The Story of Comfort Air Conditioning

Appendix-3 References

References CHC=CIBSE Heritage Group Collection

Introductory Essay: The Evolution of Office Buildings and Air Conditioning 1. “Building Services Engineering: A Review of Its Development,” Neville S Billington & Brian M Roberts, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. (Includes a history of ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration). 2. “Heat & Cold: Mastering the Great Indoors, “Barry Donaldson & Bernard Nagengast, ASHRAE, Atlanta, Georgia, 1994 (ASHRAE Centenary). (Includes a history of ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration). 3. “The Quest for Comfort,” Brian Roberts, IMI/Andrews Water Heaters for CIBSE, London (CIBSE Centenary). (A selective pictorial history, including sections on natural ventilation, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration). 4. “Architecture of the Islamic World,” Thames & Hudson, London, 1978: Chap.6, “Vernacular Architecture: The House and Society,” Guy T Petherbridge. 5. “Passive Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture,” Mehdi N Bahadori, Scientific American, February 1978, pp.144-154. 6. “Vitruvius: The Ten Books of Architecture,” Morris Hickey Morgan (Trans), Dover Publications, New York, 1960, pp157-159. 7. “A History of Comfort Cooling Using Ice,” Bernard Nagengast, ASHRAE Journal, February 1999, pp.49-57. 8. “The Romance of Air Conditioning,” Logan Lewis, Carrier Corp booklet, USA, c.1955. 9. “Rudimentary Treatise on Warming & Ventilation,” C Tomlinson, Weale, London, 1850. 10. “De Re Metallica,” Georgius Agricola, 1556; Herbert Clark Hoover & Lou Henry Hoover (Trans), Dover Publications, New York, 1950, Book VI. 11. “Natural Cooling Systems of Jaisalmer,” Vinod Gupta, Architectural Science Review, Vol.28, No.3, September 1985, pp.58-64. 12. “Illustrations of Ventilation,” D B Reid, Longmans Green, London, 1844. 13. “The Palace of Westminster,” Sir Robert Cooke, Burton Skira, New York, 1987 (in particular see Appendices B, D & E). 14. “Technics and Architecture,” Cecil D Elliot, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1993: Chap.11, “Heating & Ventilation.”

15. “Ventilation & Heating,” John S Billings, The Engineering Record, London, 1896. 16. “Within These Walls,” Ken Dale, Building Services: Journal CIBSE, December 1992, pp.32-33. 17. “Victorian Architecture,” James Stevens Curl, David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1990, pp.235-237. 18. “John Gorrie, The Visionary,” John Gladstone, ASHRAE Journal, December 1998, pp.29-35. 19. “A History of Building Types,” “Nikolaus Pevsner, Thames & Hudson, London, 1976, p.48. 20. “The Builder: Illustrations Index: 1843-1883,” Ruth Richardson & Robert Thorne, The Builder Group & Hutton+Rostron, London, 1994. 21. The Phipson Papers, CIBSE Heritage Group Collection, London. 22. “New York: 1900,” Robert A M Stern, Gregory Gilmartin & John Massengale, Rizzoli, New York, 1995. 23. “Form Follows Finance,” Carol Willis, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1995. 24. “The Chicago School of Architecture,” Carl W Condit, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1964. 25. “Chicago: Creating New Traditions,” Perry Duis, Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, 1976. 26. “Master Builders of the World’s Greatest Structures,” (a record of the construction of the Woolworth Building, New York), Hugh McAtamney & Co, New York, 1913. [David Arnold Collection]. 27. “The Evolution of Modern Office Buildings and Air Conditioning,” David Arnold, ASHRAE Journal, June 1999. 28. “Air Conditioning in Office Buildings After World War II,” David Arnold, ASHRAE Journal, July 1999. Part-1: Nineteenth Century Ventilation & Cooling 1. “The Crystal Palace,” Patrick Beaver, Phillimore & Co, Chichester, 1986. 2. “The Great Exhibition Building,” Paper No.843 presented at the Institution of Civil Engineers, London by Matthew Digby Wyatt, 14 January 1851. 3. “A History of Building Types,” “Nikolaus Pevsner, Thames & Hudson, London, 1976. 4. “Air Conditioning and the Evolution of Modern Office Building Design,” David Arnold, Lecture Paper, 1998. 5. “Foreign & Commonwealth Office,” HMSO, London, 1996 (Special Edition version produced by Troup Bywaters+Anders, Building Services Consulting Engineers for the restoration work). [CHC]. 6. “Works in Progress, “Alvin Rosenbaum, Pomegranate Art Books, San Francisco, 1994. 7. “Atria Revisited,” Brian Roberts, Building Services: The CIBSE Journal, September 1993, pp.32-33.

