THE STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF THE STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF FULMEKIOLA SERRATA FULMEKIOLA SERRATA (THYSANOPTERA: (THYSANOPTERA:

THRIPIDAE) IN SUGARCANE IN SOUTH THRIPIDAE) IN SUGARCANE IN SOUTH AFRICAAFRICA

Lara MansfieldLara Mansfield

Doctorate DegreeDoctorate DegreeDepartment of Zoology and Entomology,Department of Zoology and Entomology,

University of Pretoria,University of Pretoria,

Supervisor: Dr. Prem GovenderSupervisor: Dr. Prem Govender

IntroductionIntroduction

Fulmekiola serrata Fulmekiola serrata (Kobus) - Orient region(Kobus) - Orient region

2004 – Mainland Africa2004 – Mainland Africa

Currently - South African sugar beltCurrently - South African sugar belt

All stages found within leaf spindleAll stages found within leaf spindle

DamageDamage

Piercing, suckingPiercing, sucking

Patches & streaksPatches & streaks

Red-brown blemishesRed-brown blemishes

Severe damageSevere damage

AimsAims

Resolution of thrips species complex and pest statusResolution of thrips species complex and pest status

Molecular identificationMolecular identification

Compare - international samplesCompare - international samples

Taxonomic relationship & OriginTaxonomic relationship & Origin

Genetic diversity Genetic diversity

Fulmekiola serrataFulmekiola serrata (Kobus) – dominant and primary pest (Kobus) – dominant and primary pest species?species?

Materials & MethodsMaterials & Methods

Representative sample areasRepresentative sample areas

Thrips collectionThrips collectionSpindles openedSpindles openedAbsolute ethanolAbsolute ethanol

Target gene – mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI)Target gene – mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI)Host-associated evolutionary lineages in Thrips (Brunner Host-associated evolutionary lineages in Thrips (Brunner et alet al., ., 2004)2004)

PCR amplificationPCR amplificationUniversal primers – TL2-N-3014 and C1-J-1718 (Simon Universal primers – TL2-N-3014 and C1-J-1718 (Simon et al. et al. 1994) 1994)

Sequencing reactionsSequencing reactions

Tentative outline of PhDTentative outline of PhD

Literature reviewLiterature review

The genetic diversity and taxonomyThe genetic diversity and taxonomy

Mechanisms of sugarcane resistance to thripsMechanisms of sugarcane resistance to thrips

Yield loss and resistance / susceptibility Yield loss and resistance / susceptibility

Control by an entomogenous fungus, Control by an entomogenous fungus, Metarhisium anisopliaeMetarhisium anisopliae

Management packageManagement package

Literature reviewLiterature review

Taxonomy

Species

Thrips tabaci

Scirtothrips aurantii

Frankliniela schultzei

Frankliniela occidentalis

Fulmekiola serrata

Heliothrips sylvanus

Haplothrips nigricornis

Crop

Cotton, Tobacco, Pineapples, Onions, Leeks, Garlic, Tomatoes

Citrus, Macadamias, Mangoes, Proteas

Pineapples, Proteas

Vines

Sugarcane

Guavas, Grapevines

Proteas, Aloes

Family

Thripidae

Phlaeothripidae

Understanding the mechanisms of sugarcane resistance to Understanding the mechanisms of sugarcane resistance to thrips, thrips, Fulmekiola serrataFulmekiola serrata (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in

South AfricaSouth Africa

SASRI projectSASRI project

Aims: Aims: Mechanisms - susceptibility / resistanceMechanisms - susceptibility / resistanceSecondary plant metabolitesSecondary plant metabolitesRelationship between thrips and metabolitesRelationship between thrips and metabolitesPhysical characteristics of leafPhysical characteristics of leaf

Pilot study – 10 highly colonised & 10 sparsely colonised genotypes Pilot study – 10 highly colonised & 10 sparsely colonised genotypes

Single analytical methodSingle analytical methodGas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Schauer and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Schauer and Fernie, 2006; Ward Fernie, 2006; Ward et alet al., 2003)., 2003)High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) (Ward High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) (Ward et alet al., 2003)., 2003)

Yield loss & resistance / susceptibilityYield loss & resistance / susceptibility

Status of susceptible & resistant genotypesStatus of susceptible & resistant genotypes

Replicated trialsReplicated trials

AimAim: : Confirm tolerance or susceptibility Confirm tolerance or susceptibility

