The Status and Trends in The Status and Trends in Hydrogen Safety Training and Hydrogen Safety Training and

Education Education

Second International Conference on Hydrogen Safety

11-13 September 2007, San Sebastian, Spain

Vladimir MolkovVladimir MolkovHydrogen Safety Engineering and Research (HySAFER)Hydrogen Safety Engineering and Research (HySAFER)

University of Ulster, UKUniversity of Ulster, UK

• Decision-makers (governments, etc.)Decision-makers (governments, etc.)• Regulators (code officials, etc.)Regulators (code officials, etc.)• First responders (fire brigades, etc.)First responders (fire brigades, etc.)• Hydrogen industry (production, distribution, etc.)Hydrogen industry (production, distribution, etc.)• End users (public) End users (public) • Teachers and students (from schools to universities)Teachers and students (from schools to universities)

Diversity of audiences requires different approaches Diversity of audiences requires different approaches to education and training. to education and training.

At least 4At least 4 of 6 audiences require knowledge of 6 audiences require knowledge inin a new a new emerging profession of emerging profession of hydrogen safety engineeringhydrogen safety engineering, , which must provide at least the same level of safety which must provide at least the same level of safety for hydrogen as for today’s fossil fuel technologies.for hydrogen as for today’s fossil fuel technologies.

Education audiences Education audiences

European and USA program…European and USA program…

… … difference and synergy difference and synergy

USA DoE education programme (not H2S only):USA DoE education programme (not H2S only):• By 2010, launch a comprehensive and coordinated By 2010, launch a comprehensive and coordinated public public

education campaigneducation campaign on H2FC technologies: “Introduction to on H2FC technologies: “Introduction to Hydrogen safety for First Responders”, community information Hydrogen safety for First Responders”, community information program “Increase Your H2IQ”, “H2 Educate!” guides for middle program “Increase Your H2IQ”, “H2 Educate!” guides for middle schools, HyTEC (H2 technology and energy curriculum) for high schools, HyTEC (H2 technology and energy curriculum) for high schools, “Hydrogen 101” seminar series, “Hydrogen Energy schools, “Hydrogen 101” seminar series, “Hydrogen Energy Institute” training course for state and local government officials, Institute” training course for state and local government officials, Hydrogen Futures Park at The University of Montana (college Hydrogen Futures Park at The University of Montana (college curriculum for energy technicians, establishment of national curriculum for energy technicians, establishment of national H2S training centre), Hydrogen Education web-site revision,…H2S training centre), Hydrogen Education web-site revision,…

European e-Academy of Hydrogen Safety (HySafe):European e-Academy of Hydrogen Safety (HySafe):• Thrust is on higher education (research based) to establish a Thrust is on higher education (research based) to establish a

new new hydrogen safety engineeringhydrogen safety engineering profession for H2 economy. profession for H2 economy.

• There will be no hydrogen economy without public There will be no hydrogen economy without public acceptance and innovative hydrogen technologies, acceptance and innovative hydrogen technologies, both are directly depend on safety. Public acceptance both are directly depend on safety. Public acceptance can be achieved only through education and training.can be achieved only through education and training.

• There will be no hydrogen industry without There will be no hydrogen industry without hydrogen hydrogen safety engineeringsafety engineering. There will be no hydrogen safety . There will be no hydrogen safety engineering profession without sustained education engineering profession without sustained education and training supported by international collaboration.and training supported by international collaboration.

• EC FP7 safety and RCS budget is less than 5% of EC FP7 safety and RCS budget is less than 5% of hydrogen and fuel cells, i.e. hydrogen and fuel cells, i.e. €€5M annually. Is it 5M annually. Is it enough to establish a new profession?enough to establish a new profession?

• ““Excellence in teaching through research” (cluster Excellence in teaching through research” (cluster “Dissemination” in research NoE HySafe).“Dissemination” in research NoE HySafe).

