2013, butproblems of pollution remain for the localpopulations. CATAPA is working incollaborationwithCEPA,alocalNGO,andtriesto reach the government for solutions andcontinue to monitor the region and providesalternativesforlocalcommunitieswhoaretheeconomicvictimsofdried-upwaterresources.- Colombia and the project of a new minecalled La Colosa owned by the South AfricancompanyAGA,inwhichCATAPA,togetherwithjournalists, citizens, collectives etc. provideseducation around the consequences of themining industry among an unaware andmisinformed population, and tries to cancelthe project. Our partners for this project arethe Comité Ambiental en Defensa de la Vida(“EnvironmentalCommitteefortheDefenceofLife”)andtheyouthmovementCOSAJUCA.-Peruand theprojectConga,anextensionofthe Yanacocha goldmine (the largest in LatinAmerica) owned by the company MineraYanacocha. CATAPA supports the Cajamarcaprotestmovementtostoptheprojectasthisisan emblematic case that meets a lot of


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resistance. The Yanacocha mine has alreadyexperiencedamercuryspillinJune2000.

"MININGINPARADISE?"2010CAMPAIGN,PERU(SOURCE:CATAPA)

-Greece and the gold- and coppermine caseSkouries, owned by Eldorado Gold in thenorthern peninsula of Chalkidiki. In spite ofmultiple demonstrations against the projectand even an incentive from the Greekgovernment to slow it down, Eldorado Goldmanaged to create a pro-mining protest,claimingthatmorethan500peoplewouldlosetheir job if the project was to come into anend. CATAPA supports themovement againstthebuildingofthemine.-Romaniaand the projectRosiaMontana,onhold since 2006 for environmentalconsiderations.Themineisheldat20-25%bythe Romanian government, the rest being inthe hands of the Canadian company GabrielResources Ltd. But a leakage of 100 millionlitres of polluted water containing cyanide in2000 in Baia Mare, known as the worstenvironmental disaster in Europe sinceChernobyl, has raised concerns among a partof the local population who is protestingagainst the project. The project waswithheldas the former mine was declared historicalmonument in December 2015 by theRomanian government, which is also asking

UNESCO to give the site the same status, butother villages are still under threat 1 .

1http://catapa.be/en/cases


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TABLEOFCONTENTS

1. THESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOALS......................................................................................5

2. THEISSUESOFMINING...................................................................................................................6A. ENVIRONMENTALISSUES...................................................................................................................7B. SOCIALISSUES.................................................................................................................................8C. ECONOMICISSUES..........................................................................................................................10

3. THEMININGINDUSTRYANDTHESDGS........................................................................................11A. SD6:CLEANWATERANDSANITATION..............................................................................................13B. SDG7:AFFORDABLEANDCLEANENERGY..........................................................................................14C. SDG8:GOODJOBSANDECONOMICGROWTH...................................................................................15D. SDG9:INDUSTRY,INNOVATIONANDINFRASTRUCTURE........................................................................16E. SDG13,CLIMATEACTION...............................................................................................................16F. SDG15,ECOSYSTEMANDBIODIVERSITYPROTECTION..........................................................................16

4. WHOHASAROLETOPLAY?..........................................................................................................18A. THEROLEOFTHEMININGCOMPANIES...............................................................................................18B. THEROLEOFGOVERNMENTS...........................................................................................................19C. THEROLEOFTHELOCALPOPULATION................................................................................................20D. THEROLEOFCONSUMERS...............................................................................................................21E. THEROLEOFTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMUNITY...................................................................................22

5. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................22

SOURCES:..............................................................................................................................................24


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1. The Sustainable Development Goals

TheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),orTransformingourWorld: the2030Agenda forSustainableDevelopment,areasetof17goalsand 169 targets drawn in September 2015bythe United Nations and its 193 membercountries to follow up the successfulMillennium Development Goals (2000-2015) 2 .Those new goals, that are morecomprehensive and adapted to our societies’needs, aim at helping countries, regions,companies and individuals into realisingconcrete and measurable actions in order tomake the transition towards a more

2http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/

sustainable way of living. The SDGs arethereforeatoolwithwhicheveryonecanworkto make the necessary transition, and themining industry isnoexceptiontotherule,asminingasweknowtoday is for themostpartnot sustainable and therefore represents athreat for the well-being of people (health,displacement…), the environment (pollution,destruction of landscape…) and the economy(destructionoffarming,fishing,tourism…).TheSDGs can help this industry to becomemoresustainable.

THE17SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOALS(SOURCE:UN)


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2. The issues of mining

The extraction of metals and other valuablemineralshasexistedforcenturiesnowandthemining industry is oneof the biggest and themost important in the world. Today, itrepresents 6,000 companies, and 2.5 millionpeopleworldwide3,andhas to faceagrowing

3MappingMiningtotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals:APreliminaryAtlas(DraftforComment),UN,Sept.27,2015

demand in extracted materials due to thegrowing access to high-technologies andpopulation growth. The mining industry hasalwaysbeencontroversial,asitisknowntobeat the origin of multiple environmental,economic and social issues. And if, for somepeople,mining can create jobs and revenues,and enhance the economic development of aregion, for others, the absence of strongpoliciesandmonitoringof itsactivities lead to

BORNIN2010:HOWMUCHISLEFTFORME?(SOURCE:PLANC)


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pollution,corruptionandsocialabuse.Wewilllist below the main issues raised by thetraditional mining industry today, in theenvironmental, social and economic spheres,the three of them being central pillars in theconcept of sustainable development and fortheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.

