The Sustainable city, C.A. Brebbia A. Ferrante, M ... · Introduction This paper has the objective...

Environmental conditions in the state of Rio de

Janeiro

A.C.M. Rocha* & C.A.N. Cosenza' Mastering in Architecture, Proarq/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil* Tilted teacher from Production Engineering Program COPPE/UFRJ,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract

This paper presents the methodology incorporated in a study, still indevelopment, which aims to put in place and build a hierarchical view of thestate of Rio de Janeiro, according to the architectural request, observed by theadequate use of the urban and natural environmental considerations and care forthe human well-being in the built environment.

The methodology used in this study is based upon the Locacional Model(elaborated at COPPE/UFRJ - 1996 - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro),which differs form the traditional ones by operating placement analysis from agroup of measurable factors, following quality and quantity considerations. Themodel also allows for inexact data (i.e. climate), with equations being carriedout according to the principles of Fuzzy Logic.

The methodology permits organizing a hierarchical punctuation from theanalysis of architectural patterns, according to each region, for the good use ofsolar, wind and other natural resources. To conclude there is an analysisincluded about the importance of new methodology investigations and theoryconfiguration for contemporary architecture.

Introduction

This paper has the objective of giving a general view of the methodologyincorporated in the Avaliation Model of Alternative - COPPE/Cosenza, appliedin architecture studies, which is called in this study the Decision MethodQuantification of Variable Project Subjectives, here represented by theabbreviature D&Qproj. The name transformation not only indicates the

The Sustainable city, C.A. Brebbia A. Ferrante, M. Rodiguez & B.Terra (Editors) © 2000 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISBN 1-85312-811-2

70 The Sustainable City

generalization potential of a model developed initially for decision making in theprocess of Industrial Localization, but also induces the academic approximation ofa completely diverse world to that of it's origin, permitting interdiscipline and apossible step forward for researches in the architectural area through recoursesoffered by other areas of the scientific knowledge.

A methodological process capable of confronting relations of interests likeoffer and demand is possibly used in any other activity, as long as it has an equalnecessity of a comparative valuation, to obtain more precise matrixes.

The relating estimate of variables is naturally incorporated to the naturalprocess of decision, but the subjectivism of intuition could never have beenconsidered as a scientific path in the obtaining of precise answers, although thisdoesn't occur with a methodology capable of incorporating such values.

In architecture the methods of decision that determine projects are consideredto be of a creative nature or a methodological nature. The subjectivism, foundpresent in the creative form of projection, is modernly rejected in the academicenvironment in this way; the projects is conveniently exempt from justifying hisown work as a logical conjugation of several factors, having only artisticrecognition attributed to the work. Theoretical people in architecture establisha comparison of the project creative approach to a non-witnessed "black-box" offunctioning, and in terms of analogy attributed to modern architectural thought,whether of codification effort or of methodological origin, to "transparent box"making it possible to observe all the operational mechanism. (SJLVA, Elvan-1991)

2 Development

2.1- Elaboration of Matrix A "General Demanded Environmental Factors".

To face demanding situations with those of offering, the methodology consistsmainly of the elaboration and operation with matrixes.

Firstly, for the elaboration of Matrix A, a listing of common factors thatrepresent the basic conditions has to be made, or of infrastructure fulfillment, foreach architectural attribution considered. This list of fundamental environmentalconditions can here be called "General Environmental Factors", generallyrepresented by n alternatives. This will correlation with another listing, called"Architectural Attributes" generally represented by h attributes, defining MatrixA. Generally Matrix A is defined as :

A=(ay) h x n /. F=fi, fa,..., fn => Is the demanded facts set1*1, r2,..., Tn => Is the importance of factors for the projectAI, A2,..., An => Is the set of attributes required

A:

Ah'

fi fzan ai2321 322

a<h-i)i a<h-i)2ani a%2

fn-,

3<h-1)(h-l)

fn

aoli*


The Sustainable City 71

Matrix A, according with architectural application:Example of "Architectural Attributes" (A%, A2,...,A«): Attributes for energyconservation, for utilization of solar energy, wind energy, water energy,attributes for water economy, for sewer treatment, etc...