8. “The Encyclopedia of New York City,” Kenneth T Jackson (Ed), YUP, New Haven with The New York Historical Society, 1995, pp.348-349. 9. “The Boyle System of Ventilation, “catalogue of Robert Boyle & Son Ltd, Ventilating Engineers of 64 Holborn Viaduct, London, EC & 110 Bothwell Street, Glasgow, undated (c.1900). 10. “English Hospitals, 1660/1948 (A survey of their Architecture and Design),” Harriet Richardson (Ed), Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, Swindon, 1998. 11. “Wie die Heizung Karriere machte, Technik Geschichte Kultur,” Sulzer Infra (Schweiz) AG, Winterthur, Switzerland, 1991. 12. “Rise of the New York Skyscraper, 1865-1913,” Sarah Bradford & Carl W Condit, YUP, 1996. 13. “Building Early America,” Charles E Petersen (Ed), Chap.10, “An Historical Sketch of Central Heating: 1800-1860,” Eugene S Ferguson, The Astragal Press, New Jersey, 1976. 14. “Designing the Well-Tempered Institution of 1873,” Jeffrey Cook & Tanis Hinchcliffe, ARQ (Architectural Research Quarterly), Vol. 1, Winter 1995, pp.70-78. 15. “Delivering the Well-Tempered Institution of 1873,” Jeffrey Cook & Tanis Hinchcliffe, ARQ (Architectural Research Quarterly), No.1, Vol.2, Autumn 1996, pp.66-75. 16. “Designing Ventilation with Heating,” Jeffrey Cook, ASHRAE Journal, April 1988. 17. Communication from Alfred Waterhouse to The Right Hon. The First Commissioner of H M Works, Public Records Office, Kew (PRO WORKS 18-18/3 p.15 ff). 18. “Architecture in the United States,” Dell Upton, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998. 19. “Ventilation and Heating,” John S Billings, The Engineering Record, London, 1896. 20. “Liverpool Royal Infirmary: A History,” The University of Liverpool, undated (c.1997). 21. “The New Royal Infirmary,” contemporary handwritten report (c.1890). Phipson Papers. [CHC/WWP/00038]. 22. “Mechanical & Electrical Systems for Historic Buildings,” Gersil Kay, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1992. 23. “The Rise of the New York Skyscraper,” 1865/1913, Sarah Bradford & Carl W Condit, Yale University Press, 1996. 24. “The Mechanical Ventilation and Warming of St George’s Hall, Liverpool,” C R Honiball, The Heating and Ventilating Magazine, Vol.4, October 1907, p.15. 25. “Air Washing: Particulars of Installations Reported by GNH to WNH or seen by WNH,” Haden Archive, Document 1325/216, Wiltshire Record Office, Trowbridge. 26. “Theatres: An Illustrated History,” Simon Tidworth, Pall Mall Press, London, 1973.