A. ENVIRONMENTALISSUES

Theprocess ofmining leads to environmentaldamages that have to be addressed urgentlyconsidering the environmental and climatedegradationsthatwehavetoface.

First, the implementation of a mine, andespecially an open-pit mine, leads todeforestation and the destruction of a richfloraandecosystem,aswellashabitatlossforthe fauna that has to migrate in order tosurvive, threatening the biodiversity of theregion and of regions around, whileapproximately10%ofactiveminesand20%ofexploratory sites are located in areas of high

conservativevalue4.

Second,thecoreactivityofminingisresource-intensive as it is based on an industrial-scaleextraction of minerals from the ground(valuable and non-renewable raw materials),and this leads to resource depletion: miningconsumes resources faster thantheearthcanproduce. It means that resources arebecomingscarce,andmayfallshortinthenextdecades to come, and this is particularly trueformetal. Inthegraphpage6,youcansee inred that industrial metal resources will bedepletedin2050ifthepaceofproductionandconsumption remains the same as it is today.Anotherproblemistheamountofenergythatthis industry needs for the running of themines, leading to pollution (if use of non-renewable and non-green energy) andsometimes there is difficult or no access toelectricity for populations around. We willdiscussthisprobleminmoredetailsinchapterSDG7: Affordable and Clean Energy. Besides

4TrendsinSustainableDevelopment:Chemicals,Mining,Transport,WasteManagement,UNDept.OfEconomic&SocialAffairs,2010

DEADFISHFOUNDONTHESHOREAFTERTHEBAIAMARESPILL INROMANIA(SOURCE:REC)

GREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSBYECONOMICACTIVITIESIN2013(SOURCE:EUROSTAT)


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energy consumption, the ecological footprintofmining companies is high as the extractionprocess itself leads to high CO2 emissions,representing 1,8% (2013) of the totalgreenhouse gas emissions of all economicactivities in the European Union only (seegraph p.7), according to the EuropeanCommission 5 . More will be explained inchapter SDG13: Climate Action. One of theother main environmental problems of themining process is the polluted waste that isproduced during the extraction process: first,the explosions necessary to build open-pitminescreatepollutedwasterocksthatarenotalwayssafelystored.Second,theuseoftoxics,such as mercury or cyanide, that are used inorder to be able to separate themetals fromtheores(minedrock),createhighamountsofpollutedwaste,generally in the formof liquid(forinstance,ingoldmining,only0.00001%ofthe ore can be refined into gold6. The rest iswaste.) Those wastes are normally stored intailing dams, but one crack can lead to aleakage of the polluted elements into nature,so it constitutes a real danger for theenvironment. Over the past 30 years, tailingdams’ failures have accounted for three-quarters of all major mining accidents. Theexample of The Baia Mare spill, in January2000 in Romania, is a good example of greatenvironmentaldamage resulting fromasingleleakage: 100,000 cubic meters of liquid,containing50to100tonnesofcyanide,leakedfrom the gold mine and contaminated riversaround, to finally reach the Black Sea and

5http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_industries_and_households,EuropeanCommission

6DirtyMetals:Mining,CommunitiesandtheEnvironment,OxfamUS,2004

contaminatedsome2,000kmoftheDanube’swater,killingabout1,240tonsoffish7.

Direct dumping of the waste into rivers andoceans used to be practiced, but is moreregulated now. Some mining companies nowturn themselves to deep-water disposal,arguingthatitisthesafestoptiontostorethetoxicwaste,butbecause little isknownaboutdeep sea water, it is not known to whichextend thispracticecanaffectmarine lifeandthequalityofwater.

B. SOCIALISSUES

Themining industrycanalsobethesourceofmajor social issues,more particularly becausethe communities living around mines usuallylive in deprived areas and are the victims ofdiscrimination,becauseoftheirethnicorsocialbackground (indigenous, poor, uneducated,women,etc.).

First,theimplementationofanewmineoftenmeans displacement of local communities,because agricultural lands or habitations areconstructedabovegroundsexploitablefortheextraction of minerals and metals. As localssometimes have no legal documents provingthat theyare living andworkingon the lands,leasesfortheuseofthoselandscanbesoldtocompanies, andpeople become vulnerable toeviction. Some eventually have to move,endangering their economy (when cultivatingthe lands,or fishing),butalsotheirculture: inthe case of indigenous communities forinstance, locals live in remote lands anddevelop a local culture that can disappear ifthepeoplearetomove.