SolarSource

WindSource

Eletric Water SewerInfra-str. Infra-str. Infra-str.

etc..,

r2 r3 r4 r5A1A2

A3 etc...

A] A2 AS A4 AS A6(Graphic design from STE ADMAN, P. book's: Eno-gia, Medio Ambiente y Edificacion - H. Blume Ediciones, Madrid, 1978

Fuzzy representation of Matrix A is associate with a fuzzy function representingthe level of importance of the factors:

A is the fuzzy representation of matrix A's demands and p.(f) is the membershipfunction representing the level of importance factors, presented by the literalexpression: Critical, Conditional, Regular, Light conditional and Irrelevant

So to each iteration of "General Environmental Factors" with "ArchitecturalAttributes" there's a comprehended punctuation between 0 and 1 as indicated(according to users criterion) classifying the priority of the "GeneralEnvironmental Factors" in the following way. So: Punctuation equal to zero=>Means no importance attributed to the factor for the working of thatarchitectural system. Or in other words, although being a basic necessity for adiverse number of architectural patterns, it doesn't represent any importance forthat specific one, which has a punctuation that'll be attributed to zero.Punctuation equal to one=> This is an opposite situation to the anterior one. Itrepresents the condition of maximum importance attributed to the demand factorfor the implantation to the pattern that is considered. Understood valuesbetween 0 and 1=> are arbitrated in a way that they establish a direct relationbetween arbitrated punctuation value, and the importance of the demanded item.

To consider the usury's punctuation attributions, it will be converted on ascale of 5 values (CRITIC, CONDITIONAL, REGULAR, LIGHTCONDITIONAL, and IRRELEVANT) respectively named as A, B, C, D, and Eobeying the following restrictions: For values equal to one (1) the condition ofthe CRITIC factor (=A) is unquestionable as for the system implantation. Forvalues equal to zero (0), the condition of the IRRELEVANT factor (=E) for thesystem implantation is also unquestionable. In spite of this, the classification of



the understood values between zero and one, should respect the differed weightsand relating values, to the numeric disposition of the whole, in the followingway: l)The total of attributed points to a light conditioning factor, has to bebigger that the sum of attributed points of the irrelevant factors SOEE. 2)The total of attributed points to a conditioning factor, has to be bigger than thesum of points attributed to light conditioning and irrelevant factors=>!B>ID+IE. 3)The total of attributed points to a conditioning factor, has tobe bigger than the sum of points attributed to regular, light conditional andirrelevant factors =>IB>XC+!D +SE.

Finally the Matrix A is structured in accordance to the scale A,B,C,D,E.

2.2- Elaboration of Matrix B "General Environmental Factors Offered".

The proceeding in obtaining Matrix B, is exactly like that of Matrix A.Conceptionally, the aim of Matrix B is to relate the availability of the "GeneralEnvironmental Factors", or basic available recourses, through the diverseexisting regional alternatives as locational hypothesis in the study. Generallyit's defined for Matrix B:B=(by) n x m /. F=fi, &,..., fn => Is the offered facts set

TI, % ..., rn => Is the importance of factors for the projectBI, 62,..., Bn => Is the set of attributes required

A, 1 nBIana2i

B2ai9

Bn-i Bn

201-1 ) a2n

AH

Matrix A, according with architectural application:

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8Solar SourceWind Source r2Eletric Infra-structure r3Water Infra-structure r4Sewer Infra-Structure r5

etc...

Rio de Janeiro regions: Bl= Fluminense low-land, B2= Ridge of mountains andFluminense center-west, B3= Fluminense center-south, B4= Niteroi andFluminense east, B5= Fluminense north and north-west, B6= Lake's region,B7= Metropolitan region, B8= Bay of "Ilha Grande" region



Matrix B is associated with a fuzzy function representing the factor's abundancelevel:

B is the fuzzy representation of the matrix B offering and n(f) is themembership function representing the level of factor's availability, presented bythe literal expression: Excellent, Good, Regular, Fair, Very weak

As the same way a punctuation between 0 and 1 is attributed, classifying theavailability of general factors offered.

