The State of Science and Technology in Canada

8/3/2019 The State of Science and Technology in Canada

1/227


2/227


3/227

f

]HD OATKOF@ AJ OCKCMFCK COCMDGFD_38> D`lfk _}udd}, A}}c|c, AK Ockcmc I5^ 5I?

KA]FOD2 ]hd ~uabdo} }hc} f }hd tebdo} aj }hf ud~au} |c tkmdu}cidk |f}h }hd c~~uazc` aj}hd Eacum aj Lazdukau aj }hd Oatkof` aj Ockcmfck Cocmdgfd + Eacum gdgedu cud muc|kjuag }hd U_O2 ]hd Cocmdgfd aj Cu} Htgckf}fd ckm _ofdkod aj Ockcmc }hd OckcmfckCocmdgv aj Dklfkddufkl (OCD& ckm }hd Ockcmfck Cocmdgv aj Hdc`}h _ofdkod (OCH_&c |d`` c juag }hd ldkduc` ~te`fo+ ]hd gdgedu aj }hd oaggf}}dd ud ~ak fe`d jau }hdud~au} |dud d`do}dm ev }hd Oatkof` jau }hdfu ~dofc` oag~d}dkod ckm |f}h udlcum jauc~~ua~ufc}d ec`ckod+

]hf ud~au} |c ~ud~cudm jau }hd Lazdukgdk} aj Ockcmc fk ud ~ak d }a c udstd } juag }hdGfkf }du aj Fkmt }uv+ Ckv a~fkfak jfkmfkl oako`t fak au udoaggdkmc}fak dx~ud dfk }hf ~te`foc}fak cud }ha d aj }hd ct}hau }hd Oaggf}}dd ak }hd _}c}d aj _ofdkod *]dohkaàlv fk Ockcmc ckm ma ka} kdod cuf`v udj`do} }hd zfd| aj }hd aulckfrc}fak aucldkofd }hc} ~uazfmdm t~~au} jau }hd ~uabdo}+

@feucuv ckm Cuohfzds Ockcmc Oc}càltfkl fk ^te`foc}fak

]hd }c}d aj ofdkod * }dohkaàlv fk Ockcmc ! }hd Oaggf}}dd ak }hd _}c}d aj_ofdkod * ]dohkaàlv fk Ockcmc+

F tdm c` a fk Judkoh tkmdu }f}`d2 @,}c} md `c ofdkod d} md `c }dohkaàlfd ct Ockcmc+F tdm c` a fk d`do}uakfo jaugc}+Fko`tmd efe`faluc~hfoc` udjdudkod +

F_EK >'643 O5>>:'6>4


4/227

ff


5/227

fff

Oaggf}}dd ak }hd _}c}d aj _ofdkod * ]dohkaàlv fk Ockcmc

D`frced}h Ma|mds|d`` (Ohcfu & _~dofc` Cmzf au Kto`dcu \c }d Gckcldgdk}Aulckfrc}fak

]ag Eurts}a|sif JU_O JOCD UEO Jfkckofc` Luat~ ûajd au fk }hdOaggduofc`frc}fak aj Fkkazc}fak Tkfzdu f}v aj A}}c|c

Mczfm Ma`~hfk JU_O ODA EO Fkkazc}fak Oatkof`

Mak Mutggakm _dkfau Zfod ûd fmdk} ckm Ohfdj Doakagf } ]M Ecki Jfkckofc` Luat~

Bdck Lucv JOCH_ ûajd au aj Gdmfofkd (Dgduf}t & Mc`hat fd Tkfzdu f}v

^d}du Lu}}du,JU_O ûajd au aj ^hv fo GoLf`` Tkfzdu f}v

Ufohcum Hc|ifks ûajd au ckm Ockcmc Ud dcuoh Ohcfu (]fdu 3& fk _ofdkod ]dohkaàlvckm Fkkazc}fak â`fov Tkfzdu f}v aj Oc`lcuv

_tsck C+ GoMckfd` JU_O ûajd au aj _aofaàlv Tkfzdu f}v aj \fkm au

Ohcu`ds \dsskdu ûalucg Mfudo}au ]hd Kc}fakc` Cocmdgfd 9 \c hfkl}ak MO

Basd~h M+ \uflh} JOCD Ud}fudm ûd fmdk} ckm ODA aj }hd ^t`~ * ^c~du Ud dcuohFk }f}t}d aj Ockcmc (^CÛFOCK&

_}cjj aj }hd Oatkof` aj Ockcmfck Cocmdgfds

^d}du B+ Kfoha`sak ûd fmdk}Gcuo _ckdu Dxdot}fzd Zfod'ûd fmdk} ckm Mfudo}au aj C d gdk}

Kckov Kdf` Dxdot}fzd C f }ck} }a }hd ûd fmdk}_cgck}hc Ucd C f }ck} }a }hd Dxdot}fzd Zfod'ûd fmdk} Bdkkfjdu Ohckm`du _dkfau C aofc}dGcufd'Ka``d F~ _dkfau C aofc}dIc}hdufkd @dzf}} _dkfau C aofc}dOhufs}fkc _}coht`ci _dkfau C aofc}d


6/227

fz

]hd Oatkof` aj Ockcmfck Cocmdgfds_ofdkod Cmzfod fk }hd ^te`fo Fk}dud }

]hd gckmc}d aj }hdOatkof` aj Ockcmfck Cocmdgfds f }a ~dujaug fkmd~dkmdk} dx~du}

c d gdk} aj }hd ofdkod }hc} f ud`dzck} }a fg~au}ck} ~te`fo f td + Hdud ofdkod ffk}du~ud}dm euacm`v }a dkoag~c ckv ika|`dmld'ldkduc}fkl mf of~`fkd fko`tmfkl }hdkc}tuc` aofc` ckm hdc`}h ofdkod dklfkddufkl ckm }hd htgckf}fd + ]hd Oatkof`c d gdk} cud ~dujaugdm ev fkmd~dkmdk} ~ckd` aj stc`fjfdm dx~du} juag Ockcmc ckmceuacm+

A~duc}fkl c} cug `dkl}h juag lazdukgdk} et} |f}h 3>'vdcu jtkmfkl aj -?> gf``fak~uazfmdm fk 5>>4 ev }hd Lazdukgdk} aj Ockcmc }hd Oatkof` ocuufd at} }tmfd aj tebdo}~ua~a dm ev }hd lazdukgdk} ckm dzdk}tc``v ev kak'lazdukgdk}c` ckm ~ufzc}d' do}auaulckfrc}fak + ]hd Oatkof` f lazdukdm ev c 35'gdgedu Eacum c gcbauf}v aj |hag cudc~~afk}dm mfudo}`v au fkmfudo}`v ev }hd Oatkof` }hudd gdgedu Cocmdgfd }hdOckcmfck Cocmdgv aj Hdc`}h _ofdkod }hd Ockcmfck Cocmdgv aj Dklfkddufkl ckm }hdU_O2 ]hd Cocmdgfd aj Cu} Htgckf}fd ckm _ofdkod aj Ockcmc+ Ck 38'gdgedu_ofdk}fjfo Cmzf auv Oaggf}}dd oag~a dm aj dgfkdk} ud~ud dk}c}fzd aj }hd euacm ofdkooaggtkf}v cmzf d }hd Oatkof` Eacum |f}h ud ~do} }a c d gdk} }a~fo d`do}fak }dugaj udjdudkod d`do}fak aj dx~du} ~ckd` ckm ~ddu udzfd|+

]hd jatkmfkl gdgedu aj }hd Oatkof` aj Ockcmfck Cocmdgfd cud2

U_O2 ]hd Cocmdgv aj }hd Cu}s, _ofdkods ckm Htgckf}fds aj Ockcmc f }hd dkfaukc}fakc` eamv aj mf }fkltf hdm Ockcmfck ofdk}f } oha`cu ckm cu}f } + ]hd U_O oakaj c~~uaxfgc}d`v 3 > Jd``a| 2 gdk ckm |agdk juag coua }hd oatk}uv |ha cud

d`do}dm ev }hdfu ~ddu jau at} }ckmfkl oak}ufet}fak }a }hd kc}tuc` ckm aofc` ofdkod cfk }hd cu} ckm htgckf}fd + ]hd U_O f c ohcuf}ce`d aulckfrc}fak fkoau~auc}dm ev ck Co} aj^cu`fcgdk} fk 388?+

]hd Ockcmfck Cocmdgv aj Dklfkddufkl f ck fkmd~dkmdk} d`j'lazdukfkl ckm kak'~uajf}aulckfrc}fak d }ce`f hdm fk 368= c tood au aj }hdOckcmfck Fk }f}t}d aj Cocmdgfo Gdmfofkd+ ]hd OCH_ dkoag~c d }hd jt`` eudcm}h ajcocmdgfo hdc`}h ofdkod fko`tmfkl c`` }hd gdmfoc` ckm c``fdm hdc`}h ofdkod ucklfkljuag jtkmcgdk}c` ofdkod }a aofc` ofdkod ckm ~a~t`c}fak hdc`}h+ ]hd c~~uaxfgc}d`v 3?4

gdgedu otuudk}`v d`do}dm }a }hd OCH_ cud udoalkfrdm jau }hdfu `dcmdu hf~ oudc}fzf}vmf }fko}fzd oag~d}dkofd ckm oaggf}gdk} }a }hd cmzckodgdk} aj cocmdgfo hdc`}hofdkod +