Locals thatwant to preserve their lands oftenhave to engage in a long fight. The case of

7http://www.greenpackonline.org/english/human-activities.php?id=11-03-01(REC)


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Máxima Acuña de Chaupe, a subsistencefarmer and now figure of the resistanceagainst big mining corporations, is a goodexample of the fight of locals againstmultinationalminingcompanies.Shefought incourtforfouryearstopreservetheownershipof the family land against the US firmNewmontMininganditsprojectConga(Peru).She eventually won, but endured threats,harassment and multiple assaults from theprivate forces of the company8. Some otheractivists have been sent to jail or killed.Sikhosiphi Rhadebe,anopponent to theminein Xolobeni (South Africa) owned by Perth’sMineralCommoditiesLimited,andpresidentofthe Amadiba Crisis Committee, was killed inMarch 2016 in front of his house by peoplesuspected to be police officers, supposedlybecauseof its strong involvement against the

mine project9. Indeed, political corruption isnot rare around the mining industry. Somegovernments, often already unstable, areappealedbytheprofitsthatminingcompaniescan generate and, therefore, are willing torepress activists that would constitute anobstacle tothegoodexecutionoftheproject.Inthosecases,humanrightsarethreatened.

8“Goldmanpricewinner:‘Iwillneverbedefeatedbytheminingcompanies’”,TheGuardian,DanCollyns,Ap.19,2016

9“AustralianminingcompanydeniesroleinmurderofSouthAfricanactivist”,JoshuaRoberston,TheGuardian,25March2016

Theimplementationofaminerequires lotsoflabour and therefore creates employment –butoften,itmeansthatmaleworkershavetomove away from their families to be able toworkon themine.Far fromtheir familiesandfacing difficult working conditions, they aremorepronetodrugabuse,alcoholism,and tocommit prostitution, crime and domesticviolence10.Thosesocialissuescanleadtoriots,and eventually conflicts and civil war incountriesinwhichpeaceisalreadyvulnerable.Women suffer from double discrimination,being indigenous and female, and can bewiped out from society, their role beingreduced to taking care of the family’s basicneedsandlookingforcleanwaterandfood,aswe will see in SDG6: Clean water andsanitation. In thoseconditions,womendonothave time to find a job nor to study, andtherefore,theycannotbeempowered11.

Health problems can also arise from theexposure to toxic components, such asmercury or cyanide, used during theextraction. Indeed, they are notonly toxic forthe environment, but also for people who,exposedtothosecomponents,cansufferfromskin abrasions, hair loss, cancer, etc. andwomen suffer from miscarriages, or birthanomalies12.Agoodexampleofthedisastroussanitaryconsequencesofmining isthatoftheValle de Siria, in Honduras. The mine SanMartin,locatedinthisregion,wasinoperationfrom 1995 to 2010. Among the multiplenegative impacts resulting from the miningactivities (such as criminalisation and socialconflicts), is water contamination by heavymetals.TheinhabitantsofValledeSiriarelyonthiswaterfortheir living,andseveralcasesof10DirtyMetals:Mining,CommunitiesandtheEnvironment,OxfamUS,2004

11«Congaetlarésistancedesfemmes»,CommissionJusticeetPaix,BérengèreSarrazin,2016

12LaColosa,PlannedMiningProjectinColombia,CATAPA

MÁXIMAACUÑADECHAUPE(SOURCE:THEGUARDIAN)


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diseaseshaveappeared,themostvisiblebeingskin abrasions. The inhabitants regularlyreceiveotherHonduransandorganisations totestify against the dangers of the miningindustry13.

SKIN ABRASIONS ON A VALLE DE SIRIA RESIDENT(SOURCE: IN HONDURAS, IT IS A SIN TO DEFENDLIFE)

Theworkingconditionsoftheminelabourareoften precarious, and accidents in theworkplace can lead to inability to work, andtherefore loss of job. In order to get cheaplabour, some companies can also be temptedtoexploitslaves,orchildren.

C. ECONOMICISSUES

The implementation of a mine in an under-developed region can be perceived as a realopportunity for economic development, butunfortunately,itisnotalwaysthecase.

First, the implementation of a newmine is athreat tomore traditionaland local economicactivities,suchasfishingandfarming,becauseof the purchase or destruction of landby themining companies and the important amountof water necessary for the mine to operate,while those traditionaleconomies representa

13InHonduras,ItisaSintoDefendLife,NickMiddeldorp,July2014

bigpartofthelocals’economy:forinstance,inPeru,30%ofpeople livefromagriculture14. Agreat number of local inhabitants are alsoencouraged to work on the mine, thereforethey resign their old activities and/or jobs tojointheminelabour.Thiseventuallyresults ina region whose economy is driven by andaroundthemine:shopsaresetuptoservetheactivity, new roads and houses are builtaround the site, etc. This is called the“company town” syndrome15: the companyhelpsthesettlementofstoresandhousingsforits workers, but this process leads to thecreation of local economic activities that aretoo dependent from mining. Consequently,when themining company leaves the region,stopping itsactivity(oncethere isnotenoughminerals to extract from the ground to beprofitable),alloftheeconomybuiltaroundthemine also collapses.Wewill further dealwiththis subject on chapter SD8: Good job andeconomicgrowth.Thiskindofdevelopment isalso non-inclusive: development is madearound the mine and for the mine, but noinfrastructure or stable institutions, such asschools or health centres, are developed toenhance people’s inclusion to society and itseconomy. Therefore, populations that werealreadymarginalisedhavelittlechancetofullyintegrate the economy through education,health, etc. and will remain low-skilled andlow-paid labour until the mine closure. Afterthe closure, it becomes difficult, or evenimpossible, for the local communities to getbacktotheirformerandtraditional jobs,suchas farming, fishing, or tourism, because oflandscapedestruction, pollutionor scarcity ofresources. This leads toprecarity among local