2.3- Calculation of Matrix C "General Environmental LocalizationFactors"

Matrix C is the result of the matrix operation A0B. As for this it indicates, inquantity ,the possible localization for the various "Architectural Attributes" inthe diverse "Territorial Zones" made available in the study. C=A ® B = (C&)indicates the best architectural attribute to the k elementary areas, trough amatrix multiplication, which the elements from the original matrix operating bya fuzzy set. Different kinds of membership functions in A and B could beconsidered:

Demand Offer

MB

E D C B A E D C B A



On trying to solve the problem figured out on the use of asymmetric distance(EA) and increase the accuracy of the model for the two generic elements ay ®by = Cik is achieved through the following operation:

O f f e r1

1+W21000

1+W31+W2

100

1+W...1+W31+VV2

10

0++1+W...1+W...1+W2

1

Observations:• It is formalized that 0*= 1/n! and 0"*~*=l/n (where n= number of consideredattributes) the limit in quantities and are defined as infinitesimal and smallvalues (>0). In reality it could be considered an infinite number of values c&inthe interval [0,1].• The main diagonal, which terms present values equal to one indicates thesituation of maximum appropriateness of Offer x Demand.• The values equal to zero, below the main diagonal, is presented the situationof maximum inappropriateness of Offer x Demand to the areas that don't offerin an abundant way whatever's crucially demanded.• The values above the main diagonal, present the regions in particular that areable to offer more qualities than the architectural attributes would need. It'srepresented increasing a value to number one, indicating the advantages excessby each region.

Specifying Matrix C for 5 modalities:

•o

:

5o

ABCDE

A10000

O f 1B

1+1/n1000

F e rC

1+2/n1+1/n100

D I E1+3/n 1/4n1+2/n 1+3/n1+1/n 1+2/n1 1+1/n0 1

So operating elements (A,B,C,D,E) from Matrix A, with the elements(A,B,C,D,E) from Matrix B, through the indication of the table above, like in aconventional matrix product, numerically Matrix C is obtained

2.4 - Elaboration of Matrix A*Demand"

"Specific Environmental Factors in

The only difference between this one and matrix A is the conception. Whilethe first is directed to general aspects, being basic, and an implantation of thedifferent architectural pattern systems, this second one takes on board therestricted factors of the same patterns that make-up Matrix A. They are specificconditionings that are necessary to each model. In "operational" terms the



defining of Matrix A* is exactly equal to that of Matrix A, co-related with thehuman well-being, as in the grid below:

2.5- Elaboration of Matrix B* "Specific Environmental Factors Offered"

In a predictable way, this matrix is also of the same operational systems as toMatrix B. This is why only the factors offered by the territorial zones are thosethat are of specific nature of the human well-being.

Solar RadiationWind

Air TempAir Umid.

Cultural identityNatural Interaction

2.6- Calculation of MatrixFactors"

C* "Specific Environmental Localization

Just as in Matrix C* being related to the specific case, it faces the specific offerand demand factors. In spite of this small difference, of which is of extremeconceptual importance ,it is attributed to this new case. For the productoperation A*<8>B* it's only attributed to the maximum punctuation (=1) for thedemanded requirement; if not, no other numerical value is attributed inaccordance to the specific localization necessities, in which case it is totallyeliminated, not being considered in the final punctuation of areas in thesequence of calculations. And so, a region that almost attends to it's demand orthat's offer is greater than the demand doesn't present itself with any gainfulaspect as in relation to the rest.

Correlating this situation to the one before using the schematized matrix weobtain:

aij x bij

•ocmE0)0

B8 88f8%8&%882ABCDE

A10000

O f f e rB | C1 11 10 10 00 0

D11110

E11111



2.7- Calculation of Matrix T= Union of Matrix C with C*

With obtaining the two matrixes that correlate and punctuate the "ArchitecturalAttributes" with the "Territorial Zones", according two distinct approaches, theunion of these, given by an only product is processed. This union isn'trepresented by the simple numerical summing of the points. In a very ponderedmanner, the D&Qproj considers the requirements of a specific nature shouldhave agreater valuing through those considered basic or general. If the demand/ offerrelation, between architectural attributes and region, of an item of a specificnature is equal to zero or an inferior value as of the same model and the sameregion in the general case, the condition of disadvantage will remain .In relationto the specific case (when Cy* inferior to Cy), the counting of points in Matrix Tis established. Therefore, C©C*=T:

If Cy* is inferior to Cy => Then ay = Cy* Knowing that cy is the element of Matrix CIf Cy* is equal to cy => Then ay = cy* + cy Knowing that cy* is the element of Matrix C*If cy* is greater to cy => Then ay = cy* + cy Knowing that aij is the element of Matrix T.