|||+sofdkodcmzfod+oc


7/227

z

COIKA\@DMLDGDK]_

]hf ~uabdo} |c tkmdu}cidk fk ud ~ak d }a c udstd } juag }hd Lazdukgdk} aj Ockcmc}huatlh }hd Gfkf }du aj Fkmt }uv at}`fkfkl std }fak udlcumfkl }hd }c}d aj ofdkod ckm}dohkaàlv (_*]& fk Ockcmc+ ]hd }tmv ohculd `dm }a }hd c~~afk}gdk} aj }hd Oaggf}}ddak }hd _}c}d aj _ofdkod * ]dohkaàlv fk Ockcmc+ Mtufkl }hd oatu d aj f} md`feduc}fak }hdoaggf}}dd atlh} c f }ckod juag gckv ~da~`d ckm aulckfrc}fak |ha ~uazfmdm zc`tce`dcmzfod ckm fkjaugc}fak jau oak fmduc}fak+ _~dofc` }hcki cud mtd }a Mdudi Bck dk Zfod'ûd fmdk} aj DIA_ Ud dcuoh C aofc}d Fko+ ckm hf oa``dcltd |ha if`jt``vcmgfkf }dudm ck ak`fkd tuzdv }hd ud t`} aj |hfoh oak }f}t}d c oaud ec d aj fkjaugc}fakjau }hf ud~au}+ _~dofc` }hcki cud c` a mtd }a ufo Cuohcgect`} ckm Lulafud O}ud ~do}fzd`v ûd fmdk} ckm ûabdo} Mfudo}au aj _ofdkod'Gd}ufx |ha ~uazfmdm }hdefe`fagd}ufo ckm }dohkagd}ufo mc}c ckc`v f dg~àvdm fk }hd }tmv9 }a Bczfdu Lucofc'Lcurcaj }hd Ajjfod aj }hd Kc}fakc` _ofdkod Cmzf au jau hf c f }ckod fk oak a`fmc}fklfkjaugc}fak juag |f}hfk }hd jdmduc` lazdukgdk}9 ckm }a Oucfl \f` ak aj Jaudflk Cjjcfuckm Fk}dukc}fakc` ]ucmd Ockcmc |ha oaaumfkc}dm }hd ~uazf fak aj fkjaugc}fak juagOckcmc _*] kd}|aui ceuacm+

]hf ud~au} |c udzfd|dm fk mucj} jaug ev }hd fkmfzfmtc` `f }dm edà| |ha |dud d`do}dmev }hd Eacum aj }hd Oatkof` aj Ockcmfck Cocmdgfd jau }hdfu mfzdu d ~du ~do}fzd cudcaj dx~du}f d ckm euacm ud~ud dk}c}fak aj }hd ofdk}fjfo ckm }dohkaàlfoc` oaggtkf}fd +]hd udzfd|du c d dm }hd aebdo}fzf}v ckm stc`f}v aj }hd ud~au}+ ]hdfu tegf fak |hfoh |f`` udgcfk oakjfmdk}fc` |dud oak fmdudm jt``v ev }hd oaggf}}dd ckm gckv aj}hdfu tlld }fak hczd eddk fkoau~auc}dm fk }hd ud~au}+ ]hd udzfd|du |dud ka} c idm }adkmau d }hd jfkc` ud~au} c f} f dxo`t fzd`v }hd ud ~ak fef`f}v aj }hd oaggf}}dd+ \d }hcki}hd ja`à|fkl fkmfzfmtc` jau }hdfu udzfd| 2

Gd` Oc~~d, ûd fmdk} Fk }f}t}d jau Ud dcuoh ak ^te`fo â`fov

Cmcg Oha|ckfdo, Ohcfugck aj }hd Eacum aj Mfudo}au ]tkmuc _dgfoakmto}auOau~auc}fak

Gfohcd` O`dll Makc`m Eudk ûajd au aj Doaàlv * Dza`t}fakcuv EfaàlvTkfzdu f}v aj Oc`fjaukfc Fuzfkd ckm Jaudflk _doud}cuv T_ Kc}fakc`Cocmdgv aj _ofdkod

Ohcu`ds H+ Mczfs, Dm|cum _+ Ualdu _u+ Ud dcuoh Ohcfu fk Gdmfc Gckcldgdk}ckm Dk}ud~udkdtu hf~ ckm ûajd au Jcot`}v aj Oaggtkfoc}fak * Md flk

Uvdu ak Tkfzdu f}vHdkuv Jufdsdk, JU_O JOCH_ Jaugdu Ohcfu Ldkagd Ockcmc ckm Jaugdu

ûd fmdk} Gdmfoc` Ud dcuoh Oatkof`

Judm Lct`}, Mfudo}au aj }hd _ofdkod Fkkazc}fak ckm D`do}uakfo Fkjaugc}fakMfzf fak _}c}f }fo Ockcmc


8/227

zf

@atfs Gchdt JU_O Jt`` ûajd au Md~cu}gdk} aj _aofaàlv Tkfzdu f} mdGak}udc`

Gcu}fk Gasiazf}s JU_O Mdck aj _ofdkod ckm ûajd au aj ^hv foc` Ohdgf }uvTkfzdu f}v aj Oc`fjaukfc _ck}c Ecuecuc

@to _ad}d, Mfudo}au aj TKT'GDUF] ckm ûajd au aj Fk}dukc}fakc` DoakagfoTkfzdu f}v aj Gcc }ufoh}

Gcuv Ckkd \hf}d Tkfzdu f}v Ud dcuoh ûajd au ckm Mfudo}au aj }hd Fk }f}t}djau Ud dcuoh fk Gc}dufc` Md~cu}gdk} aj Ohdgf }uv Mc`hat fd Tkfzdu f}v

\d dx}dkm c ~dofc` }hcki vat }a }hd gckv fkmfzfmtc` |ha cmzf dm fkjaugc``v akzcufat c ~do} aj }hd }tmv ckm ~cu}fot`cu`v ak }hd md flk aj }hd ak`fkd tuzdv+Mf }ufet}fak aj }hd tuzdv |c ldkduat `v c f }dm ev gckv za`tk}ddu fk lazdukgdk}tkfzdu f}fd ckm }hd et fkd ckm KLA do}au + \d }hcki }hdg c``+ Ckm `c }`v |d }hcki}hd 3 456 ud ~akmdk} }a }hd tuzdv+ ]hdfu fkzd }gdk} aj }fgd ckm |f mag hc

oak}ufet}dm fggdc tuce`v }a }hd jfkc` ud~au}+

D`frced}h Ma|md |d`` OhcfuOaggf}}dd ak }hd _}c}d aj _ofdkod * ]dohkaàlv fk Ockcmc


9/227

zff

] CE@D AJ OAK]DK]_

_tggcuv ckm Gcfk Jfkmfkls +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

3+ ]hd Ohculd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

5+ Mdjfkfkl }hd Stds}fak +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

\hv Mad _}udkl}h fk _*] Gc}}du jau Ockcmc1 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

\hc} f _ofdkod ckm ]dohkaàlv1++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

\hc} f _*] _}udkl}h1 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++]hd Làec` du ~do}fzd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

\hc} }hd Ud~au} _ddi }a Ck |du ckm \hc} f} Mad Ka} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++

?+ C~~uacoh ckm Gd}hams++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

_*] _}udkl}h ]huatlh Jatu @dk d +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

_tuzdv Ma Oua|m Hczd \f mag1++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Gd}ufo Gdc tufkl At}~t} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Fk}dukc}fakc` ]hd Zfd| juag Ceuacm++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Dxf }fkl @f}duc}tud++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

=+ _d}}fkl ]hd Oak}dx} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Fk~t} Fkmfoc}au +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

At}~t} Fkmfoc}au ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

4+ Ockcmcs _}udkl}hs fk Udsdcuoh ckm ]dohkaàlv C~~`foc}fak+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

]hd _tuzdv ^du ~do}fzd ak Ockcmc _*] _}udkl}h ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Oag~a f}fak aj }hd Jatu O`t }du aj _}udkl}h+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Kc}tuc` Ud atuod ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


10/227

zfff

Fkjaugc}fak * Oaggtkfoc}fak ]dohkaàlfd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Hdc`}h * Ud`c}dm @fjd _ofdkod +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Dkzfuakgdk}c` _ofdkod * ]dohkaàlfd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

A}hdu _do}au +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

_tuzdv Ud t`} fk _tggcuv+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Efe`fagd}ufo ckm ]dohkagd}ufo ]hd Gdc tudgdk} aj _*] At}~t} +++++++++++++++++++

Efe`fagd}ufo ^du ~do}fzd ak Ockcmc Ud dcuoh _}udkl}h +++++++++++++++++++++++

]dohkagd}ufo Dzc`tc}fkl _}udkl}h ]huatlh c}dk} Mc}c ++++++++++++++++++++++++

_tuzdv ckm Gd}ufo Oag~cudm+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

_tuzdv ckm Gd}ufo Oako`t fak+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Zfd| juag Ceuacm++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

:+ Ockcmcs _*] Fkjucs}uto}tud +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Ud t`} aj }hd A~fkfak _tuzdv +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Ika|`dmld ûamto}fak ckm _t~~au} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

_t~~au} jau }hd Oaggduofc`frc}fak ckm ]uck `c}fak aj _*]++++++++++++++++++++++++

Lazdukgdk} _*] Jcof`f}fd ckm }hd Udlt`c}auv _v }dg++++++++++++++++++++++++++

A}hdu @dk d ^te`f hdm _}tmfd ckm }hd Zfd| juag Ceuacm+++++++++++++++++++++


11/227

fx

@aaifkl Jau|cum++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Efe`faluc~hv ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

C~~dkmfods++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

C~~dkmfx 32 @d}}du ckm Ohculd juag Fkmt }uv Ockcmc+++++++++++++++++++++++++

C~~dkmfx 52 Oak}ufet}au }a _*] _}udkl}h++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

C~~dkmfx ?2 _tuzdv ak Ockcmc _*] _}udkl}h ckm Oc~cof}v +++++++++++++++++++++

C~~dkmfx =2 _tuzdv Ud t`} ak 36< _te'Cudc +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

C~~dkmfx 42 Efe`fagd}ufo ckm ]dohkagd}ufo +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

