THE STATESMAN’S YEARBOOK 2005 - rd.springer.com978-0-230-27133-3/1.pdf · republic 423 chad 428...

THE STATESMAN’S YEARBOOK

2005

‘The nationalist is by definition an ignoramus,’ wrote Danilo Ki<, theYugoslav writer. ‘Nationalism is the line of least resistance, the easy way.The nationalist is untroubled, he knows or thinks he knows … the valuesof the nation he belongs to; he is not interested in others …. They don’teven need investigating. The nationalist sees other people in his ownimage—as nationalists.’

Chris Hedges, War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning.

EditorsFrederick Martin 1864–1883Sir John Scott-Keltie 1883–1926Mortimer Epstein 1927–1946S. H. Steinberg 1946–1969John Paxton 1969–1990Brian Hunter 1990–1997Barry Turner 1997–0000

CreditsPublisher Alison Jones (London)

Garrett Kiely (New York)

Editor Barry Turner

Editorial Assistant Jill Fenner

Senior Research Editor Nicholas Heath-Brown

Research Andrew ClarkeDaniel SmithKatja Gabriel

Reena BadianiRichard German

Robert McGowanClive Carpenter

Laura FryNicola TaplinNicola Varns

Martha Nyman

Index Richard German

Production Phillipa Davidson-BlakeMichael CardShirley Card

Marketing Sanphy Thomas (London)Erin Igoe (New York)

THE

STATESMAN’S

YEARBOOK

THE POLITICS, CULTURES ANDECONOMIES OF THE WORLD

2005

EDITED BY

BARRY TURNER

© Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2004

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Published annually since 1864

This edition published 2004 byPALGRAVE MACMILLANHoundmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.10010Companies and representatives throughout the world

PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the PalgraveMacmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries.

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1913 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04

ISBN 978-1-349-72457-4 ISBN 978-0-230-27133-3 (eBook)DOI 10.1057/9780230271333

CONTENTS

TIME ZONES MAP Front EndpaperKEY WORLD FACTS xi

CHRONOLOGY xvADDENDA xxix

Part I: International OrganizationsPage

THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) 3UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 11NOBEL PRIZES 14UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM 15SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF THE UN 20OTHER ORGANS RELATED TO THE UN 36NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) 40BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS (BIS) 43ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND

DEVELOPMENT (OECD) 44

EuropeEUROPEAN UNION (EU) 46EU INSTITUTIONS 51EU AGENCIES AND OTHER BODIES 56COUNCIL OF EUROPE 59WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION (WEU) 61ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE

(OSCE) 63EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

(EBRD) 65EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION (EFTA) 65EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY (ESA) 67CERN—THE EUROPEAN LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS 67CENTRAL EUROPEAN INITIATIVE (CEI) 67THE NORDIC COUNCIL 68NORDIC DEVELOPMENT FUND 68NORDIC INVESTMENT BANK 68COUNCIL OF THE BALTIC SEA STATES 68EUROPEAN BROADCASTING UNION (EBU) 69BLACK SEA ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION GROUP (BSEC) 69DANUBE COMMISSION 70THE COMMONWEALTH 70COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS) 73

AmericasORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) 75INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (IDB) 78SECRETARIAT FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN ECONOMIC

INTEGRATION (SIECA) 78CENTRAL AMERICAN COMMON MARKET (CACM) 78

v

CENTRAL AMERICAN BANK FOR ECONOMIC INTEGRATION(BCIE) 79

LATIN AMERICAN INTEGRATION ASSOCIATION (ALADI/LAIA) 79LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM (SELA) 80LATIN AMERICAN RESERVE FUND 80THE ANDEAN COMMUNITY 80SOUTHERN COMMON MARKET (MERCOSUR) 81ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES (ACS) 81CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM) 82CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (CDB) 84ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS) 84EASTERN CARIBBEAN CENTRAL BANK (ECCB) 85AGENCY FOR THE PROHIBITION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (OPANAL) 85

Asia/PacificASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 86ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION ORGANIZATION (ECO) 87COLOMBO PLAN 88ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION (APEC) 89SECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC COMMUNITY (SPC) 89PACIFIC ISLANDS FORUM (PIF) 90ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) 91SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL CO-OPERATION

(SAARC) 92

Middle EastLEAGUE OF ARAB STATES 93ARAB FUND FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

(AFESD) 94ARAB MONETARY FUND (AMF) 94GULF CO-OPERATION COUNCIL (GCC) 95ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES

(OPEC) 95ORGANIZATION OF ARAB PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES

(OAPEC) 96ARAB MAGHREB UNION 97ARAB ORGANIZATION FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

(AOAD) 97

AfricaAFRICAN UNION (AU) 98AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 98BANK OF CENTRAL AFRICAN STATES (BEAC) 99EAST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (EADB) 99WEST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (BOAD) 99CENTRAL BANK OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (BCEAO) 100AFRICAN EXPORT–IMPORT BANK (AFREXIMBANK) 100ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF CENTRAL AFRICAN STATES

(CEAAC) 101ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS) 101WEST AFRICAN ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION (UEMOA) 101COMMON MARKET FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

(COMESA) 102SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC) 102LAKE CHAD BASIN COMMISSION 103NIGER BASIN AUTHORITY 103

vi

CONTENTS

EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 104INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON DEVELOPMENT 104

Other OrganizationsWORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES 104UNREPRESENTED NATIONS AND PEOPLES ORGANIZATION

(UNPO) 106INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM) 106INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (ICRC) 107MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES (MSF) 108AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL 108INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 109INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA 110ANTARCTIC TREATY 111INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION (IPU) 111INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR DEMOCRACY AND ELECTORAL

