The Structure of an Atom By: Lauren Lancaster and Wade Lipham SPS1.

The Structure of an Atom

By: Lauren Lancaster and Wade Lipham

SPS1

Protons- positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutrons- neutral particles in the

nucleus of an atom.

Electrons- the negatively

charged particles in an atom.

Atomic Number- The number of protons and electrons in an atom.

Atomic Mass- This includes the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

of an element.

The element’s identity number is found by the number of protons found in the element. If the number of protons is changed in an element it is no longer the same element.

IsotopesIsotopes are atoms of the

same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Isotopes do not change the element’s identity number but it

does affect the element’s atomic

mass.

Hydrogen has three isotopes:

Protium which has a mass of 1 and has one proton and no neutrons

Deuterium which has a mass of 2 and has one proton and one neutron

Tritium which has a mass of 3 and has one proton and two neutrons

Covalent and Ionic

Covalent • Equal

sharing of valence electrons

• Non- metal with a non-metal

Ionic• Transfer of

valence electrons

• Metal and a non- metal

Both

•Kinds of bonds

•Move valence electrons

Questions

1. How do you determine the number of protons in an element?

Look at the Atomic number, this number also tells the number of electrons

2. What is one difference between ionic and covalent bonds.

See the graph on slide 5

3. Where are protons and neutrons located?

Inside the nucleus of an atom

4. What does and isotope affect about an element?

An isotope affects the elements atomic mass

• SPS2: Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of

matter.

Calculating Density

Density equals mass divided by volume (D= m/V)

EXAMPLE-

m= 14g

V= 7cm^3

So… 14g divide by 7cm^3 = 2g/cm^3

Predicting Formulas for Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Ionic bonds- These result from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

EXAMPLE: AlO becomes Al2O3

Covalent bonds- These form when two or more elements Share electrons to create a stronger outer shell.

EXAMPLE: Hydrogen (H) has 1 electron and it wants 2. H shares electrons with another H in order to have 2 electrons.

It becomes H2.

The Law of Conservation of Matter

This law states that matter and energy are neither created nor destroyed. They can, however, be interchanged with each other.

Synthesis: Na + Cl = NaCl

Decomposition: NaCl = Na + Cl

Single Replacement: NaCl + F = NaF + Cl

Double Replacement: NaCl + LiBr = NaLi + ClBr

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity

The spontaneous release of energy and particles from the nucleus of an atom.

An Isotopes of radioactive elements.

An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons.


A wave of energy traveling as particles and contains two protons and two neutrons.

A wave of energy as an electron is given off by a radioisotope.

Waves of energy given off as isotopes.


RadiationRadiation Particles/ Particles/ WavesWaves

ChargeCharge Energy Energy levellevel

Stopped Stopped by:by:

Alpha Alpha ParticlesParticles

2 Protons2 Protons

2 Neutrons2 Neutrons

PositivePositive lowlow paperpaper

BetaBeta

ParticlesParticles

1 electron1 electron negativenegative mediummedium 1 cm1 cm

LeadLead

GammaGamma

RaysRays

Waves of Waves of energyenergy

No No chargecharge

HighHigh concreteconcrete

Most dangerous type of radiation


The splitting the nucleus of an atom into smaller pieces. It is used to make nuclear

energy.

A nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form a bigger nuclei that releases energy.


The time it takes for half of the particles in the nucleus to decay. It breaks down elements

into smaller harmless elements. Elements with larger atomic numbers have a longer half-life.

Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.


Fission is used to create nuclear energy. It is Fission is used to create nuclear energy. It is used daily across the country. In medicine we used daily across the country. In medicine we

use radioactive isotopes like arsenic to find use radioactive isotopes like arsenic to find brain tumors. In agriculture we radiate our brain tumors. In agriculture we radiate our

animal and plant food so they animal and plant food so they will grow faster. will grow faster. There are many There are many

disadvantages that disadvantages that comes with nuclear comes with nuclear energy. Such as…..energy. Such as…..


What is the time it takes for half of a particle to decay?

Click for answer!

HALF-LIFEClick for next question

What is the spontaneous release of energy and particles from a nucleus of

an atom?RadioactivityThe basis for a nuclear

reaction is what?FISSION

Solute- a substance that Solute- a substance that dissolves into a solution. dissolves into a solution. exex. salt. . salt.

Solvent- a substance that Solvent- a substance that dissolves a solute to dissolves a solute to make a solution. make a solution. exex. . waterwater

Conductivity- when Conductivity- when melted or dissolved in melted or dissolved in water, ionic compounds water, ionic compounds conduct electricity.conduct electricity.

OH H

Cl-Cl-

Cl-

Cl-

Na+ Na+

Na+

Concentration- the quantity of Concentration- the quantity of solute dissolved in a given solute dissolved in a given quantity of solutionquantity of solution

SPS6

• When dissolving in a solvent, a solute will dissolve better when warm.

• The size of the particles of solvent also affect the rate of solubility.

• Stirring a solute helps with the rate at which a solute will dissolve.

SPS6

Temperature

Solubility

SPS6

• Acids• Solid or liquid compounds that

contain hydrogen• Sour in taste• Can be detected by litmus

indicator paper• a strong acid will release many

hydrogen ions into a water solution

• A very strong acid can corrode metal

Bases•Alkaline solutions

•Bitter in taste

•Slippery

•Contain hydroxide ions

•A strong base is poisonous and corrosive to the skin

•Will dissolve fats and oils

SPS6

• Examples of Acids Examples of Bases• Lemons lye (used in soap)• Tea ammonia• Sour milk milk of magnesia• Vinegar deoderant/anti-

persperant

• Examples of Neutrals• Water

SPS10

Properties of electricity

and magnetism

• Static Electricity - type of electrical charge caused by friction between two objects

• Friction - force between surfaces that composes motion

SPS10

Induction - The generation of electromotive force in a closed circuit by a varying magnetic flux

through the circuit

SPS10

Conduction - movement of heat energy through a substance by direct contact between the

particles.

SPS10

Flow of Electrons

• Alternating Current - an electric current that changes direction at regualr intervals, also called AC

• Direct Current - an electric current that has a constant flow of electrons in a single direction, also called DC

SPS10

Voltage, Resistance, and Current

• This relationship is called Ohm's law: The relationship among voltage, current, and resistance are within the circuit. The size of the current that flows in a circuit varies in the proportion of the voltage which is applied to the circuit, and in inverse proportion to the resistance through which it must pass.

SPS10

Magnetism

• Electomagnets - magnets made by winding wire around a core and passing electricity through the wire.

SPS10

• Permanent Magnets - magnets that are magnetic all the time

SPS10

• Simple Motors - converts

electrical energy into mechanical energy,

SPS10

The Structure of an Atom By: Lauren Lancaster and Wade Lipham SPS1.

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