C~~dkmfx :2 _tuzdv Ud t`} ckm Efe`fagd}ufo Ud t`} Oag~cudm ++++++++++++++++++


12/227

x


13/227

xf

COUAKVG_

]hd ja`à|fkl f c `f } aj couakvg }hc} c~~dcu fk }hd ud~au}+

CUO Czducld aj Ud`c}fzd Of}c}fakCUFJ Czducld Ud`c}fzd Fg~co} Jco}auEDUM Et fkd Dk}du~uf d Dx~dkmf}tud ak U*MOCKCUFD Ockcmfck Kd}|aui jau }hd Cmzckodgdk} aj Ud dcuoh fk Fkmt }uv

ckm Dmtoc}fakOJF Ockcmc Jatkmc}fak jau Fkkazc}fakOFCU Ockcmfck Fk }f}t}d jau Cmzckodm Ud dcuohOFMC Ockcmfck Fk}dukc}fakc` Mdzdà~gdk} CldkovOFHU Ockcmfck Fk }f}t}d aj Hdc`}h Ud dcuohO@_ Ockcmfck @flh} _atuodLM^ Lua Magd }fo ûamto}

LDUM Lua Magd }fo Dx~dkmf}tud ak U*MHDUM Hflhdu Dmtoc}fak Dx~dkmf}tud ak U*MFMUO Fk}dukc}fakc` Mdzdà~gdk} Ud dcuoh Odk}udFO_T Fk}dukc}fakc` Oatkof` jau _ofdkodFO] Fkjaugc}fak ckm oaggtkfoc}fak }dohkaàlvFUC^ Fkmt }ufc` Ud dcuoh C f }ckod ûalucg KUOF]CO Fkjaugc}fak ]dohkaàlv C aofc}fak aj OckcmcKOD Kd}|aui aj Odk}ud aj Dxod``dkodKD^]TKD Kau}h'dc } ^cofjfo ]fgd' dufd Tkmdu dc Kd}|aui Dx~dufgdk}KFH T_ Kc}fakc` Fk }f}t}d aj Hdc`}hKUO Kc}fakc` Ud dcuoh Oatkof` aj OckcmcK_D Kc}tuc` _ofdkod ckm DklfkddufklK_DUO Kc}tuc` _ofdkod ckm Dklfkddufkl Ud dcuoh Oatkof` aj OckcmcK_J T_ Kc}fakc` _ofdkod Jatkmc}fakADOM Aulckf c}fak jau Doakagfo Oa'a~duc}fak ckm Mdzdà~gdk}A_] Ae duzc}afud md ofdkod d} md }dohkaàlfd^F_C ûalucg jau Fk}dukc}fakc` _}tmdk} C d gdk}U*M Ud dcuoh ckm Mdzdà~gdk}_*] _ofdkod ckm ]dohkaàlv_F _~dofc`frc}fak Fkmdx_U*DM _ofdk}fjfo Ud dcuoh ckm Dx~dufgdk}c` Mdzdà~gdk} (]cx Oudmf}&__HUO _aofc` _ofdkod ckm Htgckf}fd Ud dcuoh Oatkof`_KA _tmetuv Kdt}ufka Ae duzc}auv]Ô ]dohkaàlv ^cu}kdu hf~ Ockcmc]UFTGJ ]uf'Tkfzdu f}v Gd ak Jcof`f}vT_^]A T_ ^c}dk} ckm ]ucmdgcui Ajjfod


14/227

xff


15/227

3

_ TGGCUV CKM G CFKJ FKMFKL_

3+ ]hd Ohculd ]hf ud~au} ud ~akm }a c udstd } fk Btkd 5>>: juag }hd Lazdukgdk} ajOckcmc zfc }hd Gfkf }du aj Fkmt }uv jau cmzfod c }a Ockcmc }udkl}h ckm oc~cof}vofdkod ckm }dohkaàlv (_*]& ~dofjfoc``v }a hd`~ ed}}du tkmdu }ckm2

]hd ofdk}fjfo mf of~`fkd fk |hfoh Ockcmc dxod` fk c làec` oak}dx} ]hd }dohkaàlv c~~`foc}fak |hdud Ockcmc dxod` fk c làec` oak}dx} ]hd _*] fkjuc }uto}tud }hc} otuudk}`v ~uazfmd Ockcmc |f}h tkfstd

cmzck}cld ]hd ofdk}fjfo mf of~`fkd ckm }dohkaàlfoc` c~~`foc}fak }hc} hczd }hd

~a}dk}fc` }a dgduld c cudc aj ~uagfkdk} }udkl}h jau Ockcmc ckmldkduc}d flkfjfock} doakagfo au aofc` edkdjf} +

5+ \hc} fs _ofdkod * ]dohkaàlv1 Fk }hf ud~au} ofdkod ckm }dohkaàlv cududlcumdm c c bafk}dk}f}v uc}hdu }hck c }|a d~cuc}d dkmdczatu hdkod }hd vgea`_*] + ]hd oa~d aj _*] dkoag~c d mf of~`fkd fk }hd kc}tuc` ofdkod (}hd }tmv ajkc}tud&9 }hd aofc` ofdkod htgckf}fd ckm hdc`}h ofdkod (}hd }tmv aj htgckedfkl &9 ckm dklfkddufkl (}hd oudc}fak ckm }tmv aj cu}fjco} ckm v }dg &+ Atuoakod~}fak aj _*] fko`tmd }hd gvufcm oakkdo}fak juag ofdkod }a }dohkaàlv ckmzfod zdu c+

?+ _*] ckm Fkkazc}fak _}udkl}h fk ofdkod ckm }dohkaàlv f oak fmdudm }a ed d dk}fc`jau c gamduk oatk}uvaklafkl oc~cof}v }a fkkazc}d ckm oag~d}d fk }hd ika|`dmld'ec dmlàec` doakagv+ ]hd oakkdo}fak ed}|ddk _*] ckm fkkazc}fak edlfk |f}h fkzdk}fak ckfkzdk}fak edfkl }hd ~uco}foc` mdgak }uc}fak aj c kd| fmdc }hc} gcv mdufzd juag ud dcuohud t`} juag kddm dx~ud dm fk }hd gcuid} au juag }hd dx~dufdkod ckm fgclfkc}fak aj

fkmfzfmtc` fkzdk}au + ]hd tood jt` oaggduofc`frc}fak aj fkzdk}fak au }hdfu flkfjfock}c~~`foc}fak fk aofd}v ~uamtod fkkazc}fak + ]hdud f ka `fkdcu ~ualud fak juagud dcuoh }huatlh fkzdk}fak }a fkkazc}fak + Fk }dcm }hd ~uaod fkza`zd jc` d }cu} ec``dv ckm jddmecoi àa~ ckm f} fko`tmd ae }co`d }hc} hczd `f}}`d }a ma |f}h }hd stc`f}vaj }hd _*] fkza`zdm+ Ceazd c`` f} udstfud }c`dk}dm hflh`v if``dm ~da~`d |f}h c zf fak|ha cud c` a dk}ud~udkdtufc` dkduld}fo ckm ~du f }dk}+

=+ \hc} fs _*] _}udkl}h1 ]hdud f ka fg~`d akd'mfgdk fakc` gdc tud ajOckcmc _*] }udkl}h+ ]hd oakod~} f fkhdudk}`v gt`}fmfgdk fakc` ckmdkoag~c d (c& }hd stc`f}v aj ofdkod ckm }dohkaàlv fk Ockcmc9 (e& }hd gclkf}tmdau fk}dk f}v aj }hd Ockcmfck djjau} fk zcufat magcfk aj _*]9 (o& }hd }udkm aj }hdjaudlafkl jco}au (cud |d lcfkfkl au à fkl luatkm1&9 ckm (m& }hd dx}dk} }a |hfoh atu_*] oc~cef`f}fd ock ed c~~`fdm djjdo}fzd`v }a cohfdzd aofc` ckm doakagfo aebdo}fzd +Stc`f}c}fzd btmlgdk} }hc} fk}dluc}d gt`}f~`d mfgdk fak ckm jco}au cudtkczafmce`d+


16/227

5

4+ ]hd Làec` ^dus~do}fzd _}udkl}h fk c làec` oak}dx} gc}}du jau Ockcmc edoct df} md}dugfkd atu cef`f}v }a oag~d}d jau fkoudc fkl`v gaef`d ud atuod aj ~da~`d ckmfkzd }gdk} oc~f}c` ckm }a ~cu}fof~c}d fk làec` ika|`dmld' hcufkl kd}|aui }hc}a~duc}d c} }hd `dcmfkl dmld ea}h aj ofdkod ckm aj }dohkaàlv mdzdà~gdk}+ \d hczd}hdudjaud ckc`vrdm Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h ud`c}fzd }a atu frd clcfk } kaug }hc}cud }v~foc` aj a}hdu doakagfoc``v cmzckodm oatk}ufd aj }hd ADOM luat~ fko`tmfkl}hd Tkf}dm _}c}d + \d c` a ka}d }hd lua|fkl fg~au}ckod aj dgdulfkl doakagfolfck} toh c Ohfkc ckm Fkmfc }hc} cud edoagfkl jauod }a ed udoiakdm |f}h fkfkoudc fkl`v a~hf }foc}dm cudc aj _*]+

:+ \hc} }hd Ud~au} _ddis }a Cks|du ckm \hc} F} Mads Ka} Atu }tmv jaot d akmd oufefkl }hd }udkl}h aj }hd ~ufkof~c` etf`mfkl eàoi aj Ockcmc _*] v }dg+ \dc` a fmdk}fjv odu}cfk cudc |hdud |d c~~dcu }a ed oag~cuc}fzd`v |dci au mdo`fkfkl fk_*] oc~cof}v+ F} |c edvakm atu gckmc}d }a ckc`vrd }hd mfjjfot`} et} outofc`std }fak aj ha| _*] }udkl}h edoagd }uck `c}dm fk}a }hd at}oagd }hc} t`}fgc}d`voak}ufet}d }a Ockcmc doakagfo ~dujaugckod ckm stc`f}v aj `fjd+ Kdf}hdu ma |dudoaggdkm ak _*] ~a`fov au ak ~ufauf}fd jau }hd c`àoc}fak aj t~~au}+


17/227

?