ASSISTANCE (IDEA) 112ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE (OIC) 112ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK 113WORLD CUSTOMS ORGANIZATION 113INTERPOL (INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION) 113INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SATELLITE ORGANIZATION (IMSO) 114INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE

ORGANIZATION (ITSO) 114INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA) 115INTERNATIONAL ROAD FEDERATION (IRF) 115INTERNATIONAL CONFEDERATION OF FREE TRADE UNIONS

(ICFTU) 116WORLD FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS (WFTU) 116EUROPEAN TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION (ETUC) 117WORLD CONFEDERATION OF LABOUR (WCL) 117THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE FRANCOPHONIE 118INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) 118WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE (WWF) 119INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (IOC) 119INTERNATIONAL UNION AGAINST CANCER (UICC) 120

Part II: Countries of the World A–Z

vii

CONTENTS

AFGHANISTAN 123ALBANIA 131ALGERIA 137ANDORRA 144ANGOLA 147ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 153ARGENTINA 157ARMENIA 166AUSTRALIA 171AUSTRIA 233AZERBAIJAN 242BAHAMAS 248BAHRAIN 253BANGLADESH 258BARBADOS 265BELARUS 270BELGIUM 276BELIZE 286

BENIN 291BHUTAN 296BOLIVIA 301BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 307BOTSWANA 312BRAZIL 317BRUNEI 327BULGARIA 331BURKINA FASO 338BURUNDI 343CAMBODIA 348CAMEROON 353CANADA 359CAPE VERDE 418CENTRAL AFRICANREPUBLIC 423

CHAD 428CHILE 433

CHINA, PEOPLE’SREPUBLIC OF 440

COLOMBIA 474COMOROS 481CONGO, DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF 485

CONGO, REPUBLIC OF 492COSTA RICA 497CÔTE D’IVOIRE 502CROATIA 508CUBA 514CYPRUS 521CZECH REPUBLIC 530DENMARK 539DJIBOUTI 556DOMINICA 560DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 564EAST TIMOR 569ECUADOR 572EGYPT 578EL SALVADOR 586EQUATORIAL GUINEA 591ERITREA 596ESTONIA 600ETHIOPIA 607FIJI ISLANDS 613FINLAND 619FRANCE 632GABON 678THE GAMBIA 683GEORGIA 687GERMANY 693GHANA 744GREECE 750GRENADA 760GUATEMALA 764GUINEA 769GUINEA-BISSAU 774GUYANA 778HAITI 783HONDURAS 788HUNGARY 793ICELAND 803INDIA 811INDONESIA 895IRAN 904IRAQ 912IRELAND 920ISRAEL 939ITALY 951JAMAICA 964JAPAN 970JORDAN 982KAZAKHSTAN 988KENYA 994KIRIBATI 1001

SOUTH KOREA 1005NORTH KOREA 1015KUWAIT 1022KYRGYZSTAN 1027LAOS 1032LATVIA 1037LEBANON 1044LESOTHO 1049LIBERIA 1053LIBYA 1057LIECHTENSTEIN 1062LITHUANIA 1066LUXEMBOURG 1073MACEDONIA 1081MADAGASCAR 1087MALAWI 1092MALAYSIA 1097MALDIVES 1105MALI 1108MALTA 1113MARSHALL ISLANDS 1120MAURITANIA 1123MAURITIUS 1127MEXICO 1132MICRONESIA 1141MOLDOVA 1144MONACO 1149MONGOLIA 1153MOROCCO 1158MOZAMBIQUE 1165MYANMAR 1170NAMIBIA 1176NAURU 1182NEPAL 1185NETHERLANDS 1191NEW ZEALAND 1209NICARAGUA 1229NIGER 1234NIGERIA 1238NORWAY 1247OMAN 1260PAKISTAN 1266PALAU 1276PANAMA 1279PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1285PARAGUAY 1291PERU 1296PHILIPPINES 1303POLAND 1310PORTUGAL 1320QATAR 1330ROMANIA 1335RUSSIA 1343RWANDA 1368ST KITTS AND NEVIS 1373ST LUCIA 1377

viii

CONTENTS

ST VINCENT AND THEGRENADINES 1381

SAMOA 1385SAN MARINO 1389SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE 1392SAUDI ARABIA 1396SENEGAL 1404SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 1410SEYCHELLES 1425SIERRA LEONE 1430SINGAPORE 1435SLOVAKIA 1444SLOVENIA 1451SOLOMON ISLANDS 1456SOMALIA 1461SOUTH AFRICA 1467SPAIN 1495SRI LANKA 1509SUDAN 1516SURINAME 1522SWAZILAND 1527SWEDEN 1531SWITZERLAND 1544SYRIA 1554TAJIKISTAN 1560

TANZANIA 1565THAILAND 1571TOGO 1578TONGA 1583TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1587TUNISIA 1593TURKEY 1599TURKMENISTAN 1609TUVALU 1614UGANDA 1617UKRAINE 1624UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 1632UNITED KINGDOM 1638UNITED STATES OFAMERICA 1760

URUGUAY 1979UZBEKISTAN 1985VANUATU 1991VATICAN CITY STATE 1995VENEZUELA 1997VIETNAM 2003YEMEN 2011ZAMBIA 2017ZIMBABWE 2023

ix

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS 2030PLACE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS INDEX 2035

KEY WORLD FACTS

• World population in 2004 6,377 million (3,207 million males and3,170 million females)

• World population under 30 in 2004 3,466 million

• World population over 60 in 2004 656 million

• World population over 100 in 2004 226,000

• World economic growth rate in 2003 2·5%

• Number of illiterate people 960 million

• Number of unemployed people 180 million

• Average world life expectancy 69·1 years for females; 64·9 years formales

• Annual world population increase 76·61 million people

• Number of people living outside 185 million, or nearly 3% of the country of birth world’s population