27. “Rosser & Russell Limited: The First Two Hundred Years,” company brochure, 1974. 28. “Eighty Year Old Theatre Reopens,” Harry J Scharres, Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning, November 1967, pp.106-109. 29. “The Palace of Westminster,” Sir Robert Cooke, Burton Skira, New York, 1987. 30. “Illustrations of Ventilation,” D B Reid, Longmans Green, London, 1844. 31. “Technics and Architecture,” Cecil D Elliot, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1993: Chap.11 “Heating and Ventilation.” 32. “Heat & Cold: Mastering the Great Indoors,” Barry Donaldson & Bernard Nagengast, ASHRAE, Atlanta, Georgia, 1994: Chap.10, “Electric Power Changes the Industry.” 33. “Operating Instructions for the Empire Theatre,” handwritten notes by Wilson W Phipson, 12 March 1890. [CHC/WWP/00050]. 34. “Air Treatment (Carnegie House),” Building Services: The CIBSE Journal, March 1980, p.39. 35. “Steam Engine, Belfast College of Technology, College Square, Belfast,” report HB 26/50 by F W Hamond, 12 September 1996. [CHC]. 36. “Visit to the Municipal Technical Institute, Belfast,” F J Ferris, CIBSE Heritage Group, 26 September 2000. [CHC]. 37. “Municipal Technical Institute Building, Belfast,” J M Barber, CIBSE Heritage Group, 26 September 2000. [CHC]. Part-2: The Air Conditioned Building 1900-1939 1. “Some Points Regarding the Ventilation and the Heating of Tall Buildings,” H C Meyer Jr, ASHVE Trans, 15, pp.94-107. 2. “Ventilation and Heating: Principles and Application,” Catalogue No.84, B F Sturtevant Co, Boston, Mass, 6th Edition, 1906. 3. “The Story of Manufactured Weather (by the Mechanical Weather Man),” Carrier Engineering Corporation, USA, 1919. [CHC/00401] 4. “Time I Speak of..... (An informal Retrospect of Thirty Years),” David L Fiske, Refrigerating Engineering, Vol.28, No.6, December 1934, pp.287-294. 5. “Cooling of Air with a Few Notes on Air Filters,” J Roger Preston, Proc.IHVE, 22, 1923, p.125. 6. “Air Conditioning and Air Conditioning Apparatus,” J W Cooling, Proc.IHVE, 25, 1926, p.93.

7. “Refrigerated Air is Cooling Buildings and Increasing the Use of Coal,” R Dawson Hall, Coal Age, Vol.9, No.26, 11 February 1926. 8. “The 1920s: The First Public Realisation of Air Conditioning,” Bernard Nagengast, ASHRAE Journal, January 1993, pp.S49-S56. 9. “Air Conditioning America (Engineers and the Controlled Environment, 1900-1960),” Gail Cooper, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1998. 10. “Alfred Wolff -HVAC Pioneer,” Bernard Nagengast, ASHRAE Journal, January 1990, pp.S66-S80. 11. “Father of Air Conditioning: Willis Haviland Carrier,” Margaret Ingels, Country Life Press, USA, 1952. 12. “Recollections of Willis H Carrier,” Carlyle M Ashley, ASHRAE Journal, October 1994, pp.50-54. 13. “The Rise and Fall of Carbon Dioxide Systems,” William S Bodinus, ASHRAE Journal, April 1999, pp.37-42. 14. “Centrifugal Compression as Applied to Refrigeration,” W H Carrier, Refrigerating Engineering, Vol.12, No.8, February 1926, pp.253-268 & 277. 15. “A History of the Centrifugal Refrigeration Machine,” Walter A Grant, Refrigerating Engineering, February 1942, pp.82-86. 16. “The Invention of the Centrifugal Refrigerating Machine, “Proposed” Script for a Tape Recording for the Smithsonian Institution, plus a Complete Historical Sketch,” typescript (unpublished?), Logan Lewis, 1 March 1962. [CHC/00895]. 17. “Cooling an Auditorium by the Use of Ice,” J J Harris, ASHVE Trans, 9, 1903, pp.179-187. 18. “Milestones in Air Conditioning,” Walter A Grant, ASHRAE Journal, September 1969, pp.45-51. 19. “Heat & Cold: Mastering the Great Indoors,” Barry Donaldson & Bernard Nagengast, ASHRAE, Atlanta, Ga, 1994. 20. “Technics and Architecture,” Cecil D Elliot, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1993: Chap.12, “Air Conditioning.” 21. “Early Twentieth Century Air Conditioning,” Bernard Nagengast, ASHRAE Journal, March 1999, pp.55-62. 22. “A Brief Description of the Heating and Building Services of the New County Hall, Westminster,” booklet issued by the contractors (Jeffreys, Crittall, Haden and Norris &Dutton), 1922. 23. “Indoor air by Carrier,” brochure of Carrier Engineering Co Ltd, London, undated (c.1937). [CHC/00567.] 24. “Individual Atmosphere Made to Order (How Push Buttons Control the Ventilation and Each Seat in the Recently Completed London County Council Building,” Scientific American, November 1922, pp.328-329.