14“Peru,eeninleidingbij‘DeSchatvanGoudland’,CATAPA

15DirtyMetals:Mining,CommunitiesandtheEnvironment,OxfamUS,2004


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communities. For example, Médecins SansFrontières has reported that the closure of adiamond and gold mine in southwesternCentralAfricanRepublic, in2009, led toarisein unemployment and to malnutrition, inaddition to other diseases such as AIDs,tuberculosis, malaria, etc., leaving localpopulations in great deprivation as they alsohaddifficultaccesstohealthfacilities.16

3. The mining industry and the SDGs

Regardingallofthe issues thatwehavelistedbefore, it becomes necessary for the miningindustry tomakea step towardssustainabilityin order to protect the environment, toenhance development and to give locals theopportunitytobenefitfromthedevelopmentsof the region, even after the mine closure.That is why the Sustainable DevelopmentGoalsareuseful:theyprovideguidancetohelptheminingindustrytomakeapositivechangein its activities, the goal being to generatepublic revenues that will go towards localdevelopment inordertocreateamore-skilledbut also local workforce, and to invest inhealth, education and infrastructures thatwillsustainafterthemineclosure.

16Trendsinsustainabledevelopment:chemicals,mining,transportandwastemanagement,UNDept.OfEconomyandSocialAffairs,2010

According to theUN, themining industry canwork on all 17 goals as its activities affects,directlyorindirectly,andatdifferentlevels,allSDGs.They havedrawnacirculargraph17(seebelow)inwhichtheydeterminetheissuesthatthe mining industry raise on the differentaspects of the SDGs, from poverty topartnership(seenextpage).

17MappingMiningtotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals:ApreliminaryAtlas,ExecutiveSummary,UN,2015


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MAJORISSUESINTHEMININGINDUSTRY(SOURCE:UN)


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Tohelptheminingindustryoutwiththetransition,theUNhasalsodevelopedasetofprioritiesofthegoalstoachievethroughagraph,fromindirecttoverydirectimpact:

In the graph, you can see thatmining impactsixgoalsmostdirectly:SDG6:CleanWaterandSanitation; SDG7: Energy Access andSustainability;SDG8:Good JobsandEconomicGrowth; SDG9: Innovation and Infrastructure;SDG13:ClimateAction;andSDG15:EcosystemandBiodiversity Protection18.Wewill developtheimportanceofthosegoalsbelow.

18MappingMiningtotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals:ApreliminaryAtlas,ExecutiveSummary,UN,2015

A. SD6:CLEANWATERANDSANITATION

Mining requires the use and contaminateshundredsof litresofwaterperdayduetothechemicals used in the process, leading topollution and scarcity of water, while nearly30% of active mines are located in waterstressed areas19. This has an impact on all

19Trendsinsustainabledevelopment:chemicals,mining,transportandwastemanagement,UNDept.OfEconomyandSocialAffairs,2010

IMPACTOFMININGONTHESDGS(SOURCE:UN)


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aspects of life in the regions concerned: onhealth,asitbecomesdifficulttohaveaccesstoclean water; on the environment, as it isthreateningbiodiversity;ontheeconomy,asitisthreateningfarming,fishing,andother localand traditional activities; and socially, aswomen’s task is reduced to search for foodand cleanwater, sometimesmiles away fromhome,and this time-consuming task does notgivethemtheopportunitytoworkortostudy,while they come from regions alreadyinfluenced by a patriarchal model in whichwomen rarely play an important role outsideofthefamilialsphere20.

ThetargetsoftheSDGaretoensuresafeandaffordable water as well as sanitation andhygiene, to use water efficiently, to helpdeveloping countries in capacity-building, andto enhance local populations’ participation inimprovingwaterandsanitationmanagement.

The companiesmust therefore, according thetotheUN:

• Conserveandrecyclewater• Monitorwaterquality

20«Congaetlarésistancedesfemmes»,CommissionJusticeetPaix,BérengèreSarrazin,2016

• ManagewaterholisticallyAndonthepartofcollaborationandleverage:

• Support potable water and sanitationplanningandinfrastructure

• Clearly delineated watershedmanagementresponsibilities

• Sharedbenefitwaterinfrastructure• Possibleco-financingarrangements• Support local capacity-building in

waterandsanitationmanagement21(UNDP)

B. SDG7:AFFORDABLEANDCLEANENERGY

Mining is energy-intensive, thereforeelectricity is used for themines sometimes atthe expense of local populations, that havelimited or no access to electricity.Furthermore, electricity is sometimesproduced through highly-polluting and non-renewableresources,contributingtohighCO2emissions and harming the environment.Furthermore, it is contributing to a growingscarcity of resources such as metals andminerals.

The targets are therefore to ensure access toaffordable, reliable and modern energyservices, to increase the share of renewableand efficient energy, to use clean energy andtechnology, and to expand infrastructure andupgradetechnologyindevelopingcountries.