8+ _tuzdv aj Fkjaugdm A~fkfak ]hd }culd} ud ~akmdk} jau }hd ak`fkd tuzdv |duddkfau ~da~`d oak fmdudm }a ed |d`` fkjaugdm ak _*] fk Ockcmc fko`tmfkl }ha d |f}h

ea}h euacm ckm hflh`v ~dofc`frdm ecoiluatkm + Cood }a }hd tuzdv |c mf }ufet}dm ev}hd Oatkof` }huatlh c kd}|aui aj oak}co} fk tkfzdu f}fd lazdukgdk} }hd ~ufzc}d do}auckm fk }hd Oatkof` gdgedu Cocmdgfd + \d d }fgc}d }hc} }hd `fki }a }hd tuzdv |de f}d|c mf }ufet}dm }a uatlh`v 4 >>> fkmfzfmtc` juag |hag 3 456 oag~`d}fak |dud udodfzdmazdu c }hudd'|ddi ~dufam ed}|ddk Bt`v 3< ckm Ctlt } 8 5>>:+

]hd ud~au}dm ud t`} cud ka} }hd zfd| au }hd fk}du~ud}c}fak aj }hd oaggf}}dd au aj }hdOatkof` aj Ockcmfck Cocmdgfd + ]hdv cud }hd zfd| aj c flkfjfock} juco}fak aj Ockcmc

dkfau _*] oaggtkf}v+ ]hd azduc`` ~fo}tud aj _*] }udkl}h ~au}ucvdm ev }hd tuzdvud t`} f udgcuice`v oak f }dk} |hd}hdu ec dm ak }hd ud ~ak d aj }hd tkfzdu f}voaggtkf}v9 aj }ha d c aofc}dm |f}h et fkd 9 au |f}h lazdukgdk}+ ]hd tuzdv ktgedu

~dci jau }hdg d`zd ckm hat`m ed udlcumdm c ck cgc`lcg aj jco} fkjaugdm btmlgdk}ckm c ~fuc}fak+

6+ Clludlc}d _}udkl}h fk Euacm Cudcs aj _*] FkJfltud 3 |d tggcufrd }hd zfd| aj

tuzdv ud ~akmdk} c }a Ockcmc }udkl}h ckm f} }udkm fk 3: euacm cudc aj _*]+_}udkl}hJfltud 3(c& |c uc}dm ak c dzdk'~afk} oc`d (< hflh& ckm }udkmJfltud 3(e&udj`do} ud ~akmdk} a~fkfak ak |hd}hdu Ockcmc hc eddk lcfkfkl luatkm (clcfk } a}hducmzckodm oatk}ufd & à fkl luatkm au hc eddk ud`c}fzd`v }ce`d+ ]hd ~duod~}fak aj

}udkl}h f ludc}d } jau }dohkaàlfd ckm ofdkod ud`c}dm }a kc}tuc` ud atuod ckm dojau fkjaugc}fak ckm oaggtkfoc}fak }dohkaàlfd (FO]&+ Oag~cuc}fzd |dcikd f ddk fkgcktjco}tufkl oak }uto}fak ckm }uck ~au}c}fak }dohkaàlfd ckm fk dkzfuakgdk}c`}dohkaàlfd + ]hd ~duod~}fak aj t~|cum gazdgdk} f }uakld } jau kcka}dohkaàlfd (f+d+}dohkaàlfd ud`c}dm }a ~hv foc` ohdgfoc` ckm efaàlfoc` ~hdkagdkc c} kckagd}du Y3>'6gW

oc`d& fk kd| FO]'dkce`dm duzfod (d'oaggduod d'hdc`}h d}o+& ckm fk hdc`}h ofdkod efa}dohkaàlfd +

3>+ C Luckt`cu Cssdssgdk} aj _*] _}udkl}hs ]hd 3: euacm cudc fkJfltud 3 oakodc` cludc} mdc` aj zcufc}fak cgakl }hdfu oag~akdk} te'cudc aj ud dcuoh ckm }dohkaàlvc~~`foc}fak+ _tuzdv ud ~akmdk} uc}dm Ockcmc }udkl}h ckm }udkm fk ud ~do} aj 36cudc mf }ufet}dm cgakl }hd euacm cudc (ckm juag |hfoh }hd czducld fkJfltud 3 |dudmdufzdm+& Fkmfzfmtc` |dud c idm }a uc}d ak`v }ha d te'cudc jau |hfoh }hdv jd`} }hdvoat`m ~uazfmd ck fkjaugdm a~fkfak+ ]hd gdmfck ktgedu aj ud ~ak d jau }hd 36< te'cudc |c 55>+ ]hd ~c}}duk aj uc}fkl udgcfkdm d dk}fc``v tkohckldm c }hd }a}c` ktgeduaj tuzdv ud ~ak d fkoudc dm juag 3 >>> }a 3 4>>+ ]hf tlld } }hc} }hd ud t`} |at`m khczd ohckldm flkfjfock}`v dzdk hcm }hd tuzdv udgcfkdm a~dk àkldu+


18/227

=

Jfltud 3

Czducld _}udkl}h ckm ]udkm Uc}fkls aj Euacm _*] Cudcs

(c& Czducld _}udkl}h Uc}fkl aj Euacm _*] Cudcs

44

?43

454545

4?4=4=

4383:3=

5 => :> 8> 3>>

]A]C@ AJ C@@ EUACM CUDC_

GCKTJ, OAK_]U * ]UCK_^AU] ]DOHKA@ALFD_"

DKZFUAKGDK]C@ ]DOHKA@ALFD_"

HTGCKF]FD_ * ]HD CU]_

CLUF'JAAM ]DOHKA@ALFD_"

_AOFC@ _OFDKOD_

@FJD _OFDKOD_

KCKA]DOHKA@ALFD_"

EFA]DOH * GDMFOC@ ]DOHKA@ALFD_"

OHDGFOC@ * GC]DUFC@_ ]DOHKA@ALFD_"

HDC@]H _OFDKOD_

^HV_FOC@, GC]H * OAG^T]DU _OFDKOD_

DKLFKDDUFKL

FO]'DKCE@DM _DUZFOD_ ]DOHKA@ALFD_"

FKJA * OAGGTKFOC]FAK_ ]DOHKA@ALFD_ (FO]&"

DCU]H, AODCK, C]GA_^HDUD * _^COD _OFDKOD_

DKDULV, GFKFKL * JAUD_] ]DOHKA@ALFD_"

^duodk} aj Ud ~akmdk}

Gdmftg_}uakl \dci

"Euacm cudc aj }dohka`alv c~~`foc}fak9 a}hdu(ka c }duf i& cud cudc aj ofdk}fjfo ud dcuoh+

YEc dm ak c


19/227

4

33+ Jatu O`ts}dus aj Ockcmcs _*] _}udkl}h Jfltud 5 f c oaud ud t`} aj }hd tuzdv ckm}cet`c}d ud t`} jau }hd 4> te'cudc aj ud dcuoh ckm }dohka`alv c~~`foc}fak }hc} udodfzdm}hd hflhd }}udkl}h uc}fkl mdjfkdm c }hd |dflh}dm czducld au gdck zc`td ajud ~akmdk} uc}fkl ak }hd dzdk'~afk} oc`d+ (Ud t`} jau c`` 36< te'cudc cud }cet`c}dmfkC~~dkmfx = +& ]hd te'cudc fk }hd }ce`d cud `f }dm fk md odkmfkl aumdu aj uc}dm }udkl}}hatlh gc`` mfjjdudkod hat`mka} ed udlcumdm c edfkl aj flkfjfockod+ Dcoh `fkd aj }hd}ce`d c` a fko`tmd }hd ~duodk}cld aj ud ~akmdk} |ha ed`fdzd }hd ~cu}fot`cu te'cudc f

}uakl (uc}fkl 4 : cooaumfkl }aea}h }udkl}h uc}fklckm kd} t~|cum }udkm+


20/227

:

Jfltud 5

]a~ 4> _te'Cudcs fk Aumdu aj _}udkl}h (\dflh}dm Czducld aj _dzdk'~afk} Uc}fkl &

" _te'cudc gcuidm |f}h ck c }duf i cud cudc aj }dohka`alv c~~`foc}fak+ ]hd a}hdu cud cudc aj ud dcuoh+_hcmdm te'cudc cud }ha d fk }hd }a~ 4> uckidm ev kd} t~|cum }udkm f+d+ T~ gfkt Ma|k+ ]hd jfu }oa`tgk (Ktge+ Ud ~ +& f }hd ktgedu aj tuzdv ~cu}fof~ck} |ha uc}dm dcoh te'cudc+

^duodk}cld aj Uds~akmdk}s

_te'Cudcs Ktge+Uds~s+ Gdck _}uakl \dci T~ Ma|k O`ts}du

3 Af` ckm ckm Ud`c}dm" ?3: :+=3 6< 3 4+?= = ?> 3= Kc} Ud !Dkzf

3> ^d}ua`dtg ! ^a`vgdu Dkl 5== 4+5=


21/227

+4 juag =+84 }a =+?4 jau }hd 3>> te'cudc uckidm ed}|ddk 4>}h ckm34>}h+& F} f ka} gdckfkljt` }a mf }fkltf h hcu~`v ed}|ddk }hd uckifkl aj te'cudc fk}hf euacm gfmm`d luatkm+ ]hd d fko`tmd gckv jfd`m |hdud Ockcmc f ka} |au`m'`dcmfklet} }hc} cud kdzdu}hd`d kdod cuv }a ce aue ckm cmc~} }a Ockcmfck kddm ofdkod c}dohkaàlv }hc} f mdzdà~dm d` d|hdud+ Ev mdjfkf}fak ka} dzduvakd ock ed c} }hd }a~}hatlh c`` ock c ~fud }a ed+ ]hd ud t`} aj toh c ~fuc}fak f }a gcfk}cfk }hd ~ud tud }aoak}fktat `v t~lucmd ~dujaugckod ckm }hdudev }a dk tud }hc} Ockcmfck _*] oc~cef`f}fdazduc`` cud làec``v oag~d}f}fzd+


22/227

8

Jfltud ?