25. “The Cooling and Ventilation of the Minneapolis Auditorium,” S C Bloom, Refrigerating Engineering, Vol.13, No.10, April 1927, pp.295-300. 26. “Midland Hotel, Manchester, Description of Engineering Work,” Souvenir Brochure, Ashwell & Nesbit, Manchester, 26th May 1903. 27. “The Gilded Age: The Super-Rich of the Edwardian Era,” Alexis Gregory, Cassell, London, 1993. 28. “The Rise of the New York Skyscraper,” Sarah Bradford Landau & Carl W Condit, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1966. 29. “Mechanical & Electrical Systems for Historic Buildings,” Gersil Newmark Kay, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991. 30. “Cooling Public Rooms in a Chicago Hotel,” Ice & Refrigeration, Vol.33, September 1904, pp.126-130 (quoted in ASHRAE Journal, January 1992, p.S170.) 31. “Cooling of Theatres and Public Buildings,” Fred Wittenmeier, Refrigerating Engineering, Vol.9, No.4, October 1922, pp115-118 & 132. 32. “History of the Development of Building Construction in Chicago,” Frank A Randall, The University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1949. 33. “Refrigeration in the Blackstone Hotel, Ice & Refrigeration, Vol.39, October 1911, pp.147-151. 34. “Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration,” brochure of Carrier Engineering Co Ltd, London, undated, c.1938. [CHC/00326.] 35. “A Personalised History of Carrier Engineering Co Ltd, (London), 1921-1985,” unpublished manuscript, J A E Heard Papers. [CHC/00553.] 36. “Oxford Corner House,” typewritten notes [CHC/00485.] 37. “New York 1930,” Robert A M Stern, Gregory Gilmartin & Thomas Mellins, Rizzoli, New York, 1994. 38. “John Wanamaker,” William Allen Zuker, Eaglecrest Press, Wayne, Pa, 1993, p.25. 39. “Toronto Retailer was HVAC Pioneer,” Bernard Nagengast, ASHRAE Journal, August 1998, p.20. 40. “The Encyclopedia of New York City,” Kenneth Jackson (Ed), Yale University Press, 1995, p.3. 41. “New Store Cooling System Breaks Record,” Refrigerating Engineering, (month?) 1931, pp.129-130. 42. “Department Store Cooling Installation,” Charles S Leopold, Refrigerating Engineering, March 1936, pp.166-168. 43. “First Comfort Job of 1936,”George H Watson, Refrigerating Engineering (?) 44. “Department Stores,” C S Leopold, ASRE Data Book, 1954-55, Chaps.45 & 47.

