The Stuff of the Universe

What is nature

“made of”?

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Horsehead nebula in Orion

Matter & Energy

Phases of Matter

Solid

Gas

Liquid

Determined by temperature and pressure

Rock

Atomic Particles

Atoms (Elements)

Compounds

Life, the Universe & Everything

Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?

Particle ChargeWeight (amu)

Proton (p)

+ 1

Electron (e)

- ~0

Neutron (n)

0 1

Atomic Structure

Atomic Number

=Number of

Protons

Importanceof Protons

Elements

Iron

Carbon

Gold

Periodic Table of the Elements

The most abundant

element in the universe:

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Hydrogen

Large Magellanic Cloud

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CrustCrust Whole EarthWhole Earth

•Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5%•Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2%•Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1%•Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6%•Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1%•Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6%•Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1%•Magnesium (Mg) 2.3% 12.7%•All others 0.5% 5.1%

Abundance of the Elements (wt. %):Solid Earth

Abundance of Elements (%):Living Things

HumanHuman AlfalfaAlfalfaBacteriaBacteria

•Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9% 73.7%•Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1%•Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9%•Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0%•Phosphorous (P) 0.6% 0.7% 0.6%•Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%

AtomicWeight

= number of protons + neutrons

Importanceof Neutrons

Quiz - Lithium

Atomic Number =

Atomic Weight =

3

7

Isotopes

Determine how atoms

bond to form

Compounds

Importanceof Electrons

Atomic Particles

Atoms (Elements)

Compounds

Life, the Universe & Everything

Minerals

Carbon is found in all organic compounds

Organic Compounds

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Why Carbon?

• Small and Abundant• 4th most abundant element in the Solar System

• Bonds with a lot of different atoms• Forms lots of different organic compounds

• Forms long chains (polymers)• Forms very strong bonds

• Hard to destroy• Bonds “store” a lot of energy

Organic Compounds

Types of Organic Compounds

1. Lipids - (H,C (hydrocarbons)) Fats and Oils

cell membranes & energy storage

2. Carbohydrates - (C, H, O) Sugars, Starches and

Cellulose energy storage &

structure

Organic Compounds

Types of Organic Compounds

3.Amino Acids Proteins - (C, H, O, N, S)

Enzymes - catalysts for chemical reactions

also Hair, silk, fingernails, etc.

4. Nucleic Acids - (C, H, O, N, P)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

store & transfer genetic information

Energy: Types

Kinetic•Mechanical•Electromagnetic•Electricity•Heat

Potential•Chemical

Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Energy:Quality

Low Quality High Quality(disorganized concentrated)

Energy: Units

Joule (J) = Energy needed to lift 1 kg weight by 0.1 meter(about the energy to lift an apple over your head)

calorie (cal) = Energy needed to heat 1 g water by 1°C

(Note” Calories (Cal) in food are equal to 1000 calories (cal)

1 calorie = 4.2 joules (1 Calorie = 4200 joules)

PowerRate of energy use

Watt(Joule/second)

100 W light bulb uses 100 joules of energy each second(200 Calorie candy bar would light bulb for 140 minutes)

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3 Fundamental Laws of Nature

• Conservation of Matter

• 1st Law of Thermodynamics(Conservation of Energy)

• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics(Degradation of Energy)

• “You can’t thrown anything away”

• “You can’t get something for nothing”

• “In fact, you can’t even break even”