Building a professionBuilding a profession

● Legislation requires professionals engaged with hydrogen to have received training in the safety of hydrogen [1, 2].

● In the period 2007-2013 (FP7), Europe will need annually 500 graduates with specialist knowledge in hydrogen technologies at the postgraduate level [1].

● About 100 of these 500 graduates need to have specialist knowledge in hydrogen safety [3].

● Until 2050 educational efforts in hydrogen technologies and hydrogen safety are needed to build up a skilled workforce and researchers needed to establish a hydrogen economy [1].

[1] Wancura H, Mayo B, Reijalt M, et al. Draft implementation report WG5 cross cutting issues (XCI). The European Hydrogen And Fuel Cell Technology Platform, Implementation Panel, 2006.

[2] Directive 1999/92/EC, Official Journal of the European Communities 21.1.2000.

[3] Dahoe A, Molkov V, On the development of an international curriculum on hydrogen safety engineering and its implementation into educational programmes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:1113-1120, 2007.

LegislationLegislation

March 1, 2004:March 1, 2004: HySafe ( HySafe (www.hysafe.org) started ) started activities of WP15 “e-Academy of Hydrogen Safety”:activities of WP15 “e-Academy of Hydrogen Safety”:

• Draft for Development of the Draft for Development of the International Curriculum International Curriculum on Hydrogen Safety Engineeringon Hydrogen Safety Engineering (47 experts from 14 (47 experts from 14 countries): countries): http://www.hysafe.net/index.php?ID=68, , comprising of comprising of 5 basic5 basic modules ( modules (thermodynamics; thermodynamics; chemical kinetics; fluid dynamics; heat and mass transfer; chemical kinetics; fluid dynamics; heat and mass transfer;

solid mechanicssolid mechanics), ), 6 fundamental6 fundamental modules ( modules (introduction to introduction to hydrogen as an energy carrier; fundamentals of hydrogen hydrogen as an energy carrier; fundamentals of hydrogen safety; release, mixing and distribution; hydrogen ignition; safety; release, mixing and distribution; hydrogen ignition;

hydrogen fires; deflagrations and detonationshydrogen fires; deflagrations and detonations), ), 4 applied4 applied modules (modules (fire and explosion effects on people, structures and fire and explosion effects on people, structures and the environment; accident prevention and mitigation; the environment; accident prevention and mitigation;

computational hydrogen safety engineering; risk assessmentcomputational hydrogen safety engineering; risk assessment))

e-Academy (1 of 3)e-Academy (1 of 3)

• Database of organisations working in hydrogen Database of organisations working in hydrogen industry:industry: http://www.hysafe.org/index.php?ID=132 (password protected), currently 2756 entries2756 entries. Has . Has been used to distribute the questionnaire to assess been used to distribute the questionnaire to assess the demand for education in hydrogen safety [1]: the demand for education in hydrogen safety [1]: - Short course: 42.2%, - Short course: 42.2%, - Master of Science: 29.3%, - Master of Science: 29.3%, - Continuing Professional Development: 16.3%, - Continuing Professional Development: 16.3%, - Postgraduate Certificate: 10.7%, - Postgraduate Certificate: 10.7%, - Postgraduate Diploma: 1.5%.- Postgraduate Diploma: 1.5%.

[1] Dahoe A.E. and Molkov V.V. On the development of an international curriculum on hydrogen safety engineering and its implementation into educational programmes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:1113-1120, 2007.

e-Academy (2 of 3)e-Academy (2 of 3)

• Consolidated topics for research students (28 topics):Consolidated topics for research students (28 topics): http://www.hysafe.org/index.php?ID=135

• 11stst Work-in-Progress Workshop for young Work-in-Progress Workshop for young researchers, 10 Sep 2007, San Sebastian:researchers, 10 Sep 2007, San Sebastian:http://www.hysafe.org/index.php?ID=264