45. “Air Conditioning Movie Theatres,” Malcolm Tomlinson, Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning, November 1930, pp.934-936. 46. “Air Conditioning in the Theatre,” L L Lewis, Refrigerating Engineering, Vol.14, No.2, August 1927, pp.55-60 & 88. 47. “Air Conditioning Human Beings, Otto W Armspach, Refrigerating Engineering, Vol.20, No.6, December 1930, pp.351-353 & 394. 48. “Early Comfort Cooling Plants, G Richard Ohmes & Arthur K Ohmes, Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning, June 1936, pp.310-312. 49. “Cooling Plant in Cologne Theatre, J Musmacher, Ice and Refrigeration, Vol.26, May 1904, pp.253-256. 50. “Refrigeration Abroad,” Ice and Refrigeration, Vol.39, November 1910, p.223. 51. “Notes of a Pioneer in Air Conditioning, W Fleisher, Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning, Vol.26, June 1929, p.14. 52. “The Show Starts on the Sidewalk (An Architectural History of the Movie Theatre, Starring S Charles Lee), Maggie Valentine, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1994. 53. “Ticket to Paradise (American Movie Theatres and How We Had Fun), John Margolies & Emily Gwathmey, Bulfinch Press, Boston, 1991. 54. “The Romance of Air Conditioning,” Logan Lewis, booklet of Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, NY, c.1950 [CHC/00564.] 55. “The Last Remaining Seats: Movie Palaces of Tinseltown,” Robert Berger & Ann Conser, Balcony Press, Los Angeles, 1997. 56. “The Best Remaining Seats (The Golden Age of the Movie Palace),” Ben M Hall, Da Capo Press, New York, 1987. 57. “Modern Cinemas,” The Architectural Press, London, 1936: Part C: Interior, 3: Equipment, E F Tulley, pp.53-60. 58. “Air Conditioning in Northern India, 1923-31(Equipment Data),” J A E Heard, unpublished notes. [CHC]. 59. “Air Conditioning in Northern India, 1925-35 (Typical Installations), J A E Heard, unpublished notes. [CHC]. 60. “The Air Conditioning of Khasbagh Palace (India),” J A E Heard, unpublished notes. [CHC/00486]. 61. Drawings & sketches of Carrier Air Conditioning Equipment at Palace of Jodhpur, India, November 1932. [CHC]. 62. “Metro Cinema” (Bombay), Inaugural Programme, 8 June 1938. [CHC/00572].

63. “Current Architecture: The Royal Liver Building, Liverpool,” The Architectural Review, October, 1911, pp.209-215. 64. “Heating and Ventilating Wonders,” description of the Royal Liver services, from the celebratory booklet produced for the opening, 1911, p.45. 65. “100 of the World’s Tallest Buildings,” Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat, Images Publishing, Victoria, Australia, 1998. 66. “Chrysler Building, The World’s Tallest Building,” pub. John B Reynolds, New York, 1930, quoted in “Skyscrapers -Skyprickers -Skycities,” Charles Jencks, Academy, London, 1980, p.10. 67. “The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark,” John Tauranac, St Martin’s Griffin, New York, 1995. 68. “Air Conditioning System of a Detroit Office Building,” Hiram J Walton & Leslie L Smith, Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning (ASHVE Journal Section), May 1929, pp.43-48. 69. “Air Conditioning and the Louisiana State Capitol Building,” USA (1929-32), notes compiled by J Michael Barber, Secretary to the CIBSE Heritage Group, based on a visit and survey, and a literature search, January 1999. [CHC]. 70. “Fan-motor and Riser-Valve Control, in a Partially-Air-Conditioned Building,” R C Allen, Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning, December 1933, pp.603-605. 71. “Frank Lloyd Wright’s Larkin Building: Myth and Fact,” Jack Quinan, The Architectural History Foundation, New York; MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1989. 72. “An Autobiography,” Frank Lloyd Wright, revised edition, New York, 1943. 73. “Frank Lloyd Wright,” Bruce Brook Pfieffer, Benedikt Taschen, Germany, 1991. 74. “The Milam Building, San Antonio, 1928.” (From “Everyone Talks About the Weather... Willis H Carrier Did Something About It,” ASHRAE Journal Centennial Supplement, December 1994, pp.C-86-87. 75. “The Milam Building,” Herman Worsham, Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning, Vol.1, No.3, July 1929, pp.173-182. 76. “An Air Conditioning Achievement by Carrier: Manufactured Weather for Broadcasting House,” brochure of Carrier Engineering Co, London, c.1932. [CHC/00562.] 77. “The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment,” Reyner Banham, The Architectural Press, London, 1969. 78. “The Value of Air Conditioning in Renting Office Space,” H Chapman, Refrigerating Engineering, January, 1937.