Assess damage Assess damage

Yield dataYield data

Materials & MethodsMaterials & Methods::Half highly colonised & half sparsely colonised genotypes Half highly colonised & half sparsely colonised genotypes

Monthly surveys Monthly surveys

Termination (harvest) – yield data Termination (harvest) – yield data

An entomogenous fungus, An entomogenous fungus, Metarhisium anisopliae,Metarhisium anisopliae, for for the control of the control of Fulmekiola serrataFulmekiola serrata (Thysanoptera: (Thysanoptera:

Thripidae)Thripidae)

Microbial insecticide - Microbial insecticide - Thrips tabaciThrips tabaci in Kenya in KenyaImproved efficacyImproved efficacyIsolate of Isolate of M. anisopliaeM. anisopliae

AimAim: : Strain of entomogenous fungus for control of Strain of entomogenous fungus for control of F. serrataF. serrata

Trial design: (Maniania Trial design: (Maniania et al., 2003et al., 2003))Randomised block design with four replicatesRandomised block design with four replicatesTreatmentsTreatmentsRandom and destructive samplingRandom and destructive samplingIncidence of mycosis in thrips recordedIncidence of mycosis in thrips recorded

ANOVAANOVA

Initial bioassay trialsInitial bioassay trials

Packaging a management strategy for sugarcane Packaging a management strategy for sugarcane thrips, thrips, Fulmekiola serrata Fulmekiola serrata (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in

South AfricaSouth Africa

Assimilate information and findingsAssimilate information and findings Control strategies - other cropsControl strategies - other crops

Management PackageManagement Package

Extent of economic importance of Extent of economic importance of F. serrataF. serrata in South Africa in South Africa

Full scale IPM program could followFull scale IPM program could follow

Ultimate aim – develop management options for South African Ultimate aim – develop management options for South African conditionsconditions

ReferencesReferences

Brunner, P.C., Chatzivassiliou, E.K., Katis, N.I. and Frey, J.E. 2004. Host-Brunner, P.C., Chatzivassiliou, E.K., Katis, N.I. and Frey, J.E. 2004. Host-Associated genetic differentiation in Associated genetic differentiation in Thrips tabaciThrips tabaci (Insecta; Thysanoptera), as (Insecta; Thysanoptera), as determined from mtDNA sequence data. determined from mtDNA sequence data. HeredityHeredity 93: 364 – 370. 93: 364 – 370.

Maniania, N.K., Sithanantham, S., Ekesi, S., Ampong-Nyarko, K., Maniania, N.K., Sithanantham, S., Ekesi, S., Ampong-Nyarko, K., Baumgartner, J., Lohr, B. and Matoka, C.M. 2003. A field trial of the Baumgartner, J., Lohr, B. and Matoka, C.M. 2003. A field trial of the entomogenous fungus entomogenous fungus Metarhisium anisopliaeMetarhisium anisopliae for control of onion thrips, for control of onion thrips, Thrips tabaciThrips tabaci. . Crop ProtectionCrop Protection 22: 553-559. 22: 553-559.

Simon C, Frati F, Beckenbach A, Crespi B, Liu H and Flook P. 1994. Simon C, Frati F, Beckenbach A, Crespi B, Liu H and Flook P. 1994. Evolution, weighing, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences Evolution, weighing, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Ann Ann Entomol Soc Am Entomol Soc Am 87: 651–701.87: 651–701.

Schauer, N. and Fernie, A.R. 2006. Plant metabolomics: towards biological Schauer, N. and Fernie, A.R. 2006. Plant metabolomics: towards biological function and mechanism. function and mechanism. Trends in Plant Science Trends in Plant Science 11(10): 508-51611(10): 508-516

Ward, J.L., Harris, C., Lewis, J. and Beale, M.H. 2003. Assessment of 1H Ward, J.L., Harris, C., Lewis, J. and Beale, M.H. 2003. Assessment of 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis as a technique for metabolite NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis as a technique for metabolite fingerprinting of fingerprinting of Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thaliana. . PhytochemistryPhytochemistry 62: 949–957 62: 949–957

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

SASRI - financial backingSASRI - financial backing

Dr. Prem Govender - constant support and assistance Dr. Prem Govender - constant support and assistance

My parents and growers - assistance in the field. My parents and growers - assistance in the field.