Jt`` _cg~`d aj _te'Cudcs Aumdudm ev _tuzdv _}udkl}h Uc}fkl

3?+ Fk}du~ud}c}fak aj }hd Md}cf`dm _te'Cudc Udst`}s \d hczd eddk oak}dk} }a `d} }hdtuzdv ud t`} ~dci jau }hdg d`zd + Kdf}hdu }hd }fgd czcf`ce`d kau atu a|k dx~du}f d

~dugf} }hd md~}h aj fk}du~ud}c}fak }hc} }hd md}cf`dm te'cudc ud t`} udstfud+ Jau }hd ga~cu} }hf }c i gt } ed `dj} }a }hd zcufat dx~du} oaggtkf}fd ckm a}hdu t du aj }hd ud~au}\d kdzdu}hd`d muc| c}}dk}fak }a odu}cfk ka}d|au}hv jdc}tud aj }hd ud t`} fg~`v cdxcg~`d aj agd aj }hd f td ckm std }fak }hdv ucf d+

3=+ Kc}tuc` Udsatuods Af` ckm ckm Ud`c}dm ûamto}fak ]dohkaàlfd |c ev c |fmdgculfk lfzdk }hd hflhd } uckifkl (c }a ea}h }udkl}h ckm }udkm& aj ckv f}dg fk }hd

tuzdv+ Ockcmc f ddk }a ed zfu}tc``v fk c o`c ev f} d`j fk }hf }dohkaàlv+ ]hdud cudkdzdu}hd`d }f`` ohc``dkld }a ed azduoagd fk mdzdà~fkl gaud oa }'djjfofdk} ckm

dkzfuakgdk}c``v jufdkm`v dx}uco}fak ckm t~lucmfkl gd}ham fk hau} }hdud f coak}fktfkl kddm jau dx}dk fzd _*]+

_agd cudc aj |dcikd fk }hd kc}tuc` ud atuod o`t }du dgduldm juag tuzdv ud ~ak dka}ce`v fk jaud }'ud`c}dm }dohkaàlfd d+l+ c|gf`` oak duzc}fak gd}ham ckm dzdk}fgedu'hcuzd }fkl }dohkaàlfd ckm ~t`~ ckm ~c~du (|hdud gaud ud ~akmdk} dd Ockcmcà fkl luatkm }hck lcfkfkl+& ]hd d |dcikd d cud ka}d|au}hv fk zfd| aj }hd ludc}doakagfo fg~au}ckod aj }hd jaud } do}au+

>

3

5

?

=

4

:

38+ A}hdu Cudcs aj _}udkl}h + + + ckm _agd \dcikdssds Ud ~akmdk} fmdk}fjfdm cktgedu aj fg~au}ck} jfd`m aj }udkl}h }hc} cud ka} oc}dlaufrdm |f}hfk }hd jatu gcfko`t }du + (]hd o`t }du }cidk }ald}hdu dkoag~c 44 ~duodk} aj }hd 36< te'cudc +& Jaudxcg~`d Ockcmc hc dxod~}fakc` }udkl}h fk C }uakagv C }ua~hv fo ckm Oa gaàlv( }udkl}h uc}fkl aj 4+>4& }hc} hc fkoudc dm azdu }fgd fk c d`j'udfkjauofkl |cv dxod``dkod edld} jtu}hdu dxod``dkod+ _tuzdv ud ~akmdk} ~duodfzdm flkfjfock} }udkl}h

agd dgdulfkl jfd`m toh c kcka oc`d gc}dufc` ckm efa}dohkaàlfd stck}tgfkjaugc}fo ckm htgckf}fd oag~t}fkl+ ]hd d `c}}du }uck mf of~`fkcuv jfd`m cud

~dofc`f}fd jau |hfoh jt}tud ~ua ~do} cud ddk }a ed gaud flkfjfock} }hck otuudk}`vd }ce`f hdm }udkl}h+

_agd oag~akdk} aj }hd cdua ~cod ckm ct}aga}fzd do}au |dud c` a uc}dm c stf}d }uaklfk }hd tuzdv (Jfltud = &+ ]hd cdua ~cod fkmt }uv hc fg~au}ck} oakodk}uc}fak ajdxod``dkod coua }hd oatk}uv et} }hd ~duodfzdm _*] }udkl}h ckm d ~dofc``v }hd }udkmc~~dcu }a jc`` hau} aj }hd doakagfo fg~au}ckod aj }hd fkmt }uv+ ]hd Ockcmfck ct}aga}fzdfkmt }uv |c btmldm udc akce`v }uakl ak`v fk ud ~do} aj ga}au zdhfo`d ckm ~cu} + ]hf

do}au f ka} U*M'fk}dk fzd fk Ockcmc+ C c ud t`} f} mad ka} c~~dcu }a hczd ud`c}fzd

}a }hd oc`d aj }hd fkmt }uv hdud c }uakl fkmfldkat ec d aj if`` jau ct}aga}fzdfkkazc}fak+

Jfltud =

Ct}aga}fzd, Cduas~cod * Ud`c}dm ]dohkaàlfds

^duodk}cld aj Uds~akmdk}s_te'Cudcs Gdck _}uakl \dci T~ Ma|kCdua ~cod ûamto} ckm ^cu} " =+68 :: 33 55 5>Cdua ~cod Dklfkddufkl =+ 5< 3?Ga}au Zdhfo`d * ^cu} " =+:4 46 3: 5? 5=Cmzckodm Fkmt }ufc` Gc}dufc` " =+:= 46 3: =3 38Ct}aga}fzd Dklfkddufkl =+34 =3 ?5 35 ?>

" _te'cudc aj }dohkaàlv c~~`foc}fak9 a}hdu (|f}hat} c }duf i& cud te'cudc aj ofdk}fjfo ud dcuoh+

Akd fg~au}ck} o`t }du aj }dohkaàlfd }ha d ud`c}dm }a }uck ~au}c}fak |c fmdk}fjfdmev tuzdv ud ~akmdk} c tkt tc``v |dci ckm ~duhc~ ld}}fkl |dcidu (Jfltud 4 &+ Lfzdk}hd fg~au}ckod aj djjfofdk} }uck ~au}c}fak ~cu}fot`cu`v fk c ldaluc~hv c zc } c Ockcmc}hd oaggf}}dd ka}d }hc} }hd c~~cudk} }dohkaàlfoc` |dcikd aj }hf fkjuc }uto}tud oat`mhczd flkfjfock} fg~`foc}fak +


25/227

33

Jfltud 4

]ucks~au}c}fak ]dohkaàlfds

^duodk}cld aj Uds~akmdk}s

Gdck _}uakl \dci T~ Ma|kCfu ]uck ~au} ]dohkaàlfd =+=3 4> 55 34 5 3< ??Uacm ]uck ~au} ]dohkaàlfd ?+6> ?> ?: 3> 5?Gt`}f'gamc` ]uck ~au} ]dohkaàlfd ?+


26/227

35

Jfltud :

âsf}fak aj Ockcmc fk _ofdk}fjfo Udsdcuoh ^te`foc}faks, 366>=

53+ C Gaud Md}cf`dm ^dus~do}fzd FkJfltud te'cudc (at}

aj 354 }hc} |d hczd ckc`vrdm& fk }dug aj ~te`foc}fak stc`f}v (CUFJ& ckm ~te`foc}fakfk}dk f}v (_F&+ _agd o`dcu ~c}}duk dgduld2 c ktgedu aj }hd }a~ ?> cudc jc`` fk}a }hdo`t }du c fmdk}fjfdm juag }hd tuzdv ud t`} + Fk }dug aj ~te`foc}fak stc`f}v }hd }a~ ?>fko`tmd d`dzdk te'cudc aj hdc`}h ckm ud`c}dm `fjd ofdkod ckm }hudd fk dkzfuakgdk}c`

ofdkod+ Fk }dug aj ~te`foc}fak fk}dk f}v }hdud cud kfkd te'cudc ud`c}dm }a kc}tucùd atuod ckm }hd dkzfuakgdk} ckm dzdk fk hdc`}h ckm ud`c}dm `fjd ofdkod + C flkfjfoo`t }du aj jfzd ~ vohaàlv te'cudc c~~dcu fk }hd `f } aj ludc}d } ~dofc`frc}fak ckm }hducud 33 te'cudc aj ohdgf }uv ckm ~hv fo fk }hd `f } aj hflhd } stc`f}v c gdc tudm evCUFJ+

]hd hflh`flh}dm te'cudc fk }hd jfltud cud cudc fk |hfoh Ockcmc ~te`f hd gaudfk}dk d`v }hck }hd |au`m czducld ckm c` a hc ~te`foc}fak stc`f}v ceazd }hd |au`mczducld }hd d cud mate`v }uakl+ Jau dxcg~`d o`fkfoc` ud dcuoh ~ vohaàlvaodckaluc~hv jaud }uv dklfkddufkl hvmuaàlv ldaàlv gcufkd efaàlv dkzfuakgdk}c`

ofdkod ckm doaàlv cud c`` cudc fk |hfoh Ockcmc dxod` fk }dug aj ea}h ~te`foc}fakstc`f}v ckm fk}dk f}v+


27/227

3?