• Fertility rate 2·8 births per woman

• Urban population 47·7% of total population

• World defence expenditure US$842·7 billion

• Number of TV sets 1·36 billion

• Number of radio receivers 2·18 billion

• Number of cigarettes smoked 5,600 billion a year

• Number of Internet users 665 million

• Number of mobile phone users 1·3 billion

• Number of motor vehicles on the road 647 million

• Number of people who crossinternational borders every day 2 million

• Number of people living in poverty 1·5 billion

• Number of people living in urbanslums 924 million

• Number of malnourished people 840 million

• Number of overweight people 1·1 billion

• Number of obese adults 300 million

• Number of people dying of starvation 24,000 every day

• Number of people lacking cleandrinking water 1 billion

• Number of people lacking adequatesanitation 3 billion

• Number of reported executions in 2001 3,048

• Number of people worldwide exposed to indoor air pollution that exceeds WHO guidelines 1 billion

• Annual carbon dioxide emissions 6·6 billion tonnes of carbon

xi

CHRONOLOGY

CHRONOLOGYApril 2003–March 2004

Week beginning 6 April 2003

In Iraq, US forces won control of Baghdad, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein,whose whereabouts were not known.

In parliamentary elections in Malta, Prime Minister Eddie Fenech Adami’sNationalist Party won 51·7% of the vote and 34 of 65 seats, against 47·6% and 31seats for the Labour Party.

Parliamentary elections in Nigeria were won by the ruling People’s DemocraticParty, which claimed 213 of the 360 seats.

In Hungary, membership of the European Union was approved with the support of83·8% of voters in a referendum.


Following parliamentary elections in March 2003, Anneli Jäätteenmäki was chosento lead Finland’s coalition government, comprising her Centre Party, the SocialDemocrats and the Swedish People’s Party.

In Athens EU members signed a treaty of expansion that will see the number ofmember countries increase from 15 to 25 in 2004.

In presidential elections in Nigeria incumbent President Olusegun Obasanjo of thePeople’s Democratic Party claimed 61·9% of the votes to defeat 19 candidates.Opposition groups and international observers were highly critical of the electionprocess.


Jay Garner, a former US general selected by Washington to head the Office ofReconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for Iraq and oversee the transition toan interim administration in Iraq, arrived in the country.

Former French President Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, chairman of the EuropeanConvention on the future of the European Union, called for a full-time EU presidentand the reduction of the number of EU Commissioners.

President Yasser Arafat and Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas agreed on thecomposition of the Palestinian Authority government, having earlier clashed overseveral key posts.

The Turkish-Cypriot authorities opened the border crossing in central Nicosia toallow day-passage for both Greek and Turkish communities.


In the first round of presidential elections in Argentina, Carlos Menem of thePeronists won 24·4% of the vote, followed by Néstor Kirchner, also a Peronist, with22·0%. Menem subsequently pulled out of the second round, leaving Kirchner aswinner by default.

In parliamentary elections in Yemen, the ruling General People’s Congress ofPresident Abdullah Saleh won 238 of a possible 301 seats.

Nicanor Duarte Frutos of the ruling Republican National Alliance–Colorado Partywon Paraguay’s presidential election with 37·1% of the vote.

xv

Domitien Ndayizeze, a Hutu, was sworn in as Burundi’s new president inaccordance with the terms of a power-sharing agreement between Hutus and Tutsis.

India’s Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced plans to resume fulldiplomatic relations with Pakistan and restore air links. Pakistan welcomed theinitiative and responded with reciprocal proposals.

Nauru First won three seats in Nauru’s general elections with independents takingthe remaining 15.

Week beginning 4 May 2003

Algeria’s President Abdelaziz Bouteflika dismissed Prime Minister Ali Benflisfollowing a series of clashes and replaced him with Ahmed Ouyahia.

In parliamentary elections in Iceland, the Independence Party of incumbent PrimeMinister Daví# Oddsson won 22 out of 63 seats with 33·7% of votes cast, against20 for the Social Alliance with 31·0% of votes cast.


Membership of the EU, scheduled for 2004, received 91·0% support in a nationalreferendum in Lithuania.

Peter Hollingworth stood down as Australia’s governor general while allegationsagainst him of a rape in the 1960s were investigated. Although cleared, hesubsequently resigned and was replaced by Maj.-Gen. Michael Jeffery.

Joseph Urusemal was elected president of Micronesia.

Paul Bremer, the newly-appointed US administrator of Iraq, arrived in the countryas successor to Jay Garner.

A referendum held in Slovakia approved accession to the EU, with 92·5% of votescast in favour of membership.


Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt’s Flemish Liberal and Democratic Party won 25seats in Belgium’s parliamentary elections, receiving 15·4% of votes cast. TheSocialist Party also took 25 seats, with 13·0% of the vote, ahead of the ReformistMovement with 24 seats and the Socialist Party Different–Spirit coalition with 23.

Dr Jong-Wook Lee was chosen as director-general of the World Health Organization.

In parliamentary elections in Barbados, Prime Minister Owen Arthur’s BarbadosLabour Party won 23 of 30 seats with the Democratic Labour Party taking theremaining 7.

The UN Security Council passed a resolution on Iraq’s future. All UN sanctionswere to be lifted immediately. UN special representatives would be appointed toco-operate with the occupying forces to form a new government. The occupyingforces would remain until an internationally-acceptable government was in place.


The Republican Party won 31 of 131 seats in Armenia’s general elections, ahead ofRule of Law Country with 19 seats and Ardartyun (Justice) with 14.