Such a proceeding privileges the specific factors (human well-being) practicinglevel of influence that is decisive in the localizing of the architectural attributes.

2.8- Elaboration of Matrix 0 "Possibilities of Territorial Interference"

This matrix represents an opportunity proposed by the model, being able to be useor not by the user, indicating the possible and/or eventual modification in tlanalyzed territorial zones. Certain territorial zones, which aren't so recommendsto the results of Matrix T, can have their offer conditions modified through ieventual possibility of improvement that be submitted to that location. In thperspectives, being able to be taken on account in the methodology bound to tlD&Qproj. The grid attributed to this Matrix 0 is the same as Matrix C or C*.

In the elaboration of this matrix, there should have been some aspects in miniFirstly the two anterior cases (Matrix C and Matrix C*) shouldn't be mixed iwith this case. It can be said that, there can't be confusion made between offer ardemand with the real possibility of territorial interference, as this can come to fav<the localization systems. For this reason in the model it is estimated, once again,accordance to a value scale the capacity of territorial interference as shown in tluser's analysis and subjectivity. Punctuation equal to one=> In the cases <possible territorial interference and of localization possibility of certaarchitectural pattern with the interference in the territory. Punctuation equalzero=> In the cases of impossible territorial interference and of localizaticimpossibility. Punctuation between zero and one=> In the cases of non-territoriinterference, but still with possibility of localization.

If not considering this "opportunity", offered by the D&Qproj, the user shouijump from this item directly to item number 11.



.9- Calculation of Matrix S= Union of Matrix C with Matrix 0

n this phase the union between the capacity of offer general environmental factorsnth the possibilities of territorial interference will proceed itself through the sameriterions as in the CSS operation, meaning the privilege attributed to the capacityf regional interference by means of the general criterions. And so:

f 0ij is inferior to Cy => Then sy = 0y Knowing that sy is the element of Matrix Sf 0ij is equal a Cy => Then Sy = 0y + Cy Knowing that cy is the element of Matrix Cf 0ijis superior a cj => Then sy = 0y + Knowing that is the element of Matrix

.10- Calculation of Matrix IT=Reconstitution of Matrix T

Matrix II represents the reconstitution of Matrix T. When a modification of generalactor in offer occurs, through possible territorial interference (represented by/iatrix 0) Matrix T is re-done. The conditioning calculation set for Matrix n inMatrix S is established, or it can be said that, the capacity of territorial interference5 valued through the specific environmental characteristics of the territory itself.lo:

f sy > or = 1 =s> Then Try = sy (/.sy = element of union of general factors andsrritorial interference)f Sy > or = 0 and If s< 1 => Then wy = ay (/.ay = element of union of the generalnd specific factors)fsy = 0=>Then7iy = 0

Knowing that Tiij is the element of Matrix ITKnowing that sij is the element of Matrix SKnowing that Tij is the element of Matrix T

.11- Construction of Matrix A = Profile of Environmental Demand

lie construction of Matrix A represents only the representation of all the demandactors (specific and general). It can be understood as the result of amplification of/tatrix A through the inclusion of Matrix A*

.12- Construction of Matrix E = (Diagonal Matrix) and Matrix A (Finalrlatrix)

Matrix E unites two important characteristics considered in the methodologicalirocess of the D&Qproj. As it's a square matrix it has the same number of lines ast has columns, equal to the number of alternative architectural attributes beingonsidered. It's main diagonal is formed inverse of the demand elements summingor each system, depending on the indication coming from the matrix of the anteriortern, Matrix A.



Then, from Matrix A we obtaine n= number of all demanded factors by tlarchitectural attributes.As in a classical matrix operation, a multiplication with Matrix n and Matrixwill determine the last matrix; Matrix A.