Jfltud < ]a~ ?> _te'cudcs fk Mdsodkmfkl Aumdu aj CUFJ ckm aj _F (_hcmdm `fkd cud jfd`m jau|hfoh ea}h CUFJ ckm _F cud ceazd }hd |au`m czducld+ ]hd te'cudc fkmfoc}dm ev c }duf icud }ha d jau |hfoh }hdud |c ka o`dcu dstfzc`dk} cgakl }hd 36< te'cudc fk }hd ak`fkd

tuzdv+&]a~ ?> aumdudm ev CUFJ ]a~ ?> aumdudm ev _F

CUFJ _F _F CUFJ3 Fkaulckfo Ohdgf }uv 3+=? >+44 Jaud }uv Dklfkddufkl ?+>: 3+>?5 O`fkfoc` Ud dcuoh 3+=3 3+3> Fkmt }ufc` Ud`c}fak * @ceatu"5+=6 >+ >+83 Hvmuaàlv 5+?: 3+>>4 Ldkduc` ^hv fo " 3+56 >+:4 ^ vohaàlv Gc}hdgc}foc`" 5+>: 3+3:: ^c}haàlv" 3+5: >+85 Ifkd faàlv 5+>4 3+>5

< Ae }d}ufo * Lvkdoaàlv" 3+54 >+4 >+8?8 Ldkduc` Ohdgf }uv" 3+54 >++6=6 Kto`dcu Dklfkddufkl 3+54 >+4: Ldaàlv 3+68 3+>43> ^ vohaàlv Ldkduc`" 3+5? 3+?? A~duc}fak Ud dcuoh" 3+68 3+>?33 Ldkduc` Dklfkddufkl" 3+5? 3+3> _aofc` _ofdkod Efagdmfoc`"3+64 3+5335 Ckc`v}foc` Ohdgf }uv 3+5? >+:: Gcufkd Efaàlv * Hvmuaefaàlv"3+8< 3+5>3? ^hcugcov" 3+5? >+?< _aofc` ^ vohaàlv 3+8: 3+>:3= Oakmdk dm Gc}}du ^hv fo 3+55 >+=6 Dcu}h * ~`ckd}cuv _ofdkod" 3+85 >+8634 _aofc` _ofdkod Efagdmfoc`" 3+53 3+64 ^ vohfc}uv" 3+4

3: Ldkduc` Efagdmfoc` Ud dcuoh"3+53 >+6> Dkzfuakgdk}c` _ofdkod" 3+83< Ockodu Ud dcuoh 3+53 >+88 ^ vohaàlv Efaàlfoc`" 3++6438 Gcufkd Efaàlv * Hvmuaefaàlv"3+5> 3+8< Ckfgc` Efaàlv 3+ 3+> 3+?< _af` _ofdkod 3+ 3+>45> C~~`fdm Ohdgf }uv" 3+36 >+8= ^hv faàlv 3+:4 >+6853 â`vgdu Ohdgf }uv 3+36 >+:6 Dulakagfo " 3+:? 3+>455 Aulckfo Ohdgf }uv 3+38 >+:5 ]uck ~au} _}tmfd " 3+:5 3+>?5? Mdugc}aàlv" 3+38 >+=: Hdc`}h _duzfod * â`fov 3+:3 >+>54 Htgck Mdz} * Vat}h Hdc`}h 3+3: 3+5? @fkltf }fo 3+4: >+8?5: Ofuot`c}auv * Ud ~fuc}auv Hdc`}h3+3: 3+>6 Dk}agaàlv" 3+4? >+685< Kto`dcu ^hv * D`dg ^cu}fo`d 3+34 >+8< â~t`c}fak * ^te`fo Hdc`}h 3+4? >+6558 Kcka oc`d ^hv foc` _ofdkod 3+34 >+=6 ^ vohaàlv O`fkfoc`" 3+45 3+>656 C }uak C }ua ^hv Oa ga` 3+3= >+66 Udhcef`f}c}fak" 3+=8 3+>>?> Doaàlv * Dza`t}fak Efaàlv 3+3? 3+=< Doaàlv * Dza`t}fak Efaàlv 3+=< 3+3?


28/227

3=

55+ Ockcmcs Udsdcuoh _}udkl}h fs Oakjfugdm \hdk }hd efe`fagd}ufo mc}c cud zfd|dm fk}hdfu dk}fud}v Ockcmc euacm }udkl}h fk ~te`f hdm ud dcuoh f c~~cudk}+ \d ka}d }hc}

Jau ?8 ~duodk} aj }hd 354 cudc ckc`vrdmea}h~te`foc}fak stc`f}v (CUFJ& ckmfk}dk f}v (_F& |dud ceazd }hd |au`m czducld+ Fk ak`v 3> ~duodk} aj }hd 354mf of~`fkd |dud stc`f}v ckm fk}dk f}v ea}h edà| }hd |au`m czducld+

C`ga } ~duodk} aj }hd 354 mf of~`fkd hcm ~te`foc}fak stc`f}v uc}fkl ceazd }hd|au`m czducld+

Fk ak`v 33 aj }hd 354 mf of~`fkd |c ~te`foc}fak stc`f}v uc}dm c} `d }hck 6>~duodk} aj }hd |au`m czducld+

5?+ ]dohkagd}ufos Ckc`vsfs aj ^c}dk} Mc}c ]hd ckc`v f aj ~c}dk} luck}dm t fkl }hdmc}cec d aj }hd T_ ^c}dk} ckm ]ucmdgcui Ajjfod (T_^]A& ~uazfmd fk flh} fk}a }hdfk}dk f}v ckm flkfjfockod aj fkzdk}fzd co}fzf}v fk Ockcmc ud`c}fzd }a }hd |au`m czducld+(\d ka}d ha|dzdu }hc} gckv fkzdk}fak cud kdzdu tood jt``v oaggduofc`frdm ckm }ht~c}dk} luck}dm ma ka} kdod cuf`v stc`fjv c fkkazc}fak ckm oakzdu d`v }hc} ka} c``fkkazc}fak cud ~c}dk}dm+&

A|fkl }a }hd oak }ucfk} ea}h aj }fgd ckm aj }hd ck}fstc}dm o`c fjfoc}fak v }dg fk }hdT_^]A mc}cec d atu }dohkagd}ufo ckc`v f hc eddk uc}hdu otu auv+ Hflh`flh} cud cja`à| 2

Ockcmc f ~cu}fot`cu`v }uakl fk a~}fo ckm ~ha}akfo (oag~`dgdk}fkl ud dcuohckm }dohkaàlv }udkl}h ka}dm dcu`fdu& ckm fk dkdulv ~uamto}fak }dohkaàlfd +C`}hatlh ~c}dk} co}fzf}v hc te fmdm fk }d`doaggtkfoc}fak }dohkaàlfdja`à|fkl }hd ma}oag oa``c~ d fk 5>>> }hf jfd`m }ald}hdu |f}h a~}fo ckm~ha}akfo ~uazfmd c }uakl ec d jau jt}tud fkmt }ufc` lua|}h+

Ockcmc ~uamtod oak fmduce`d fk}d``do}tc` ~ua~du}v fk }hd ~hcugcodt}foc` do}auckm fk efa}dohkaàlv et} }hf f ka} of}dm c aj}dk c }hd |au`m czducld jau a}hdu~c}dk} fk }hd d jfd`m tlld }fkl }hc} }hdfu }dohkaàlfoc` fg~au}ckod fk }hdclludlc}d f à|du }hck }hd |au`m czducld+

Ockcmc ~c}dk}fkl co}fzf}v f ud`c}fzd`v |dci fk gckv jfd`m |hdud Ockcmc~uamtod laam ofdkod+ Jau dxcg~`d md ~f}d dxod``dkod fk ohdgf }uv ud dcuohOckcmc ~c}dk}fkl gd}ufo cud edà| }hd |au`m czducld fk ohdgfoc` ~uamto}aulckfo ohdgfoc` ckm ~d}ua`dtg'ud`c}dm }dohkaàlfd +

\d hczd c` a oag~t}dm jfltud jau ~c}dk} lua|}h fk Ockcmc+ ]hd d mc}c ha|}hc} fk }hd ~c } jfzd vdcu Ockcmc hc eddk lcfkfkl hcud aj T_^]A ~c}dk}luck}dm fk }hd FO] hdc`}h ckm efa}dohkaàlv do}au +

5=+ Gd}ufos ckm }hd _tuzdv Oag~cudm \d |dud ce`d }a oudc}d efe`fagd}ufo oc}dlaufd}hc} udc akce`v azdu`c~ c`ga } 6> ~duodk} aj }hd ud dcuoh te'cudc fko`tmdm fk }hd ak`fkd

tuzdv+ ]hd }|a efe`fagd}ufo mfgdk fak aj }udkl}h f+d+ ~te`foc}fak stc`f}v (CUFJ&ckm fk}dk f}v (_F& ock ka} udc``v ed oagefkdm fk}a c fkl`d }udkl}h fkmfoc}au }hc} ock emfudo}`v oag~cudm |f}h }hd tuzdv fkl`d dzdk'~afk} oc`d+ Fk }dcm |d oag~cudm }hd

tuzdv ud t`} |f}h ea}h CUFJ ckm _F d~cuc}d`v+ \d jatkm agd cudc aj o`dcu mfzduldkoded}|ddk }hd efe`fagd}ufo ckm tuzdv gdc tud + Jau dxcg~`d }hd efe`fagd}ufo ckc`v fudzdc` }hd dxod~}fakc``v hflh stc`f}v aj Ockcmfck ~te`f hdm ud dcuoh fk gckv magcfkaj ohdgf }uv ckm ~hv fo cudc `d hflh`v uc}dm fk }hd tuzdv+ Oakzdu d`v fk agd aj }kd|du }uck mf of~`fkcuv jfd`m d+l+ oaggtkfoc}fak gdmfc ckm ot`}tuc` ofdkod }hd

tuzdv ud t`} tlld } ludc}du Ockcmfck }udkl}h }hck efe`fagd}ufo mc}c ha|+


29/227

34

Ka}|f}h }ckmfkl dxcg~`d `fid }hd d }hd cudc aj mfzduldkod ma ka} c~~dcu }a jf} ckvv }dgc}fo ~c}}duk ckm odu}cfk`v |at`m ka} fkzc`fmc}d }hd fmdk}fjfoc}fak aj jatu o`t }du aj