A new Rwandan constitution won 93·4% backing in a national referendum. Underits terms no single party would be able to dominate government. Opponents of thegovernment claimed that a ban on grassroots campaigning would make it moredifficult to unseat the incumbent administration.

xvi

CHRONOLOGY

Jan Peter Balkenende of the Christian Democrat Appeal was sworn in as primeminister of the Netherlands for a second term. He headed a coalition that alsoincluded the People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy, and Democrats ’66.

Nepal’s Prime Minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand resigned. Several oppositionparties had rejected the legitimacy of his original appointment by King Gyanendra.

Week beginning 1 June 2003

Gnassingbé Eyadéma won a further term of office in presidential elections in Togo,receiving 57·2% of the votes against 34·1% for opposition candidate Emmanuel BobAkitani.

The EU agreed to send troops to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the firsttime it had sent forces outside of Europe in a joint operation.

Surya Bahadur Thapa became prime minister of Nepal for the fifth time.


In Poland, EU membership was approved with the support of 77·4% of voters in anational referendum.

An attempted coup in Mauritania against President Maaouiya Ould Taya ended infailure. Nouakchott, the capital, witnessed heavy fighting between rebel armyfactions and pro-government troops.

In Kazakhstan, Prime Minister Imangali Tasmagambetov resigned. He was replacedby Daniyal Akhmetov.

The Czech Republic’s application for membership of the EU won 77·3% approvalin a national referendum.


In parliamentary elections in Jordan originally scheduled for 2001, independentcandidates loyal to the king won 62 of the 110 seats. The Islamic Action Front won18.

Finnish Prime Minister Anneli Jäätteenmäki resigned. Parliament subsequentlyelected Defence Minister Matti Vanhanen as her successor.

Latvian President Vaira Vîíe-Freiberga was re-elected by parliament for a secondterm.


Peru’s Prime Minister Luis Solari and his cabinet resigned when tax cut proposalswere rejected by the congress. He was replaced as prime minister by Beatriz Merino.

Chad’s President Idriss Déby appointed Moussa Faki prime minister.

Bosnian Croat Dragan Èoviæ replaced Bosnian Serb Borislav Paravac as chairmanof Bosnia-Herzegovina’s rotating presidency.


In the Democratic Republic of the Congo a power-sharing transitional governmentwas installed. Four vice-presidents were later sworn in, including two rebel leaders.

Anote Tong was elected president of Kiribati, winning 47·4% of the votes, with hisbrother, Harry Tong, second with 43·5%.

In parliamentary elections in Kuwait, Islamists won 21 out of 50 seats, governmentsupporters 14, liberals 3 and independents 12.

xvii

CHRONOLOGY

Week beginning 6 July 2003

Mauritania’s President Maaouiya Ould Taya appointed Sghaïr Ould M’Bareck primeminister.

In Mexico’s elections to the Chamber of Deputies, President Vicente Fox’s NationalAction Party won 153 seats, losing a quarter of its seats. The main opposition party,the Institutional Revolutionary Party, won 224 seats.

US General Tommy Franks, who led US forces in Iraq in 2003, retired as ArmyChief-of-Staff and was replaced by Lieut.-General John Abizaid.

Belarus’ Prime Minister Gennady Novitsky was dismissed by President AlyaksandrLukashenka. The first deputy prime minister, Sergei Sidorsky, was appointed actingprime minister.


A 25-man Iraqi-led governing council convened in Baghdad for the first time sincethe US-led war in a staging post towards full self-government. The council wascharged with appointing and dismissing ministers, deciding on policy and preparingfor free elections, although the US administration retained a power of veto.

The former Kuwaiti foreign minister Shaikh Sabah al-Ahmed al-Jaber al-Sabah wasappointed prime minister by his brother the emir, Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmed al-Jaberal-Sabah. It was the first time since independence that the premiership was not heldby the heir to the throne.

The Cypriot parliament ratified accession to the European Union by a unanimousvote.

Army officers, led by Major Fernando Pereira, staged a coup in São Tomé e Príncipe,holding hostage Prime Minister Maria des Neves and several other leadinggovernment figures. Despite the use of force, no casualties were reported. MajorPereira installed a junta but subsequently agreed to allow the ousted president toform a government of national unity.


Dr Lee Jong-wook took office as Director-General of the World HealthOrganization.

Saddam Hussein’s sons, Uday and Qusay, were killed in a gun battle in Mosul.

An Australian-led peacekeeping force landed in the Solomon Islands in an attemptto reassert the rule of law amid widespread inter-ethnic conflict.


The Cambodian People’s Party of Prime Minister Hun Sen won 68 out of 122 seatswith 47·5% of the vote in Cambodia’s parliamentary elections, ahead of the royalistFUNCINPEC party of Prince Norodom Ranariddh, with 24 seats and 20·5%.

The UN adopted a resolution supporting the creation of Western Sahara as a semi-autonomous area within Morocco for a transitional period extending up to five years,at which point the region’s population would hold a referendum offering fullindependence, autonomy or Moroccan integration.

Week beginning 3 August 2003

In elections to North Korea’s Supreme People’s Assembly, all 687 candidateshandpicked by the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland won100% of the vote.

xviii

CHRONOLOGY

In Azerbaijan, parliament chose <lham Äliyev, son of President Heydar Äliyev, asprime minister.

Ludwig Scotty was replaced by René Harris as president of Nauru.


Charles Taylor resigned the presidency of Liberia, handing power to Vice-PresidentMoses Blah until the instalment of a new president. Taylor went into exile in Nigeria,accusing the US of forcing him from office.