The operation with Matrix E, as well as preserving the resulting structure <Matrix II, also inlays within itself the occurrence chances of each event, in eacsystem.

2.13- Interpretation of Results

If 5ik is equal to 1, then the region is satisfactoryIf 5ik is less than 1, then the region doesn't offer absolute conditions f<the localization of the study in question.If Sik is greater than 1, then the region offers more conditions than whwas required.

Knowing that S& is the element of Matrix A

3. Conclusion

The beginning of methodological configurations in architecture, had it's reasonstarting in the 50's and 60's. On that occasion three basic factors were essentialfor the beginning of this new current of project conception. First a questioningabout the continuous and repeated form of edification implemented in a range ofgeographic parts of the planet, being climatic, economical, cultural etccharacteristics were diverse, but always obeyed the dominant cultural directress.In spite of permitting the technological "socialization" of the constructivepractices ,the globalization also brought the risk of cultural and homogeneousmanipulation ; And so creating a target for critics. Secondly was the birth of athought pointing at the industrial production processes. Emerging from worryconcerning the optimizing of the productive processes, of social movements thatspeculate the multiple logic of energy capture from the production systems, therelation middle man x production started to be more observed. And finally, thethird and final fact was the affinity between the two anterior thoughts with thoseof the architecture vernacular defenders . The interest for the anonymousculture and architecture started to exist form the moment that these"vernaluclar" constructions were authentically made environmental andintegrated to the ambient, through a collective logic of construction and ofcultural identification (MONTANER, Josep M. - 1993).

As impossible historic retrocession cause a constant conceptual developmentin the conception of architectonic projects. The architecture abdicates the roleof a pure object of art and also of rigidness and coldness of the extremefunctional primacy and reveals, by means of the methodological practice, it'sgreat effort in development and perfection. The emerging of the projectmethodologies that incorporates the popular participation in the project was a



new path found, and the bio climatic architecture also appears an economicallypossible solution for the third world countries.

But man doesn't seek in alternative energetic sources simply a possiblesolution of economic order for its financial questions any more.He attributes tothis conduct and to the preserving of the environment as being the only way outfor his own survival. The sustainable development emerges close to the year2000 as the most important topic for the next decades, being decisive in thechange of mentalities, attitudes, and quality of life acquisition for futuregenerations. Embodying cities, specially the industrialized ones, in a self-sustainable cycle represents a big challenge for the new millenium.

For the scientific ecology the city doesn't constitute a study object that's"self-sufficient" unless the system of first relevance of the cities functioning issubmitted to the ecosystem that belongs to the region. In other words, thesystem of urban functioning has to be a sub-system of the regional ecosystem.As for Architecture, through its own constructive units - the house, the building,etc -it answers for the forming elements of urban centers. From it's expectedobedience to the sub-global system , the functioning of cities, here beingunderstood as a "subsystem of a subsystem" or a sub-subsystem of the regionalecosystem, doesn't leave any doubts about its protagonist role in the survivaland planning of the cities of the future.

References

[1] MONTANER, Josep M. - "Despues del Movimento Moderno- Arquitectura dela Segunda Mitad del Siglo XX". Ed. Barecelona: Gustavo Gili, S.A. pp. 127-138, 1993.

[2] PORTO, Maria M. - "A Considerate do Clima no Projeto Industrial - um Eloentre a Localizagao e Arquitetura em Beneficio do Homem e da ProdugaoCondicionada a Preservagao AmbientaT - Doctorating thesis , Rio de Janeiro:COPPE/UFRJ, (Chapter) Metodos Para a Consideraqao do Clima no ProjetoIndustrial 1996.

[3] PORTO, Maria M. e COSENZA, Carlos A. N. - "Arquitetura Industrial: UmaEstrutura Modelada pelos Parametros Espaciais Ambientais". In: Arquitetura,Pesquisa Projeto, Rio de Janeiro, PROARQ/UFRJ, pp. 55-73,1998.

[4] SILVA, Elvan - "Uma Introdufao ao Projeto Arquitetonico", Porto Alegre:Eduni-Sul, (Chapter 4) Um Modelo Teorico no Processo Projeutal naArquitetura, 1991


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