79. “Quand Les Cathédrales Étaient Blanches (When the Cathedrals were White),” Le Corbusier, Paris, 1937. 80. “Le Corbusier, The City of Refuge, Paris 1929-33,” B B Taylor, The University of Chicago Press, 1987. 81. “The Selective Cooling System (The International Building),” A Warren Canney, Refrigerating Engineering, November 1935, pp.258-260 & 268. 82. Not used. 83. “Completely Air Conditioned: Radio City’s British Empire Building,” Andre Merle, Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning, Vol.V, No.5, May 1933, pp.239-241. 84. “Air Conditioning and Ventilating a 31-Storey Office Building,” E C Parker, Heating & Ventilating, August, 1933. 85. “The Air Conditioning System of the New Metropolitan Building -First Summer’s Experience,” W J McConnell & I B Kagey, ASHVE Trans, 1934. 86. “Heating and Air Conditioning,” John R Allen, James Herbert Walker & John William James, 6th Edit, McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York, 1946, pp.369-374. 87. “Frank Lloyd Wright and the Johnson Wax Buildings,” Jonathan Lipman, Rizzoli, New York, 1986. 88. “First Windowless Office Building,” B A Snavely, Refrigerating Engineering, February 1936. 89. “Air Conditioning Influences Building Design,” H E Walker, Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning, October, 1937. 90. “Air Conditioning,” James A Moyer & Raymond U Fittz, McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York, 1933. 91. “A History of Refrigeration Throughout the World,” Roger Thévenot, International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, 1979. 92. “Building Services Engineering, A Review of Its Development,” Neville S Billington & Brian M Roberts, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 93. “The Room Cooling Unit -Air Conditioning’s Best Seller,” H Peffer, Refrigerating Engineering, September, 1937, pp.145-148. 94. “HVAC&R Pioneer Reuben Trane Inducted into ASHRAE Hall of Fame,” Insights, the newspaper of ASHRAE, Vol.12, 95. “Commercial Air Conditioning -Unit Equipment for Restaurants, Offices and Stores,” W C Goodwin, Refrigerating Engineering, December 1933, pp.301-302 & 322. 96. “Preliminary Planning for Air Conditioning in the Design of Modern Buildings,” R Cherne & C Nelson, Architectural Record, June 1934, pp.538-548.

Part-3: Air Conditioned Office Buildings 1940-1978

Part-4: Air Conditioned Office Buildings 1979-2000 1. “Hongkong Bank, New Headquarters: Building Services,” brochure of J Roger Preston & Partners, Maidenhead, Berkshire, 1986. 2. “Canary Wharf Tower: The Inside Story,” a series of 10 articles, Building Services, March 1992. 3. “IT was fine, but what about M&E? (Canary Wharf Tower),” Mark Faithful, from “London Docklands: the end of the beginning,” a Builder Group supplement, London, March 1998. 4. “Canary Wharf: A Landmark in Construction,” Building, October 1991. 5. “Bank Statement (Natwest Tower),” Max Fordham, Building Services, January 1981. 6. “Towering Ambition (Natwest Tower),” The Heating & Air Conditioning Journal,” February 1981. 7. “Fab Shop (Natwest Refurbishment),” Project Review by Troup Bywaters+Anders, reproduced from Building Services: The CIBSE Journal, September 1995. 8. “Arups on Engineering,” Donald Dunster (Ed), Ove Arup & Partners, Ernst & Sohn, 1996.