NATO took over peacekeeping duties in Afghanistan from the German- and Dutch-led International Security Assistance Force, in its first operational commitmentoutside Europe.

Nicanor Duarte Frutos was sworn in as president of Paraguay.


A peace deal was signed by the Liberian government and the two main rebel groups,Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy and Movement for Democracyin Liberia. Liberia’s President Moses Blah agreed to step down within two monthsto allow a chairman to assume control of a transitional government.

The UN building in Baghdad was attacked by a truck bomb, killing at least 20people including the UN special representative for Iraq, Sérgio Vieira de Mello.

US military forces in Iraq captured Gen. Ali Hassan al-Majid, known as ‘ChemicalAli’, previously reported to have been killed during coalition bombing in April.


President Paul Kagame won 95·1% of the votes against two opponents in Rwanda’sfirst democratic elections since the 1994 genocide.

Gen. Khin Nyunt was appointed prime minister of Myanmar.

Lyonpo Jigme Thinley took office as prime minister of Bhutan.


North Korean leader Kim Jong-Il appointed Pak Pong-chu prime minister.

Mahmoud Abbas resigned as the Palestinian prime minister.

Week beginning 7 September 2003

Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad appointed Mohammed Naji Al-Otari primeminister.

Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh died after being stabbed by an unknownassailant.

The UN Security Council voted to lift sanctions against Libya, the USA and Franceabstaining.


The government of Guinea-Bissau was overthrown by a military coup led by Gen.Veríssimo Correia Seabra who declared himself interim president.

A referendum in Estonia approved membership of the European Union, with 66·9%in favour of accession.

xix

CHRONOLOGY

Adoption of the euro in Sweden was rejected in a referendum, with 56·1% of votescast against joining the single currency.


The power-sharing government of Côte d’Ivoire collapsed after six months in office.Former rebel factions withdrew and ended their involvement in the disarmamentprogramme.

Accession to the European Union was approved in a referendum in Latvia, with67·4% voting in favour of membership.


Pope John Paul II appointed 31 cardinals, enlarging the consistory to 195 cardinals,135 of which were under 80 years of age and thus entitled to vote for his successor.

In Rwanda’s first democratic parliamentary elections since the 1994 genocide,President Paul Kagame’s Rwandan Patriotic Front won 73·8% of the votes.

Paul Bérenger replaced Sir Anerood Jugnauth as prime minister of Mauritius.

Henrique Rosa took office as interim president of Guinea-Bissau. Artur Sanhá wasappointed prime minister to head a transitional government.

Dr Nicholas Liverpool took office as president of Dominica.

In elections to Oman’s Majlis al-Shura, the consultative assembly, 506 non-partisancandidates stood for 83 seats.

Week beginning 5 October 2003

Yasser Arafat, president of the Palestinian Authority, issued a special decreeinstalling Ahmed Qureia as prime minister of an emergency cabinet.

Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected governor of California, winning 48·7% of thevotes. Incumbent Governor Gray Davis is only the second governor in US historyto lose a recall vote.

A peace deal to put into practice a ceasefire agreed in late 2002 was signed byBurundi’s president, Domitien Ndayizeye, and Pierre Nkurunziza, the leader of themain rebel group, the Forces for the Defence of Democracy.

The member states of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) agreedto implement free trade by 2020.

Shirin Ebadi, an Iranian human rights lawyer and former judge, was awarded theNobel Peace Prize.


Gyude Bryant was sworn in as chairman of the National Transitional Governmentof Liberia.

China became the third nation to send a manned spacecraft into orbit. Lt. Col. YangLiwei is the country’s first astronaut.

In elections in Azerbaijan, former President Heydar Äliyev’s son, <lham Äliyev, wonthe presidency with 79·5% of the vote, although allegations of electoral irregularitieswere widespread.

In the Maldives, President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom was re-elected for a sixth termin a referendum.

Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, president of Bolivia, resigned. Vice-president CarlosMesa Gilbert was chosen to replace him.

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CHRONOLOGY


In parliamentary elections in Switzerland, the Swiss People’s Party won 26·6% ofthe votes and 55 of 200 seats, the Social Democratic Party 23·4% and 52 seats, theRadicals 17·3% and 36 seats and the Christian Democratic People’s Party 14·4%and 28 seats.

In Jordan, Prime Minister Ali Abu al-Ragheb resigned. He was replaced by royalcourt minister Faisal al-Fayez.


Malaysia’s prime minister, Dr Mahathir Mohamad, stepped down after 22 years inoffice. His deputy, Abdullah Ahmed Badawi, succeeded him.

The Nigerian government agreed to hand over control of disputed territory nearLake Chad containing 70,000 inhabitants to Cameroon in accordance with a rulingfrom the International Court of Justice.

Week beginning 2 November 2003

Parliamentary elections in Georgia, in which the For a New Georgia bloc ofPresident Eduard Shevardnadze claimed victory with 21·3% of the votes, led todaily demonstrations in the capital, Tbilisi. Protesters, opposition leaders andinternational observers claimed serious voting irregularities.

President Chandrika Kumaratunga suspended the Sri Lankan parliament and sackedthree senior ministers, assuming their portfolios. Declaring a state of emergency,she accused the prime minister, Ranil Wickremasinghe, of undermining nationalsecurity with concessions to Tamil Tiger rebels.

Azerbaijan’s parliament endorsed Artur Rasizade as prime minister.

In presidential elections in Mauritania incumbent Maaouya Ould Taya won 67·0%of the vote, defeating Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla, a former president, whotook 18·7%.


In elections to the Japanese Diet, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi’s LiberalDemocratic Party (LDP) maintained its majority in the House of Deputies, the lowerhouse, by negotiating a coalition with the New Komeito Party and the NewConservative Party. The main opposition, the Democratic Party of Japan, increasedits seats by 40 to 177, compared to the LDP’s 237.