• FP6 MC project “EST in Fundamentals of Hydrogen FP6 MC project “EST in Fundamentals of Hydrogen Safety” (Safety” (HySAFESTHySAFEST, , €709,574, 2006-2010, 4 €709,574, 2006-2010, 4 doctoral studies)doctoral studies)

• FP6 MC project “European Summer School on FP6 MC project “European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety” (Hydrogen Safety” (HyCourseHyCourse, €620,450, 2006-2010, , €620,450, 2006-2010, 4 Summer Schools)4 Summer Schools)

• PGCPGC in Hydrogen Safety Engineering at UU (“train- in Hydrogen Safety Engineering at UU (“train-the-trainer”): the-trainer”): http://www.hysafe.org/PGC

e-Academy (3 of 3)e-Academy (3 of 3)

European Summer School on Hydrogen SafetyEuropean Summer School on Hydrogen Safety (FP6 MC HyCourse, €620,450, min 76 attendees, (FP6 MC HyCourse, €620,450, min 76 attendees, IPHE master-classesIPHE master-classes): http://www.hysafe.org/esshs:): http://www.hysafe.org/esshs:

• The First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 Aug 2006 (87 attendees, 26 countries)

• The Second European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 30 Jul - 8 Aug 2007 (79 attendees, 28 states)

• The Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-30 Jul 2008 (you are welcome!) (you are welcome!)

• The Forth European Summer School on Hydrogen The Forth European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, Summer 2009 Safety, Summer 2009

ESSHSESSHS

Objective : high quality teaching materialsObjective : high quality teaching materials

In January 2007In January 2007 UU launched e-learning UU launched e-learning PGCPGC in Hydrogen in Hydrogen Safety Engineering (total student effort Safety Engineering (total student effort 600 hours, 9 600 hours, 9 monthsmonths) built on the ) built on the CurriculumCurriculum (HySafe) and the (HySafe) and the Teaching Teaching MaterialsMaterials (HyCourse), (HyCourse), 30 students in September 200730 students in September 2007::

• M1: Principles of Hydrogen SafetyM1: Principles of Hydrogen Safety (1: Environmental, Societal and (1: Environmental, Societal and Safety Aspects of the Hydrogen Economy; 2: Hydrogen Safety Aspects of the Hydrogen Economy; 2: Hydrogen Properties; 3: Hydrogen Thermochemistry; 4: Introduction to CFD Properties; 3: Hydrogen Thermochemistry; 4: Introduction to CFD Simulations of Hydrogen Accidents; 5: Hydrogen Releases and Simulations of Hydrogen Accidents; 5: Hydrogen Releases and Mixing; 6: Premixed Combustion of Hydrogen-Air; 7: Diffusion and Mixing; 6: Premixed Combustion of Hydrogen-Air; 7: Diffusion and Partially Premixed Combustion; 8: Deflagrations; 9: Detonations)Partially Premixed Combustion; 8: Deflagrations; 9: Detonations)

• M2: Applied Hydrogen SafetyM2: Applied Hydrogen Safety (1: Hydrogen Safety and the (1: Hydrogen Safety and the Regulatory Framework; 2: Handling Hydrogen Releases; 3: Regulatory Framework; 2: Handling Hydrogen Releases; 3: Prevention of Hydrogen Ignition; 4: Pressure Effects of Hydrogen Prevention of Hydrogen Ignition; 4: Pressure Effects of Hydrogen Explosions; 5: Structural Response, Fragmentation and Missile Explosions; 5: Structural Response, Fragmentation and Missile Effects; 6: Compatibility of Metallic Materials with H2; 7: Risk Effects; 6: Compatibility of Metallic Materials with H2; 7: Risk Assessment Methodologies; 8: Safety Standards, Good Practices)Assessment Methodologies; 8: Safety Standards, Good Practices)

Higher education - todayHigher education - today

Higher education - futureHigher education - future• PGC in Hydrogen Safety Engineering (60 CATS points): since

January 2007. 30 students: Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Spain, UK, USA. Bursaries for non-EU students (fees down from €68 to €27 per 1 point) Registration: http://campusone.ulster.ac.uk/potential/postgraduate.php?cid=C514PJ

• PGD in Hydrogen Safety Engineering (120 CATS points): January 2009.