Ockcmfck _*] }udkl}h mdufzdm juag }hd tuzdv ud ~ak d +

Ak }hd oak}ucuv }hd efe`fagd}ufo ckc`v f ha| }hc} Ockcmc ~te`f hd fk}dk fzd`v ckmaj}dk aj hflh stc`f}v fk cudc ud`c}dm }a kc}tuc` ud atuod ckm }hd dkzfuakgdk}+ Ockcmc f

agd|hc} `d fk}dk fzd`v ud~ud dk}dm fk hdc`}h ckm ud`c}dm `fjd ofdkod et} }hd stc`f}v}dkm }a ed hflh azduc``+ ]hd FO] o`t }du mad ka} ha| ~uagfkdk}`v fk }hd efe`fagd}ufockc`v f fk ~cu} edoct d aj }hd `fgf}c}fak aj te'jfd`m o`c fjfoc}fak et} ~ufgcuf`v edoct daj }hd gaud }dohkaàlfoc` aufdk}c}fak aj FO]+ Ockcmc }udkl}h fk }hd `c}}du |cmdgak }uc}dm fk }hd }dohkagd}ufo mc}c+ Azduc`` }hd ud t`} fkmfoc}d }hc} }hd tuzdv ckefe`fagd}ufo `dk d cud ea}h udfkjauofkl ckm oag~`dgdk}cuv+

54+ C Zfd| juag Ceuacm C jaudflk ~du ~do}fzd ak Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h f ckfg~au}ck} oag~`dgdk} }a }hd tuzdv ckm efe`fagd}ufo ckc`v f + \d |dud tkce`d fk }hd}fgd czcf`ce`d }a ockzc v }dgc}foc``v c te }ck}fc` ckm fkjaugdm eamv aj jaudflk zfd|ak Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h + ]hdud f c} ~ud dk} ka jaugc` mc}cec d }hc} `f } c`` Ockcm

fk}dukc}fakc` cluddgdk} fk ud ~do} aj _*] `d} càkd }hd gt`}f}tmd aj fkjaugc` ckm dgf'jaugc` oa``ceauc}fak ed}|ddk ofdk}f } fk Ockcmc ckm oa``dcltd cuatkm }hd |au`m+Ec dm ak fkjaugc}fak ~uazfmdm ev Ockcmc _*] Oatk d`àu ckm ]ucmd Oaggf fakdu|d hczd udzfd|dm c ktgedu aj _*] Gdgauckmc aj Tkmdu }ckmfkl ckm jaugc`cluddgdk} |f}h dzduc` oatk}ufd + ]hd cluddgdk} oakotu udc akce`v |d`` |f}h }hd jatuo`t }du aj }udkl}h }hc} hczd eddk fmdk}fjfdm+ Gckv aj }hd d cluddgdk} jau dxcg~`d cuud`c}dm }a hdc`}h ckm `fjd ofdkod }a kc}tuc` ud atuod ckm }a FO]+

5:+ Ockcmcs _*] Fkjucs}uto}tud Ud dcuoh jcof`f}fd ckm `ceauc}aufd coua }hd oatk}uvoak }f}t}d }hd }cklfe`d fkjuc }uto}tud kddmdm }a tkmdu}cid `dcmfkl'dmld ud dcuoh ckm }a}ucfk }hd kdx} ldkduc}fak aj Ockcmfck ofdk}f } ckm }dohkaàlf } + Oag~`dgdk}fkl }hf f

aj}fkjuc }uto}tud }hc} fko`tmd c |fmd cuucv aj lazdukgdk} ~ualucg ckm ~a`fofd c

|d`` c a}hdu fk}cklfe`d toh c }hd udlt`c}auv ~uaodmtud }hc} ea}h t d ckm hczd ckfg~co} ak _*]+ \d fmdk}fjfdm }hudd gcbau oc}dlaufd aj fkjuc }uto}tud }hc} tkmdu~fkOckcmc _*] oc~cof}v2

Fkjuc }uto}tud }hc} jcof`f}c}d }hd ~uamto}fak aj ika|`dmld d+l+ tkfzdu f}fd ckmud dcuoh luck}fkl cldkofd 9

Fkjuc }uto}tud }hc} ~uaga}d }hd oaggduofc`frc}fak ckm }uck `c}fak aj ud dcuoh ud t d+l+ fkmt }ufc` ud dcuoh t~~au} ~ualucg ckm }cx fkodk}fzd 9 ckm

Fkjuc }uto}tud }hc} t~~au} a}hdu ~te`fo ~a`fov aebdo}fzd }hc} muc| t~ak auflkfjfock}`v cjjdo} _*] co}fzf}v d+l+ ud`c}dm }a hdc`}h ~te`fo cjd}v kc}fakc` m

oa``do}fak ckm ckc`v f ckm zcufat udlt`c}auv v }dg +

]hd ak`fkd tuzdv ockzc dm }hd a~fkfak aj }hd _*] dx~du} oaggtkf}v c }a }hd mdludd ajcmzck}cld Ockcmc mdufzd (ud`c}fzd }a a}hdu cmzckodm oatk}ufd & juag =8 ~dofjfooag~akdk} aj fkjuc }uto}tud edàklfkl }a }hd }hudd gcbau oc}dlaufd +


30/227

3:

5


31/227

3 mad}hf jau c`` 3: oag~akdk} aj oaggduofc`frc}fak ! }uck `c}fak t~~au} fkjuc }uto}tud+ F} fc~~cudk} }hatlh hcum`v tu~uf fkl }hc} ud ~akmdk} }dkm }a uc}d fkjuc }uto}tud gaudhflh`v |hdk f} duzd }hdfu fk}dud } gaud mfudo}`v d+l+ }hd dxod~}fakc``v hflh uc}fkl aj}hd _U*DM }cx oudmf} ev }ha d |f}h et fkd cjjf`fc}fak+ C` a ka}ce`d f }hd tkt tc``vjczatuce`d uc}fkl lfzdk }a ~uazfkofc` ud dcuoh oatkof` ev Stdedo'ec dm ud ~akmdk} +

Jfltud 3>

_t~~au} jau Oaggduofc`frc}fak!]ucks`c}fak aj _*]Cjjf`fc}fak ckm Udlfakc` ^dus~do}fzds

^duodk}cld Uc}fkl _}uakl Cmzck}cld (Uc}fkl 4 : au ?= 5 58 55 ?? ?? 58 ?3 54 ?6Omk Oaggduofc` Oau~ 54 38 ?? 5< 3< 5< 5= 5: ?5 55 3=Oaggduofc` Ecki 3: 3= 3: 3: 3> 33 53 34 38 38 ? &+ Jau dxcg~`d jd|du }hck ?> ~duodk} aj tuzdv ud ~akmdk} of}dm

zdk}tud oc~f}c` ~uazfmdu c c }uakl`v cmzck}cldat d`dgdk} aj Ockcmc fkjuc }uto}tud cgakl }hd `a|d } uc}fkl aj ckv d`dgdk} fk }hd dk}fud tuzdv+ Jtu}hdu }tmv f udstfudm}a jt``v tkmdu }ckm }hd |fmd ~udcm kdlc}fzd ~duod~}fak hd`m ev }hd _*] oaggtkf}v ka}ak`v aj zdk}tud oc~f}c` ~uazfmdu et} c` a aj oaggduofc` ecki ckm aj }hd lazdukgdk}fk }f}t}fak dklcldm fk }hd jtkmfkl aj oaggduofc` co}fzf}v fk Ockcmc+


33/227

36

?>+ Lazdukgdk} _*] Fkjucs}uto}tud ]hd oaggf}}dd ka}d }hc} }hd _*] oc~cof}v aj }hdlazdukgdk} aj Ockcmc f c zc`tce`d kc}fakc` c d} fkod }hd lazdukgdk} f aj}dk }hd ak`vjdc fe`d ~uazfmdu aj gckv fg~au}ck} duzfod d+l+ }ckmcum d}}fkl9 ~te`fo laam tohc }hd gd}dauaàlfoc` duzfod ckm }hd ldaàlfoc` tuzdv9 kc}fakc` }c}f }foc` duzfod 9

ofdkod fk t~~au} aj udlt`c}auv jtko}fak 9 ckm gcfk}dkckod aj àkl dufd ajae duzc}fakc` mc}c (d+l+ }a t~~au} o`fgc}d ofdkod&+Jfltud 33 ha| }hc} tuzdvud ~akmdk} lczd hflh uc}fkl }a }hudd gcbau jdmduc` fk }f}t}fak 2 }hd fkjdo}fat mf dc d`ceauc}aufd 9 KUO Fk }f}t}d ckm a}hdu jdmduc` `ce 9 ckm _}c}f }fo Ockcmc+ C ktgedu a

~dofjfo jcof`f}fd d+l+ KUO aodck dklfkddufkl jcof`f}fd |fkm }tkkd` ckm }hdOckcmfck Kdt}uak Edcg Odk}ud |dud c` a |d`` udlcumdm+

Jfltud 33

Jdmduc` _*] Fkjucs}uto}tud ckm Udlt`c}auv _vs}dg

YEcsdm ak


34/227

5>

]hd jatu udlt`c}auv d`dgdk} fk }hd tuzdv hdc`}h ckm cjd}v fk}d``do}tc` ~ua~du}vdkzfuakgdk} ckm et fkd jucgd|aui kdzdu}hd`d udodfzdm udgcuice`v à| t~~au}oag~cudm |f}h }hd ludc} gcbauf}v aj fkjuc }uto}tud uckifkl (Jfltud 33& + Jd|du }hck hc`jaj ud ~akmdk} uc}dm }hdg c ~uazfmfkl c ud`c}fzd cmzck}cld jau Ockcmc+ Udlt`c}fak faj}dk ~duodfzdm c ck fkhfef}au+ ]hd ohc``dkld f }a md flk udlt`c}fak }hc} cohfdzd }hdfuaebdo}fzd |hf`d gfkfgfrfkl tkfk}dkmdm kdlc}fzd oak dstdkod f+d+gcu}udlt`c}fak +]hd tuzdv ud t`} tlld } }hc} juag }hd ~du ~do}fzd aj c flkfjfock} ~ua~au}fak aj _*]