In Guatemala’s presidential elections Óscar Berger of the Grand National Alliancewon 34·3% of the votes, Álvaro Colom of the National Union for Hope 26·4% andformer military leader Efraín Ríos Montt of the Guatemalan Republican Front19·3%. The result necessitated a second round between Berger and Colom.

The Palestinian National Council approved the appointment of Ahmed Qureia asprime minister and his cabinet, ending a period of emergency administration.

In Swaziland, King Mswati III named Themba Dlamini prime minister.


Serbia was unable to elect a president failing, for the fourth time, to reach therequired 50% turn-out.

In Papua New Guinea, the Supreme Court ruled that the election of Sir AlbertKipalan as governor-general was invalid. The Speaker of the Parliament, Bill Skate,became acting governor-general.

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Eduard Shevardnadze resigned as president of Georgia after two weeks ofdemonstrations in Tbilisi following elections. The results of the election werecancelled after allegations of serious irregularities. Nino Burjanadze, parliamentaryspeaker, was installed as acting president.

Parliamentary elections were held in Croatia. The nationalist Croatian DemocraticUnion won 66 of the 152 seats in the Sabor (Assembly), defeating Prime MinisterIvica Raèan’s Social Democrats.

Northern Ireland’s delayed elections were held. The Democratic Unionist Party won30 of the 108 seats in the legislature, the Ulster Unionists 27 seats, Sinn Féin 24seats and the Social and Democratic Labour Party 18 seats.

A ceasefire was declared between India and Pakistan at the Line of Control, the defacto border in Kashmir.

Parliamentary elections in Grenada were won by Prime Minister Keith Mitchell’sNew National Party, which took eight of the 15 seats. The National DemocraticCongress won the other seven seats. Mitchell was sworn in for an unprecedentedthird term.


President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan proposed the withdrawal of Pakistani troopsfrom Kashmir on the condition of India’s military withdrawal from Indian-controlledKashmir. The proposal came after an agreement by the two governments to restoredirect air links.

In the Netherlands, Ben Bot took office as foreign minister

Sir Pato Kakaraya was elected by parliament as governor-general of Papua NewGuinea.

Week beginning 7 December 2003

In elections to the Russian parliament (the Duma), the United Russia Party, whichsupports President Vladimir Putin, took 222 of the 450 seats, ahead of theCommunist Party, with 51 seats, the Rodina Bloc, with 37 seats, and the Liberal-Democratic Party, with 36.

The Commonwealth extended the suspension of Zimbabwe and Pakistan at theHeads of Government Meeting in Abuja, Nigeria. Robert Mugabe, the president ofZimbabwe, responded by withdrawing his country from the Commonwealth.

President Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan appointed Shavkat Mirziyayev primeminister.

In the Central African Republic the government of Prime Minister Abel Goumbawas dissolved. Célestin Gaombalet was appointed prime minister, and Goumba wasnamed vice-president.

Paul Martin took office as prime minister of Canada.

Saddam Hussein, the deposed president of Iraq, was captured near Tikrit by USforces.

Beatriz Merino, prime minister of Peru, and her cabinet resigned in accordance withthe wishes of President Alejandro Toledo.

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Parliamentary elections were held in the ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’.The Republican Turkish Party-United Forces won 19 of the 50 seats, the Party ofNational Unity of Prime Minister Derviº Ero#lu 18 seats, the Democratic Partyseven seats and the Peace and Democracy Movement six seats.

Carlos Ferrero Costa took office as prime minister of Peru.

Sergei Sidorsky was confirmed as prime minister by the Belarus Chamber ofDeputies.

Announcing the suspension of Libya’s weapons of mass destruction programmes,including nuclear and chemical weapons, the Libyan leader, Col. al-Qadhafi,pledged full co-operation with the International Atomic Energy Agency.


President Lansana Conté of Guinea was re-elected with 95·6% of the vote against4·4% won by Mamadou Bhoye Barry of the Union for National Progress. Oppositionparties boycotted the elections.

In Mauritius, Jaya Krishna Cuttaree replaced Anil Kumarsingh Gayan as foreignminister.

An earthquake with a magnitude of 6·6 in southeastern Iran killed over 30,000.


In the second round of Guatemala’s presidential elections Óscar Berger of the GrandNational Alliance (GANA) won 54·1% of the vote, defeating Álvaro Colom of theNational Union for Hope (UNE), who won 45·9%.

Elections were held to Serbia’s National Assembly. The Serb Radical Party won 82of the 250 seats, the Democratic Party of Serbia 53 seats, the Democratic Party 37seats, G17 Plus 34 seats, the Serb Renewal Movement-New Serbia 23 seats and theSocialist Party of Serbia 21 seats.

In Albania, parliament approved Kastriot Islami as the new foreign minister.

Joseph Deiss assumed the presidency of Switzerland.

Week beginning 4 January 2004

Mikhail Saakashvili was elected president of Georgia, with 96·3% of the votes cast.

Jaap de Hoop Scheffer took office as secretary-general of the North Atlantic TreatyOrganization.

The Nitijela (House of Assembly) of the Marshall Islands re-elected PresidentKessai Note for a second term.

Pierre Charles, prime minister of Dominica, died in office. He was succeeded byRoosevelt Skerrit.

Week beginning 11 January 2004Óscar Berger Perdomo was sworn in as president of Guatemala.

South Korean Foreign Minister Yoon Young-kwan resigned. He was replaced byBan Ki-moon.

Sri Lanka’s president, Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga, extended her term ofoffice by a year, claiming it from her shortened first term. Prime Minister RanilWickremasinghe condemned the move as illegal.

