حمن الر الله حمن بسم الر الله بسم حيم الر حيم الر

In the name of Allah who is the In the name of Allah who is the most beneficent and the merciful.most beneficent and the merciful.

The structure of The structure of scientific revolutionscientific revolution

The role of scientific traditionThe role of scientific traditionA scientific community cannot practice its trade

without some set of received beliefs. A PARADIGM must exist.

True or false? Is science the only area that needs a paradigm? Can ANYTHING function without a paradigm?

Examples?

What is the role of education?What is the role of education?The nature of the "rigorous and rigid"

preparation helps ensure that the received beliefs are firmly fixed in the student's mind.

True or false? Is this true with any kind of education? Is there a difference between "Beginning" and "more advanced" education?

Examples?

What is the role of research?What is the role of research?Research is about confirming existing concepts,

and exploring their applications. Research tends to work within a paradigm.

Kuhn says it is "a strenuous and devoted attempt to force nature into the conceptual boxes supplied by professional education".

What do you think? Is it always that way?

How does progress occur?How does progress occur?When an anomaly undermines the basic tenets

of the current scientific practiceThese tenets and assumptions no longer workNew assumptions must developNew assumptions –"paradigms" - require the

reconstruction of prior assumptions and the re-evaluation of prior facts.

This is difficult and time consuming. Therefore is also strongly resisted by the established community.

Scientific revolutionScientific revolution

This process is what Kuhn calls a "scientific revolution", occurring through paradigm-shift

How do paradigms emerge?How do paradigms emerge?Researchers observe phenomenaVarious "pre-paradigmatic" interpretations

emerge and competeOne interpretation seems better than the others,

and gains more and more adherentsThat interpretation becomes a "paradigm"

After a paradigm is created…After a paradigm is created…A paradigm transforms a group into a profession

or, at least, a discipline. From this follows the formation of specialized

journals, the foundation of professional bodies and a claim to a special place in academe.

There is a promulgation of scholarly articles "addressed only to professional colleagues, [those] whose knowledge of a shared paradigm can be assumed and who prove to be the only ones able to read the papers addressed to them".

Once a paradigm exists…Once a paradigm exists…It resists change1. They change only when forced to or when the

change offers a strong advantage.2. If a person or system is biased toward its present

paradigm, then a new paradigm is seen as inferior, even though it may be better.

3. This bias can run so deep that two paradigms are incommensurate.

4. They are incomparable because each side uses their own paradigm's rules to judge the other paradigm.

Paradigms in psychologyParadigms in psychologyThe Cartesian (after Descartes) or Newtonian

paradigm: the person as a mechanism, as a clock, as a computer

The evolutionary paradigm: the person in change, as an adaptive organism, in continuity with the other species

The ecological paradigm: the person as part of a complex system

There are also "sub-paradigms"There are also "sub-paradigms"

Paradigms within sub-fields of psychology.

They dictate what gets published etc.

Why is this relevant to the Why is this relevant to the history of psychology?history of psychology?Because also, history is told from a certain point

of view, from a given paradigm.What, do you think, are the basic assumptions of

the text we are using?

Thank YouThank You