• MSc in Hydrogen Safety Engineering (180 CATS points): January 2010.

• Future teaching through the International Academy of Hydrogen Safety – will be established through European e-Academy of Hydrogen Safety with partners involvement and overseas collaboration (EC/DoE initial funding, i.e. tuition fees, etc.?)

• Coordination through the Education and Training Division of the European Institute of Hydrogen Safety.

DoE web-basedDoE web-based “Introduction to Hydrogen Safety for “Introduction to Hydrogen Safety for First Responders” (can be completed in First Responders” (can be completed in an houran hour):):• Hydrogen basics (properties/behaviour, comparison Hydrogen basics (properties/behaviour, comparison

other fuels, industry design for safe systems)other fuels, industry design for safe systems)• Transport and storage (bulk transport, containers)Transport and storage (bulk transport, containers)• Hydrogen vehicles (tank testing, safety systems)Hydrogen vehicles (tank testing, safety systems)• Hydrogen dispensing (comparison with other fuels)Hydrogen dispensing (comparison with other fuels)• Stationary facilities (bulk storage, FC, refuelling st.)Stationary facilities (bulk storage, FC, refuelling st.)• Codes and standards (overview and links)Codes and standards (overview and links)• Emergency response (detection, initial actions, etc.)Emergency response (detection, initial actions, etc.)• Summary and quiz (most important “need-to-know)Summary and quiz (most important “need-to-know)

250 unique users per week!250 unique users per week!

Training - todayTraining - today

Training - tomorrowTraining - tomorrowUniversity of Montana classroom courseUniversity of Montana classroom course for Fire for Fire Service and Transportation Professionals “Emergency Service and Transportation Professionals “Emergency Responder Hydrogen Safety Training” (Responder Hydrogen Safety Training” (eight hourseight hours):):• Properties of HydrogenProperties of Hydrogen (hydrogen basics and fuel (hydrogen basics and fuel

properties; transport and storage – compression, properties; transport and storage – compression, liquefaction, tanks/cylinders, fuel lines; fuel liquefaction, tanks/cylinders, fuel lines; fuel dispensing – home and public facilities; vehicles…)dispensing – home and public facilities; vehicles…)

• Hydrogen Safety and Potential HazardsHydrogen Safety and Potential Hazards (fire and (fire and combustion, FC stacks, material handling, venting combustion, FC stacks, material handling, venting and affixation, leaks and PRDs; Personal Safety…)and affixation, leaks and PRDs; Personal Safety…)

• Emergency Responder ProceduresEmergency Responder Procedures (accident (accident prevention/mitigation – parking, homes; hazard prevention/mitigation – parking, homes; hazard identification, neutralizing a vehicle, patient care…)identification, neutralizing a vehicle, patient care…)

• 2007: “2007: “Current knowledge and awarenessCurrent knowledge and awareness levels of levels of hydrogen and FC hydrogen and FC are loware low” (C. Cooper, A. Chew)” (C. Cooper, A. Chew)

• There are number of “energy” and “FC” courses in There are number of “energy” and “FC” courses in which safety module is embedded. which safety module is embedded. Useful not enough.Useful not enough.

• 24 Jan 2007:24 Jan 2007: the DoE Hydrogen Program launched a the DoE Hydrogen Program launched a web-based stand-along tutorial “Introduction to web-based stand-along tutorial “Introduction to Hydrogen Safety for First Responders”, other trainingHydrogen Safety for First Responders”, other training

• 29 Jan 2007:29 Jan 2007: UU launched first higher education DL UU launched first higher education DL course in hydrogen safety (PGC) emerged from the course in hydrogen safety (PGC) emerged from the activities of European e-Academy of Hydrogen Safety. activities of European e-Academy of Hydrogen Safety.