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Elections were held to the Diet of the Faroe Islands. The Party for People’sGovernment, which favours independence from Denmark, won eight seats. TheUnion Party, the Equality Party/Social Democrats and the People’s Party each wonseven seats.


Afghanistan’s interim president, Hamid Karzai, signed the new constitution, ratifiedby the loya jirga (grand council).

Talks in Nairobi, hosted by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development(IGAD), produced a charter for the creation of federal government and a newparliament in Somalia. The self-declared state of Somaliland was the only majorSomali power not to be represented in the agreement.

Week beginning 1 February 2004

Jóannes Eidesgaard of the Equality Party/Social Democrats became prime ministerof the Faroe Islands in a coalition with the Union Party and the People’s Party.

In Latvia, the government of Prime Minister Einars Rep<e resigned after less than15 months in office.

President Chandrika Kumaratunga of Sri Lanka dissolved parliament ahead of earlyelections.


The president of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili, nominated Minister of State ZurabZhvania to be the new prime minister.


Mozambique’s finance minister, Luísa Diogo, became prime minister.

In undemocratic elections in Iran, conservatives took 156 of the 290 seats, with thereformist supporters of President Mohammad Khatami winning only 40. A numberof seats had to be re-contested because no candidate won more than 25% of thevote.


Russia’s President Vladimir Putin dismissed his government, including PrimeMinister Mikhail Kasyanov.

The president of Macedonia, Boris Trajkovski, was killed in a plane crash in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

François Lonseny Fall, Guinea’s foreign minister, was appointed prime minister.

Sulejman Tihiæ, the Muslim leader of the Party of Democratic Action, becamechairman of the Presidency of Bosnia-Herzegovina.


Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti’s president, fled the country after rebel forces took thesecond city, Cap-Haïtien. The chief justice, Boniface Alexandre, became provisionalpresident.

Mikhail Fradkov, nominated by Russian President Vladimir Putin, was accepted asprime minister by the Duma.

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Vojislav Ko<tunica, former president of Yugoslavia, took office as prime ministerof Serbia. Predrag Markoviæ became acting president.

Bomb attacks on the Shia community in Baghdad and Karbala killed over 270people during the festival of Yaum Ashura. US officials linked the attacks to AbuMusab al-Zarqawi, a Jordanian member of al-Qaeda. A similar attack on the Shiacommunity in Quetta, Pakistan killed over 40 people.

Week beginning 7 March 2004

Parliamentary elections in Greece were won by New Democracy, with 165 of 300seats and 45·4% of the vote, ahead of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (Pasok)with 117 seats and 40·6%. New Democracy leader Kostas Karamanlis became primeminister. He appointed Petros Moliviatis as foreign minister and SpiliosSpiliotopoulos as defence minister.

In Haiti, Gérard Latortue was named prime minister. He formed a new governmentincluding Yvon Siméon as foreign minister.

The Latvian parliament approved a new government headed by Indulis Emsis ofthe Union of Greens and Farmers, who became Europe’s first Green prime minister.Rihards Pîks was appointed foreign minister and Atis Slakteris defence minister.

In the Spanish capital Madrid four commuter trains were bombed, killing 191 andinjuring over 1,800.

South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun was suspended from office following aNational Assembly vote to impeach him. Prime Minister Goh Kun took over asacting president.


In presidential elections in Russia, Vladimir Putin was re-elected for a further four-year term, gaining 71·2% of the votes cast, ahead of Nikolai Kharitonov of theCommunist Party of the Russian Federation with 13·7% of the vote.

In parliamentary elections in Spain the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers’ Partywon 164 seats with 42·6% of votes cast, defeating the ruling Popular Party, with148 seats and 37·6% of the vote.

In presidential elections in Taiwan, incumbent Chen Shui-bian of the DemocraticProgressive Party won 50·1% of the vote against 49·9% for Lien Chan of theKuomintang.


In presidential elections in El Salvador, Antonio Saca of the Nationalist RepublicanAlliance won 57·7% of the vote, beating Schafik Hándal of the Farabundo MartíNational Liberation Front into second place, with 35·7%.

Malaysia’s parliamentary election was won by the ruling National Front Coalition,with 64·4% of the vote and 198 of 219 seats, ahead of the Islamic Party of Malaysia,with 15·8% of votes cast and seven seats.

In parliamentary elections in Antigua and Barbuda the opposition UnitedProgressive Party won 55·3% of the vote, taking 12 of the 17 seats, against 41·8%and four seats for the ruling Antigua Labour Party. Baldwin Spencer wassubsequently sworn in as prime minister.

Maltese Prime Minister Eddie Fenech Adami stepped down and was replaced byLawrence Gonzi. Parliament subsequently elected Fenech Adami as president.

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In parliamentary elections in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia the NationalMovement/Democrats won 67·6% of the vote and 135 of 150 seats elected by partylists, with the Rightist Opposition taking 7·6% of the vote and winning 15 seats.

In parliamentary elections in Guinea-Bissau the African Party for the Independenceof Guinea and Cape Verde won 45 of 102 seats, the Party for Social Renewal 35,and the United Social Democratic Party 17.

French President Jacques Chirac reshuffled his government, reappointing Jean-Pierre Raffarin as prime minister but with Michel Barnier as foreign minister,Dominique Galouzeau de Villepin as interior minister and Nicolas Sarkozy asfinance and economy minister.

In parliamentary elections in Sri Lanka, President Chandrika Kumaratunga’s UnitedPeople’s Freedom Alliance won 45·8% of the vote, taking 105 of the 225 seats,ahead of Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe’s United National Party 37·9% and82 seats, and the Tamil National Alliance 6·6% and 22 seats. Mahinda Rajapakseof the United People’s Freedom Alliance was subsequently named the new primeminister.