Theminingcompaniesmusttherefore:

• Improveenergyefficiency• Incorporaterenewableenergy

21MappingMiningtotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals:APreliminaryAtlas,UNDP,2016

"WATERBELONGSTO PEOPLE,NOTTO YANACOCHA":DEMONSTRATION AGAINST THE YANACOCHAPROJECT,PERU(SOURCE:CATAPA)


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Andoncollaborationandleverage:

• Supportlocalenergyinitiatives• Integrate into rural electrification

schemes• Sharedbenefitenergyinfrastructure• Possibleco-financingarrangements21

(UNDP)

C. SDG8:GOODJOBSANDECONOMICGROWTH

One of themain issues ofmining is the pooranddangerousworkingconditionstheworkershave to face: accidents but also exposure totoxic components can make them unable towork,anddevelopdiseasesthatcanbefatal.Alack of opportunities for local regions andpopulations to benefit from the revenuesgenerated by mining activities are also anissue, as big corporations invest too little inlocaldevelopmentwhenitisnotbeneficialforthecompany.Thecompanyleaves,after15to30 years, regionswithpolluted anddestroyedlandscapes, in which traditional professionssuch as farming, fishing or tourism cannot bepractised anymore, and in which all of theeconomic activities that were built around

mining also collapse (cf. “company downsyndrome” in Social Issues). Slavery and childlabour are also key issues in the miningindustry, as they provide cheap labour to thecompanies. For instance, cobalt mines in theDemocratic Republic of theCongo are knownfor the employment of children from the ageofseven22(cf.“theroleoftheconsumers”).

The targets are therefore to focus ondiversification of the economy in thoseregions, about decent job creation,entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation,end child labour, protection of labour rightsand safety of the workers, and expansion ofbanking,insuranceandfinancialservicesforallwiththehelpofdomesticfinancialinstitutions.The key is to make a stable and sustainableeconomythatwillsurvivethemineclosure.

Therefore,theminingcompaniesshould:

• Understandlimitsandopportunitiesofmineoperations

• Drive economic growth with localprocurement

• PushlimitsofdirectemploymentAndoncollaborationandleverage:

• Collaborate with local chambers ofcommerce, finance institutions andNGOs

• Establishbusinessincubators• Work with local suppliers to build

capacityandincreaseproductquality• Connect suppliers with external

markets21(UNDP)

22“Childrenasyoungassevenminingcobaltusedinsmartphones,saysAmnesty”,AnnieKelly,theGuardian,Jan.19,2016

CHILDLABOURINRDC(SOURCE:AMNESTYINTERNATIONAL)


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D. SDG9:INDUSTRY,INNOVATIONANDINFRASTRUCTURE

The mining industry gives little space toinnovation and does not always developinfrastructures in the regions in which theywork, as they focus on their own costly anddemanding infrastructures, and leavinginhabitants with outdated, unsafe, and / orlimitedfacilities,suchasroads,railways,ports,sanitation, communication networks andelectricitygrids.

Their target must therefore be to developsustainable and resilient infrastructure, toincrease access of small-scale industrial andfinancial services, to upgrade technologicalcapabilities in industrial sectors, to enhancedomestic technology development andindustrial diversification, as well as increasingaccess to information and communicationtechnologyinthoseregions.

Theyshould:

• Consider local procurement(promotingdomesticindustry)

• ShareinfrastructureAndonthepartofcollaborationandleverage:

• Use business profile to createhorizontallinkages

• Use convening power to createclusters

• Promote domestic research anddevelopmentinitiatives21

(UNDP)

E. SDG13,CLIMATEACTION

Climate change is one of the mainenvironmental concerns that theworldhas tofaceas it isaffecting theenvironmentgreatly,

from changing weather patterns to rising sealevels. It ispredicted thatwewillhavetofacean increase in greenhouse gas emissions, andtheminingindustryiscontributingtoitastheiractivities leadtohighcarbonfootprintand,aswe said before, is highly polluting.Furthermore,itislikelythatminingoperationswill increase their ecological footprint due tothe high and growing demand for minedcommodities.(cf.“Therolesofconsumers”)

Therefore,thereisastronglinkbetweenSDG7and SDG13, as providing clean and affordableenergyisessentialtotakeclimateaction.

The targetsof theUN for themining industryare to strengthen resilience and adaptivecapacitytoclimate-relatedhazardsandnaturaldisasters, to raise awareness on climatechange mitigation and impact reduction, andto raise capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management indevelopingcountries.

Therefore,miningcompanieshaveto:

• Reducetheircarbonemissions• Buildclimatechangeresilience

Oncollaborationandleverage:

• Participate inclimate-related researchanddevelopmentandpilots

• Intra- and cross- industry climatedialogues

• Publicsupportforcarbonpricing21(UNDP)

F. SDG15,ECOSYSTEMANDBIODIVERSITYPROTECTION


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Mining leads to destruction and pollution ofland and constitutes a great danger forbiodiversity, because of pollution and scarcityofwater, possible leakageof toxicwaste, lossofhabitat due to the spaceneeded foropen-pit mines and tailing dams, etc. People alsodependon land for their food,water, shelter,economyetc., and if the land is destroyedbythe construction of a mine, then thoseresources cannot subsist anymore. WWFlaunches a report every two years (The LivingPlanetReport),inwhichtheylistthecausesofthe extinction of half of the animals of the

planet(fromthe70stotoday).Inthisreport,itisshownthatexploitation,habitatchangeandhabitat loss are the primary threats to LivingPlanetIndex,anIndexthatmeasuresthestateof the world’s biological diversity (see graphbelow)23.

