The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant 26 Juin 2003...

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant

26 Juin 2003 Meudon, France

P. M. Grant, (Electric Power Research Institute)[email protected]

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage

of Electricity and Hydrogen

ftp://grant:[email protected]/Nat%20Lab%20SuperGrid%20Proposal/



P.M. Grant, The Industrial Physicist, Feb/March Issue, 2002

ftp://grant:[email protected]/Nat%20Lab%20SuperGrid%20Proposal

SupermarketSchool Home

Family Car

DNA-to-order.com

Nuclearplant

H2

H2

HTSC/MgB2

SuperCity



SuperGrid

“Continential SuperGrid Workshop,” UIUC/Rockefeller U., Palo Alto, Nov. 2002

ftp://grant:[email protected]/Energy%20SuperGrid%20Workshop%20Proceedings/http://www.epri.com/journal/details.asp?doctype=features&id=511



North American 21st Century Energy

SuperGrid

H2

e–

H2

e–

H2

e–H2

e–

Commercial

Residential

BMW Z9

Heavy Industr

y

Energy Storage

Solar Roofs

Urban BiomassHTGCR Nuclear Plant



Interstate 80The 20th Century Diesel

Grid



Architecture

SuperGrid – A superconducting, H2-cooled interstate “backbone” connecting regions coast to coast.

RegionGrid – Two grid operators (East and West) with upgraded high capacity lines to transmit power regionally.

CityGrid – Local mini- and micro-grids with distributed intelligence, energy resources, and demand response

Integrated systems architecture enables NationalGrid operations across all dimensions.

Three Dimensions

HTHTSS



Garwin-Matisoo(IBM, 1967)

• Nb3Sn Wire

• TC = 9 K

• LHe liquid-vapor cooled

• LN2 heat shield

100 GW dc, 1000 km !

“Superconducting Lines for the Transmission of Large Amounts of Electric Power over Great Distances,”R. L. Garwin and J. Matisoo, Proc. IEEE 55, 538 (1967)



1986: A Big Surprise!

Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986

1980 2000

Hig

h-T

C

164 K

La-214

Hg-1223

V3Si

1900 1920 1940 1960 0

50

100

150

200

Tem

per

atu

re,

TC

(K)

Year

Low-TCHg

Onset TC = 40 K !

La-Ba-Cu-O



1987: “The Prize!”



Electricity Pipe

P.M. Grant, S. Schoenung, W. Hassenzahl, EPRI Report 8065-12, 1997

ftp://grant:[email protected]/Nat%20Lab%20SuperGrid%20Proposal

Initial EPRIstudy on longdistance (1000 km)HTSC dc cablecooled by liquidnitrogen -- 1997 --



SuperCables

+v I-v

I

H2 H2

Circuit #1 +v I-v

I

H2 H2

Circuit #2

Multiple circuitscan be laid in single trench



SuperCableHV Insulation

“Super-Insulation”

Superconductor

Hydrogen

DO

DH2

tsc



Power Flows

PSC = 2|V|IASC, where PSC = Electric power flowV = Voltage to neutral (ground)I = SupercurrentASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus

Electricity

PH2 = 2(QρvA)H2, where PH2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H2)ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube

Hydrogen



Electric & H2 Power

0.12525,000100,000+/- 50001000

Annular Wall

Thickness (cm)

Critical Current Density (A/cm2)

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

Power (MW)

Electricity

3183.8110500

“Equivalent” Current Density (A/cm2)

H2 Flow Rate (m/sec)

Inner Pipe Diameter, DH2

(cm)

Power (MW)

Hydrogen (LH2, 20 K)



Thermal Losses

WR = 0.5εσ (T4amb – T

4SC), where

WR = Power radiated in as watts/unit areaσ = 5.67×10-12 W/cm2K4

Tamb = 300 KTSC = 20 Kε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surfaceDSC = 10 cm WR = 3.6 W/m

RadiationLosses

Superinsulation: WRf = WR/(n-1), where

n = number of layers

Target: WRf = 0.5 W/m requires ~10 layers

Other addenda (convection, conduction): WA = 0.5 W/m

WT = WRf + WA = 1.0 W/m



Heat Removal

dT/dx = WT/(ρvCPA)H2, where dT/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/mWT = Thermal in-leak per unit Lengthρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow RateCP = H2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube

Take WT = 1.0 W/m, then dT/dx = 1.8910-5 K/m, Or, 0.2 K over a 10 km distance



Remaining Issues

• Current stabilization via voltage control

• Cryogenic power electronics• Hydrogen gas cooling and transport• Hydrogen storage• Prototyping• Costs (!)• Initial Demonstration Site



Where there is no vision,the people perish… Proverbs 29:18



“You can’t always get what you

want…”



“…you get what you need!”

The SuperGrid: Combined Delivery and Storage of Electricity and Hydrogen Paul M. Grant 26 Juin 2003...

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