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ADDENDA

ADDENDA

All dates are 2004

BAHRAIN. Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa sacked his Interior Minister, ShaikhMohammed bin Khalifa, on 21 May for ordering a crackdown on a Shiademonstration. Gen. Rashed bin Abdullah bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa was appointed ashis replacement.

CANADA. Prime Minister Paul Martin called for elections to be held on 28 June.John Harvard was named as successor to Peter Liba as Lieutenant-Governor ofManitoba on 7 May. He was scheduled to take office on 30 June.

CÔTE D’IVOIRE. President Laurent Gbagbo sacked three members of the power-sharing unity government on 18 May, including the Minister of State forCommunications, and replaced them with members of his own party, the FrontPopulaire Ivorienne.

CYPRUS. Labour Minister Iacovos Kevranos was appointed Finance Minister on17 May.

DENMARK. Crown Prince Frederik married Mary Donaldson on 14 May.

FRENCH POLYNESIA. In elections to the Assembly, held on 23 May, the People’sFront-Rally for the Republic won 28 seats and the Union for Democracy 27 seats.New Star and the Nicole Bouteau List took one seat each.

GERMANY. Horst Köhler was elected Federal President by the Federal Conventionon 23 May, defeating Gesine Schwan.

GUINEA. Prime Minister François Lonseny Fall resigned on 30 April.

INDIA. Krishna Mohan Seth, Governor of Chhattisgarh, additionally assumed theoffice of Governor of Madhya Pradesh, following the death of Governor RamPrakash Gupta on 1 May. On 14 May Rajasekhara Reddy took office as ChiefMinister of Andhra Pradesh. State elections in Sikkim on 10 May were won by theSikkim Democrat Front, taking 31 seats to Congress’ one seat.

IRAQ. The US-appointed Governing Council approved the introduction of a newnational flag on 26 April.

KOSOVO AND METOHIJA. Harri Holkeri, the Head of the United Nations InterimAdministration in Kosovo (UNMIK), resigned on 25 May. His principal deputy,Charles Brayshaw, became acting head.

LITHUANIA. Algirdas Butkevièius replaced Dalia Grybauskaitë as FinanceMinister on 1 May.

MALAWI. Bingu wa Mutharika of the United Democratic Front was electedPresident on 18 May, defeating John Tembo, Gwanda Chakuamba and BrownMpinganjira. In concurrent elections the Malawi Congress Party became the largestparty in the National Assembly, with 60 seats. The United Democratic Front took49 seats and the Mgwirizano Coalition took 28 seats. Mutharika took office on 24May.

NEPAL. Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa resigned on 7 May.

THE NETHERLANDS. Prince Johan Friso married Mabel Wisse Smit on 24 April.

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NEW CALEDONIA. In elections to the Territorial Congress on 9 May, theconservative Rassemblement-UMP and Our Future Together won 16 seats each, theNational Liberation Front of the Socialist Kanaks (FLNKS) 8, the Caledonian Union7 and the National Front 4. Our Future Together’s Harold Martin was electedCongress President on 21 May.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA. In a major reshuffle, Prime Minister Sir Michael Somaresacked all three People’s National Congress ministers on 18 May, including DeputyPrime Minister Moses Maladina.

PERU. On 5 May Interior Minister Fernando Rospigliosi Capurro was forced toresign by Congress and was succeeded by Javier Reategui Rossello.

PHILIPPINES. At the time of going to press, unofficial reports put President GloriaMacapagal-Arroyo narrowly ahead of Fernando Poe Jr in presidential elections heldon 10 May.

POLAND. Marek Belka, nominated by President Aleksander Kwaœniewski as PrimeMinister, was rejected by the Sejm on 14 May. He remained as acting prime minister.

SOUTH KOREA. Prime Minister Goh Kun resigned on 24 May. Deputy PrimeMinister Lee Hun-jai became acting prime minister.

SPAIN. Felipe, Prince of Asturias, married Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano on 22 May.

SYRIA. Gen. Hassan Turkmani replaced Gen. Mustafa Tlass as Defence Ministeron 13 May.

TAIWAN. A new cabinet was inaugurated on 20 May, with new appointmentsincluding Yeh Chu-lan as Vice-President of the Executive Yuan, Ho Mei-yueh asEconomic Affairs Minister and Lee Jye as Defence Minister.

TURKMENISTAN. President Saparmurad Niyazov dismissed Economics andFinance Minister Yazkuly Kakalyev on 22 April, appointing Bibitach Vekilova asacting minister.

USA. On 18 May President George W. Bush nominated Alan Greenspan for a fifthterm as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

COMMONWEALTH/PAKISTAN. The Commonwealth ended Pakistan’ssuspension on 22 May.

LIBYA/USA. US President George W. Bush announced that sanctions against Libyawould be relaxed following Col. Qadhafi’s decision to relinquish weapons of massdestruction. Under the relaxation American companies will be able to operate inLibya’s oil industry for the first time since 1986.

EU/CYPRUS. On 26 April the EU announced Turkish Cypriots would receive€260m. to boost the economy and that its economic embargo would be lifted. Themove followed Turkish Cypriot support in a referendum on 24 April for the UN-brokered peace plan for reunifying Cyprus. However, the plan was rejected by theGreek Cypriot population.

SADC/SEYCHELLES. In April the Southern African Development Communityannounced that Seychelles would leave the SADC on 1 July 2004.

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ADDENDA

THE STATESMAN’S YEARBOOK 2005 - rd.springer.com978-0-230-27133-3/1.pdf · republic 423 chad 428...

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