Thetargetsaretoprotectlifeonland,throughconservation, restoration and sustainable useof freshwater ecosystems, by taking action tohalt the loss of biodiversity and prevent theextinction of threatened species, by reducingthe impact of invasive alien species and by

23LivingPlanetReport2014,WWF

PRIMARYTHREATSTOLPIPOPULATIONS(SOURCE:WWF)


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combatting poaching and trafficking ofprotectedspecies.

Theminingcompaniesshouldtherefore:

• Achievezeroornetpositiveimpact• Preserveecosystemservices

Oncollaborationandleverage:

• Supportprojectsthatlinkcommunitiesandbiodiversity

• Encouraging and participating inlandscapeplanning

• Historic habitat restoration and / orreforestation, and anti-poachingefforts

• Collaborateinresearchinitiatives21(UNDP)

4. Who has a role to play?

The good proceedings of the SDGs are notimputable only to themining companies, buttoallofthestakeholdersthathave,directlyorindirectly, a role to play in the industry.Therefore, the SDGs aim at providing aguideline for all stakeholders in order tocooperate and work together for bettermining,astheUNstatethemselves:

‘Asuccessfulsustainabledevelopmentagendarequires partnerships between governments,the private sector and civil society. Theseinclusivepartnershipsbuiltuponprinciplesandvalues, a shared vision, and shared goals thatplacepeopleandtheplanetat thecentre,areneeded at the global, regional, national andlocal level.’24(Goal 17: Revitalize the globalpartnershipforsustainabledevelopment)

24“Goal17:Revitalizetheglobalpartnershipforsustainabledevelopment”,UnitedNations

For instance, local and national governmentscan help mining companies to provide goodworking and living conditions to the localpopulationsratherthanturningablind-eyeonall issues raised by the implementation of amine because of corruption (SDG16),consumers canchoosewiselywhat theywantto buy and from which company (SDG12),NGOs can work towards informing localpopulations about the dangers of mining(SDG4), can do networking and lobbying toinfluence other stakeholders to opt for thesustainable solution (SDG17), localcommunities can join together to promoteeconomic activities not related tomining andtherichnessoftheirenvironment(SDG11)etc.To sum up, everybody is responsible for theimplementation of the SDGs, directly orindirectlyandatdifferentlevels.

We will go through a non-exhaustive list ofsome of the stakeholders and what they candotoimprovethesituation.

A. THEROLEOFTHEMININGCOMPANIES

Theminingcompaniesmust,ateverystageoftheir exploration and exploitation activities,honestly inform the public of the dangers ofmining,andcallindependentauditorstoavoidmanipulation on the results of their surveys(environmental, social, etc.). They shouldrespect the ILO169 law, which protectsindigenouspeoples’rightstoownandusetheland they live on, to make decisions aboutprojects that affect them, and their right forequality and freedom25. Therefore, the voicesof local communities should always be heard,and their decisions respected. Theymust notcreate enclaves, or “state-within-the-state” in25ILO169,SurvivalInternational


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which public functions such as waterdistribution, security etc. are replaced bycompany-owned ones (and leading to all kindof abuses, such as repression, watercontaminationorscarcityetc.).

The companies have to prevent pollution bybuilding reliable and safe storage facilities forthepollutedwasteandavoidanyinfiltrationofheavy metals in air and ground so that itcannot go beyond the structure of the mine.They should respect the no-go zones formining,andthereforedonotsettle inareas inwhich ecosystems would be too fragile tosurvive the implementation of a mine. Theymustalsobetransparentabouttheiractivities,inner regulations, protocols and day-to-dayactivities.

Theminingcompaniesalsohavetoprotecttheworkers by offering them decent and safeworking conditions, stable jobs with goodhealth benefits, and ensure the well-being oftheworkersandtheirfamiliestopreventdrugaddiction, alcoholism, rising of conflicts etc.They should make sure that profits benefitlocal communities instead of banks andshareholdersinwealthycountries.

Theminingcompaniesshouldimplementstrictregulations on highly polluting practices suchasopen-pitminingandheapleaching inorderto minimise their impact, as those practiceslead to disastrous consequences onecosystemsandlocalpopulations.

B. THEROLEOFGOVERNMENTS

The role of governments in every miningproject is crucial and will determine theprotection or not of the surroundingenvironmentandoflocalpopulations.Multiplegovernment agencies can be involved in theproject, fromthenationaltothe local level. Inthe United-States for instance, no less thanfour federal government agencies have toapprove a mining project, and anenvironmental impact assessment has to bemade26. Therefore, the average time to get apermit for a newmine is seven to ten years.Unfortunately,somegovernmentsarenotthatprecocious as they are motivated by anincreaseofrevenuesthankstothemines,thisleadingtocorruption,andtorepression,aswehaveseenbefore.

Conflicts of interests may also arise. Forinstance, in Peru, the ministry of Mining andEnergy has two tasks: regulating andpromotingmining.Therefore, ithasadoptedavery weak legislation that favours foreigninvestors and companies (which also makesthe country very dependent on foreigninvestments, as mining dominates thecountry’s economy and lots of miningconcessions belong to Chinese state-ownedcompanies).However,thisdoesnotmeanthatit is profitable for local populations, as, in2009, 40% of Peruvians lived in poverty, andthe proportion exceeded70% in the Andes27.Furthermore, the government has also madeprotests against mining illegal, allowing forinstance violent military and policeinterventions.Asolutionwouldbetoseparate

26“Howdoesgovernmentregulationimpactthemetalsandminingsector?”,Investopedia,Feb.18,2015

27MiningConflictinPeru:ConditionCritical,OxfamAmerica,2009

Finally, it would be more sustainable andprofitable for mining companies to invest infactoriesthatcollectandrecyclee-wasteratherthan relying exclusively on primary miningactivities.


