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• The study of the interaction of geographical area and political process
• It is the formal study of territoriality.• Covers forms of government, borders, treaties,
trading blocs, conflicts and war.
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
Interaction of politics and place Interaction of politics and place
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• A politically organized territory
• Administered by a sovereign government
• Recognized by a significant portion of the international community.
A state must also contain:
– a permanent resident population
– an organized economy
STATE
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• A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and
unity.
NATION - STATE
Classic Example Classic Example of of
a Nation-State:a Nation-State: JapanJapan
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Monarchies: Constitutional Monarchy Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy
Republics: Democracy Restricted Democratic Practice Authoritarian Regime
Totalitarian Regime
Non-Sovereign: Protectorate Colonial Dependency Empire
Source: Matthew White, 2003. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Adapted from FreedomHouse.org
Forms of Government
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Monarchies: Constitutional Monarchy Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy
Republics: Democracy Restricted Democratic Practice Authoritarian Regime
Totalitarian Regime
Non-Sovereign: Protectorate Colonial Dependency Empire
Source: Matthew White, 2003. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Adapted from FreedomHouse.org
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Monarchies: Constitutional Monarchy Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy
Republics: Democracy Restricted Democratic Practice Authoritarian Regime
Totalitarian Regime
Non-Sovereign: Protectorate Colonial Dependency Empire
Source: Matthew White, 2003. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Adapted from FreedomHouse.org
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Politics of GeographyPolitics of Geography
Effect of place on politicsEffect of place on politics
ExampleExample::Political BordersPolitical Borders
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U.S.-Canadaboundary
Alberta-Montana
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U.S.-Mexicoboundary
Calexico, California-Mexicali, Mexico
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Iguazu Falls, Argentina / Paraguay
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Mexico-Guatemala Border Region
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GEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICS
State’s power to control State’s power to control territory, shape international policyterritory, shape international policy
and other states’ foreign policy and other states’ foreign policy
State’s power to control State’s power to control territory, shape international policyterritory, shape international policy
and other states’ foreign policy and other states’ foreign policy
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How Americans View the World?
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East versus West: View of Communist “Red Bloc” during Cold War
Lumping failed to recognizedifferences among Communists,
or local causes of conflict
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Enlargement ofSoviet bloc after
World War II
BerlinWall,
1961-89
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Changes in Europe, 1990-93
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Africancolonies
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Decolonization, 1940s-1990s
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International CooperationTreaties and Trading Blocs
•Economic Treaties and Free Trade Agreements
•Military Alliances
•Supranational Agreements
Map of NATO Countries
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Trading Blocs
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OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a large group of countries[1][2] made up of Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Ecuador (which rejoined OPEC in November 2007)
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EuropeanUnion
Began as EuropeanEconomic
Community(EEC), 1957.
Stronger in 1994
10 new membersjoined, 2004
Turkey and Romania want to
join but have faced resistance.
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United Nations Member States (192)Non-member States
Taiwan (China)
Vatican City
Western Sahara (territory of Morocco)
Palestinian Territories
Tibet (China)
The United Nations System is based on five active principal organs UN General Assembly UN Security Council UN Economic and Social Council UN Secretariat International Court of Justice
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Sample United Nations OrganizationsUNDP - United Nations Development Programme UNIFEM - United Nations Development Fund for Women UNV - United Nations Volunteers UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme UNFPA - United Nations Fund for Population Activities UNHCR - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UN-HABITAT - United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund
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ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY
Political Geography of ElectionsPolitical Geography of Elections
Variation of voting districtsVariation of voting districtsand voting patternsand voting patterns
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ELECTORAL ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY
VOTER TURN-OUT All elections since 1945-1998
Country vote/VAP%
1 Italy 92.5
2 Cambodia 90.5
3 Seychelles 96.1
4 Iceland 89.5
36 Romania 77.2
37 Spain 77
75 Luxembourg 64.1
76 Nepal 63.7
95 Malaysia 59
96 Zimbabwe 58.8
97 Jamaica 58.5
106 Honduras 55.3
107 Russia 55
108 Panama 53.4
109 Poland 52.3
110 Uganda 50.6
114 USA 48.3
115 Mexico 48.1
116 Peru 48
Source: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2005
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“Gerrymandering”
Redistricting forpartisan purposes
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U.S.congressional
delegationredistricting
Reapportionment :allocating seats toa geographic area(normally done after every census)
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Tom Delay’s District in Texas
After Texas Republicans won a majority in 2002, they enacted redistricting legislation to protect their wins.
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Congressional reapportionment
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1860 Presidential Vote
Led to Southern secession, Civil War
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1996 Presidential Vote
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Davis (D) 48%Simon (R) 42%Camejo (G) 5%Copeland (L) 2%
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205229
1I
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2004 Presidential Vote
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2004 Presidential Vote
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2004 Presidential Vote
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