• These are These are examples of complimentary activitiesexamples of complimentary activities in in Europe and USA. Clear benefits and need for further Europe and USA. Clear benefits and need for further coordination in H2S education/training.coordination in H2S education/training.

Where we are now?Where we are now?

What are we missing?What are we missing?

• Training courses (Training courses (1-8 hours1-8 hours):):DoE, DoE, University of Montana,University of Montana,……

• Short courses and CPD (1-5 days):Short courses and CPD (1-5 days):No supply…(being 60% of education/ No supply…(being 60% of education/ training demand!)training demand!)

• Higher education courses (Higher education courses (1-2 years1-2 years):):University of Ulster,University of Ulster,……

Short courses - futureShort courses - future• Short courses is a Short courses is a highest demandhighest demand in education/ in education/

training in hydrogen safety (60%)training in hydrogen safety (60%)• Experience of e-Academy members in teachingExperience of e-Academy members in teaching: world : world

leading experts of HySafe (members, advisors, leading experts of HySafe (members, advisors, supporters, etc.); other EC and DoE funded projects; supporters, etc.); other EC and DoE funded projects; Keynote Speakers of European Summer School; Keynote Speakers of European Summer School; Lecturers in Hydrogen Safety (currently PGC HSE is a Lecturers in Hydrogen Safety (currently PGC HSE is a platform for “teach-the-teachers”: 4 – UU, 3 – WUT, 2 platform for “teach-the-teachers”: 4 – UU, 3 – WUT, 2 – UNIPI, 2 – FZJ, …)– UNIPI, 2 – FZJ, …)

• Experience in course establishment (PGC HSE) and Experience in course establishment (PGC HSE) and management (ESSHS): Business Plan for Short management (ESSHS): Business Plan for Short Courses with a Courses with a start date January 2009start date January 2009 by the by the Manager of Hydrogen Safety Programme at UUManager of Hydrogen Safety Programme at UU

• New instructional and engineering facilities, e.g. New instructional and engineering facilities, e.g. “CyberPlatform” (KI terminology) for hydrogen safety “CyberPlatform” (KI terminology) for hydrogen safety engineering.engineering.

• Multi media, e.g. database of experimental video for Multi media, e.g. database of experimental video for education and training. Examples: NASA LH2 spill education and training. Examples: NASA LH2 spill (361.8 kg in 38 s); Fraunhofer ICT largest H2-air (361.8 kg in 38 s); Fraunhofer ICT largest H2-air deflagration in the open atmosphere (2094 mdeflagration in the open atmosphere (2094 m33); FZK ); FZK under expanded jets (242 bar), etc.under expanded jets (242 bar), etc.

• Involvement of larger number of countries: through Involvement of larger number of countries: through IPHE, Commonwealth Scholarship scheme (UK), etc.IPHE, Commonwealth Scholarship scheme (UK), etc.

• Bilateral Europe-USA panels (N+N) on coordination of Bilateral Europe-USA panels (N+N) on coordination of strategic research and education/training programmesstrategic research and education/training programmes

Further opportunitiesFurther opportunities

Final remarksFinal remarks• Hydrogen economy depends on public acceptance. Hydrogen economy depends on public acceptance.

To promote public awareness and trust in hydrogen To promote public awareness and trust in hydrogen technologies we need well educated and trained staff. technologies we need well educated and trained staff.

• Hydrogen economy needs a new profession of Hydrogen economy needs a new profession of Hydrogen Safety Engineering. To establish a new Hydrogen Safety Engineering. To establish a new profession we need sustained education/training profession we need sustained education/training effort, supported by international research effort, supported by international research collaboration.collaboration.

• To develop an excellent safety culture we have to To develop an excellent safety culture we have to invest into quality education/training at all levels. invest into quality education/training at all levels.