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promotion from regulation of mining withinthe government. Peru has engaged in thisprocessbyseparatingthetwointotheMinistryofMining (forpromotion) and theMinistryofEnvironment(forregulation)totryavoidthoseconflictsofinterests.

Therefore, governments have to ensure legal,regulatoryandpolicyframeworksalignedwiththe national sustainable development plans.They have to ensure that EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentsarecarriedoutfairly,andthat, iftheconclusionsstatethatanumberofcriteria concerning environmental protectionand preservation are notmet to carry on theactivities, the company should leave. Theyhave to organise consultation rounds, andmake sure that the local communities canvoice their opinions and take part in thedecisionmakingprocess.

Theyhavetomanagerevenuesandprofitsandinvest them in the state and region, whileinsuring that those investments benefit localcommunities. They have to facilitatecollaborative processes. Most importantly,they have to ensure transparency bycommunicating independent, honestinformation on the consequences of theminingindustry,andprotecthumanrights.

Finally, governments should also seek forregulatory solutions tochange theireconomicmodelandnotfocusonlyonmonetaryprofits,butalsoonsustainableandfairprinciples,andlook for alternative economies such asdegrowth, happiness economics, etc. andpromote certifications for electronics andmining products (such as a Fairtrade or EUEcolabel)onthesamebasisasthosethatexistforfood,cosmetics,clothesetc.

C. THEROLEOFTHELOCALPOPULATION

Veryoften,localpopulationsareseenasratherpassive in theprocessof implementationof amine,peoplebeingunawareofthedangersofmining, or simply because they are beingsilenced and repressed by mining companiesand / or governments. However, it is veryimportant that thevoice of thosepopulationsis heard, and that their integrity is beingpreserved. Local communities should be ableto participate in a decentway in the decisionmakingprocesses.ThatiswhyNGOsareoftenuseful in giving a voice to those populations,and to educate them to the dangers that themining industry can represent, so that theymake an impartial choice based on true andreliable information (some local populationshappentobe infavourofthe implementationof a new mine because of misinformation,bribing, promise of better jobs and economicdevelopment,orevenbecauseofintimidationsandthreats).

Localpopulationsmustbeconsultedregardingtheir needs in the region (for instance byorganisingreferendums,suchasthe“consultapopular” inColombia,onwhetherornottheywanttheminetobeimplemented).Therefore,theirchoiceshouldberespectediftheydonotsee extracting activities as a priority, and ifthey resist. They should have access to cleanwatertosupporttheirlivesandtheireconomicactivities.Measures such as business plans orinvestmentsshouldbeofferedtocommunitiesto facilitate the development of economicactivities non-related to mining. Localcommunities should be organised incommittees rather than divided in order toformulate their needs and avoid neglectingtheir voice in the decision making process.NGOs, governments and mining companiesmust acknowledge the communities’


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sovereignty and intervene (or not) always atthe demand and with the consent of thepopulation.

D. THEROLEOFCONSUMERS

Theroleofconsumersisalsonottoneglect,asthe demand for minerals and metals alsofollows the lawof supply anddemand.Aswehave said before, the mining industry has tofaceagrowingdemandinmineralsandmetalsdue to the increasing popularity of newtechnologicaldevices,suchassmartphonesorcomputers,butalsoduetopopulationgrowth(growing population means growing demandfor goods). Although,minerals andmetalsarenon-renewable resources that are becomingscarce due to resource depletion (cf.“environmentalissues”).

Furthermore,miningcanalsobethesourceofworkingabuse,suchaschild labour, incertainregionsoftheworld.Itisestimatedthatabout1 million children work in mines all over theworld28. For instance, Amnesty International

28“ChildMining:10Facts”,TheChildLabourCoallition

has reported that children as young as sevenare employed in cobalt mines in theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,whilemorethanhalfoftheworld’ssupplyincobaltcomesfrom RDC, and 20% of the cobalt exportedcomes from artisanal mines in the southernparts of the country – artisanal mining beingmoredangerous than industrial one, as therearenoregulations,norsafetymeasuresfortheworkers who are therefore exposed to morepollution and poisoning from toxic chemicalelements. This same cobalt ends up insmartphones, cars, computers, and is sold tobrands such as Microsoft, Apple or Vodafone29.Theroleofthoseretailersisalsoimportant,but consumers can choose to privilege, whenpossible, products that are responsible andsustainable, and choose companies accordingto those criteria (such as Fairphone, asmartphonecompanywhichtriestogetitsraw

materials from conflict-free regions(even though it remains difficult forthem to trace back to all of themineral resources used in theirelectronic devices, and as aconsequence they cannot benefitfromafairtradecertificationfortheproduct Fairphone as a whole,nevertheless they use Fairtradegold), helps local development, andalso designs phones in which partscanbeeasilyremovedandrecycled).Consumer organisations shouldinform the public about thecircumstances and impacts ofextractions of minerals, refuse the

use of dirty metals in electronicdevices, and claim to use only products thatcontainrecycledorcertifiedmetals.

29“Childrenasyoungassevenminingcobaltusedinsmartphones,saysAmnesty”,AnnieKelly,theGuardian,Jan.19,2016

GROWINGDEMANDFORMINEDCOMMODITIES(SOURCE:UN)


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E. THEROLEOFTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMUNITY

Theinternationalcommunityhasakeyrole inframing international, standard rules andregulationsconcerningminingactivitiesaswellaswarning against the dangersandabuses ofmining on a global scale, also because someinternational institutions, such as the WorldBank (involved in the extractive industry inabout 70 countries)30, also have interests inminingactivities,thereforetheymustpromoteatransparentandwell-governedindustry.TheUnitedNationsforinstance,havereleaseda study on the application of sustainabledevelopmentgoals to themining industry31toprovide every stakeholder willing to improvetheir activities with guidance to amelioratesocial,economicandenvironmentalconditionsinthisindustry.TheUNsecretarygeneral,BanKi-Moon,declaredinamessagetoinvestorsinNovember 2014: “Please reduce yourinvestments in the coal- and fossil-fuel-basedeconomy and [move] to renewable energy32”.Another good example is that of theOrganisation of Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD),whichhasalso releaseda Due Diligence Guidance for ResponsibleSupply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas33, which aims at“providingpracticalguidanceforcompaniestoensure they do not contribute to conflict orabuses of human rights through theirmineral

30WorldBank,extractiveindustrieshttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/extractiveindustries31MappingMiningtotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals:apreliminaryAtlas,UN,2015

32TheGuardian33OECDDueDiligenceGuidanceforResponsibleSupplyChainofMineralsfromConflict-AffectedandHigh-RiskAreas,2013

and metal procurement practices”34. ElevencountriesandtheEuropeanUnion,aswellasanumber of industries and sector initiatives inthegoldsector,alreadyseektooperationalisethe OECD’s guidance to protect locals fromabusesresultingfromextractionactivities.The roleof the international communitymustbe to address the problems ofmining and tocreate rules and guidelines that otherstakeholderscanfollowinordertolimitsocial,economic, or environmental damages due tominingactivities.Theinternationalcommunitymust also make sure that the membercountries or companies respect regulationsthat have been set by organising regularaudits. It should promote every internationalinitiative to encourage global partnership andset standards regardingextractiveactivities. Itshould address every issue related tomining,andoffer concreteand realistic solutions thatwill benefit every stakeholder but alsopreservetheenvironmentandintegrityoflocalpopulations.Finally,internationalcommunitiesshould not only focus on the 3TG conflictminerals (Tungsten, Tantalum, Tin and Gold),definedas“mineralsminedinconditionswherearmed conflicts and human right abusesoccur”35but also on other minerals, such ascobalt, that also are the source of multiplesocial,economicandenvironmentalissues.

5. Conclusion

Because the mining industry has existed forcenturies, it isdifficulttochangeitsoldhabitsinto sustainable solutions, and morespecifically because a lot of different factorsand actors are involved in this complexindustry,andeveryoftheseactorswanttogettheir ownbenefits, but at thesame time, the34“IntroductiontotheOECDDueDiligenceGuidanceforResponsibleMineralSupplyChains”,2014

35ConflictsMinerals3TG,Visual.y


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environment, people, and a sustainableeconomyaretoprotect.ThegoaloftheSDGsis to find a solution to make all of thosedifferent actors cooperate for the generalgood, rather than for the benefit of a few. Itrequires long-term thinking, as the benefitsresulting from the mining industry have toremain long after the mine closure, andrespectlocalpopulations,andthepreservationofnature.Itisnotaneasytask,becauseinthemeantime, demand for raw materials aregrowing, but it is therefore necessary, asresources are becoming scarce, and climatechange and environmental harms lead to thedestruction of nature and to the rising ofconflicts.

CATAPAhasbeendealingwiththequestionofthe sustainability of mining for the past tenyears, but still wonders ifmining can ever besustainable, due to the great environmental,economic and social impacts we have seenbefore, that result from this activity. Theorganisation has worked to support localcommunities and their struggle against theminingcompanies,witnessingthatmostofthetime,revenuescamedirectlyintothehandsofthe big mining corporations, leaving localpopulationspoor,andaffectedbythenegativeimpactsthatmineshaveleftbehind.

Considering the state of the mining industrytoday,we consider that recycling ofmaterialscoupled with a change in consumingbehaviours (consuming less and moreresponsibly) would be a much moresustainableoptionthantheprimaryextractiveactivities. Indeed, one ton of new extractedore contains only 0,5 to 2 gram of gold,whereas a ton of e-waste (mobile phones,computers, etc.) contains 10 grams of gold,which means that Europe would be able tomeet thedemandof goldonlyby recyclinge-waste36.Furthermore,consideringthegrowingscarcityofthesenon-renewableresources,weare left with no other choice than thisalternativesolution,asmetalresourcesshouldbedepletedin2030–2050.

36«Europakanalzijngouduitrecyclinghalen»,LynnBerger,NRC,Nov.2,2012


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