}cidha`mdu Ockcmc udlt`c}auv jucgd|aui cud jc``fkl hau}+ Md}cf`dm ckc`v foakjfug }hc} }hd d zfd| cud euacm`v hd`m fuud ~do}fzd aj cjjf`fc}fak au udlfak+

?5+ Cudcs aj â}dk}fc` _*] _}udkl}h jau Ockcmc Atu jfkmfkl |f}h ud ~do} }a }hdstd }fak |hc} cud }hd ofdk}fjfo mf of~`fkd ckm }dohkaàlfoc` c~~`foc}fak }hc} hczd }hd~a}dk}fc` }a dgduld c cudc aj ~uagfkdk} }udkl}h jau Ockcmc ckm ldkduc}d flkfjfock}doakagfo ckm aofc` edkdjf} 1 cud gaud ~dot`c}fzd }hck }ha d md oufedm d` d|hdud fk }hdud~au}+ ]hf f edoct d jfu } |d hczd ka} hcm }hd a~~au}tkf}v }a ocuuv at} c }hauatlhjaud flh} ckc`v f 9 ckm doakm edoct d aj }hd te }ck}fc` tkodu}cfk}fd fk atutkmdu }ckmfkl aj ha| ckm azdu |hc} }fgd ~dufam ~cu}fot`cu }udkl}h fk _*] `dcm }a

flkfjfock} doakagfo au aofc` edkdjf} + \d hczd ud`fdm ~ufgcuf`v ak }hd ak`fkd tuzdv |hfoh ~ud dk}dm ~cu}fof~ck} |f}h c `f } aj36 cudc aj ud dcuoh au }dohkaàlfoc` c~~`foc}fak }hc} cud }hatlh} `fid`v }a ed aj fkoudc fkl

flkfjfockod azdu }hd kdx} 3> }a 34 vdcu + (]hd d`do}fak aj }hd gdkt aj 36 cudc |c ec dmak ck dx}dk fzd ckc`v f ev }hd UCKM Oau~auc}fak ctlgdk}dm |f}h f}dg aj gaud~cu}fot`cu ud`dzckod }a Ockcmc+& Ud ~akmdk} |dud c idm }a ohaa d t~ }a jfzdcudc fk|hfoh }hdv ed`fdzdm Ockcmc f ed }'~`codm }a ed cgakl }hd làec` `dcmdu fkmdzdà~gdk} ckm!au c~~`foc}fak+

??+ O`dck Dkdulv ]dohkaàlfds @dcm }hd @fs} Ev c |fmd gculfk tuzdv ud ~akmdk}fmdk}fjfdm dkdulv }dohkaàlfd c }hd cudc |hdud Ockcmc f ed } ~a f}fakdm }a mdzdà~

~uagfkdk} }udkl}h fk }hd jt}tud (Jfltud 35 &+ ]hd jatu }a~'uckidm dgdulfkl cudc c`` jd``fk}a }hd dkdulv oc}dlauv ckm }hudd aj }hdg ud`c}dm }a t }cfkce`d dkdulv+ Fk doakm ~`co|c c d} aj hdc`}hocud }dohkaàlfd fko`tmfkl }f td dklfkddufkl (d+l+ t d aj }dgod`` & }culd}dm mutl md`fzduv ckm ldkd}foc``v ot }agfrdm hdc`}hocud }hc} |dud zfd|dmc hczfkl ludc} ~a}dk}fc` jau Ockcmc+

?=+ C Oczdc} ]hd oaggf}}dd ka}d }hc} }hd }a~ uckifkl lfzdk }a o`dck dkdulv c ckdgdulfkl cudc aj ~a}dk}fc` Ockcmfck `dcmdu hf~ f fkoak f }dk} |f}h ud ~akmdk} c d gdk} }hc} Ockcmc mad ka}otuudk}`vhczd gtoh }udkl}h fk }hd jfd`m aj luddkdkdulv+ ]hf oc`` fk}a std }fak |hd}hdu }hd tuzdv ud ~ak d ud~au}dm ceazd udj`do} chcum'hdcmdm c d gdk} aj |hdud Ockcmc fed } ~a f}fakdm}a ed c làec` `dcmdu au|hd}hdu }hd ud ~ak d udzdc` c ~a|dujt` c ~fuc}fak c }a |hdud Ockcmcatlh} }a ed c`dcmdu+ Fk ckv dzdk} }hdud f c flkfjfock} lc~ ed}|ddk c ~fuc}fak ckm otuudk} udc`f}v+ FjOckcmc f }a edoagd ck fk}dukc}fakc` `dcmdu fk o`dck dkdulv }hdud f gtoh |aui }a edmakd+


35/227

53

Jfltud 35

_tuzdv Udst`}s ak Dgdulfkl A~~au}tkf}fds ^duodk} aj Uds~akmdk}s Fko`tmfkl }hd@fs}dm Cudcs fk ]hdfu ]a~ Jfzd

?4+ Mfzdusd ^dus~do}fzds ak Jt}tud A~~au}tkf}fds ]hd gaud }hck 3 4>> tuzdvud ~ak d c }a }hd ga } ~uagf fkl dgdulfkl a~~au}tkf}fd ~uazfmd c ufoh }c}f }foc` ec djau oua '}cet`c}fak (Jfltud 3? &+ ]hf udzdc` agd flkfjfock} udlfakc` zcufc}fak cuatkm}hd tuzdv czducld + Jau dxcg~`d EO ud ~akmdk} |dud flkfjfock}`v gaud `fid`v }hck }hdczducld }a d`do} jtd` od`` ckm }hd hvmualdk doakagv fk }hd }a~ jfzd9 Cèdu}ck |dudjcu gaud `fid`v }a d`do} dkdulv udoazduv }dohkaàlfd ckm o`dck ja f` jtd`}dohkaàlfd |hf`d Stdedodu |dud flkfjfock}`v `d `fid`v }hck }hd czducld }a kcgd}hd d+ Ud ~akmdk} juag Gckf}aec ckm _c ic}ohd|ck |dud gtoh gaud `fid`v }hck }hdczducld }a dd a~~au}tkf}v fk ldkd}foc``v gamfjfdm oua~ + Fk c`` }hd d oc d akd ock d}hd }uakl fkj`tdkod aj dxf }fkl udlfakc` ~dofc`frc}fak ak }hd ~duod~}fak aj jt}tud

a~~au}tkf}v+

=

55

55

38

5

= 4 3> 34 5> 54 ?> ?4 => =4 4>

Tefstf}at Ucmfa'Judstdkov Fmdk}fjfoc}fak (UJFM& ]cllfkl

^te`fo ckm ^du akc` _dotuf}v ]dohkaàlfd

Stck}tg Ouv~}aluc~hv jau _dotud Fkjaugc}fak ]uck jdu

Jf`}du ckm Oc}c`v } jau \c}du ^tufjfoc}fak

Cmzckodm Efa'Ec dm Gc}dufc`

Hflh ^dujaugckod Oag~t}fkl

Luddk Gcktjco}tufkl

Kdx} Ldkduc}fak Kto`dcu ]dohk jau Gdmfoc`, Dkdulv * Gc}dufcÙc~fm C cv }a Md}do} _~dofjfo Efaàlfoc` _te }ckod

Ldkd}foc``v Gamfjfdm Oua~

Ldkd}foc``v %Ot }agfrdm% Hdc`}h Ocud

Mutl Md`fzduv }a ~dofjfo ]tgau au ^c}haldk

Fg~uazdm Mfclka }fo ckm _tulfoc` Gd}ham

]f td Dklfkddufkl }dg od`` 9 d}o+

_t }cfkce`d Mdzdà~gdk} ckm }hd Dx}uco}fzd Fkmt }ufd

O`dck Ja f` Jtd` ]dohkaàlfd OA5 _dstd }uc}fak9 d}o+

Jtd` Od`` ckm }hd Hvmualdk Doakagv

Dkdulv Udoazduv ]dohkaàlfd d+l+ Af` _ckm 9 Lc Hvmuc}d

O`dck Udkd|ce`d Dkdulv \fkm, Efajtd` , d}o+

^duodk} aj Ud ~akmdk}


36/227

55

Jfltud 3?

Zcufats ^dus~do}fzds aj _tuzdv Uds~akmdk}s ak Dgdulfkl A~~au}tkf}fds

^duodk}cld aj Uds~akmdk}s Fko`tmfkl F}dg fk ]a~ Jfzd

F}dg ]a}c` Tkfz Ets Laz 0?4 ;44 EO CE G!_ AK SO C]@ FK]O`dck Udkd|ce`d Dkdulv \fkm Efajtd` d}o+ =< == 48 =6 44 =5 45 4> 4< =3 4? =6 =4Dkdulv Udoazduv]dohkaàlfd d+l+Af` ckm 9 Lc Hvmuc}d

=> ?: 43 43 56 =< ?= :5 =< =5 ?> =3 ?:

Jtd` Od`` ckm }hdHvmualdk Doakagv ?5 5< ?6 => ?4 ?3 =4 5: 54 ?5 ?> ?5 ?>O`dck Ja f` Jtd`]dohkaàlfd OA5_dstd }uc}fak9 d}o+

5< 54 ?5 ?3 54 58 56 44 58 54 38 5< 58

]f td Dklfkddufkl }dg od`` 9 d}o+ 55 54 53 55 55 55 38 38 3: 5=56 35 5>

Fg~uazdm Mfclka }fo ckm_tulfoc` Gd}ham 55 53 5? 55 3: 5= 3< 5< 3= 5: 5= 3> 3:Mutl Md`fzduv }a _~dofjfo]tgatu au ^c}haldk 5> 55 53 3: 55 5> 5< 38 3= 3856 34 3?_t }cfkce`d Mdzdà~gdk}ckm }hd Dx}uco}fzdFkmt }ufd

38 34 53 55 3: 3< 53 38 5< 3: 34 5> 36

Ldkd}foc``v %Ot }agfrdm%Hdc`}h Ocud 38 36 3= 53 3< 5> 5? 3: 35 38 55 33 5?Ldkd}foc``v GamfjfdmOua~ 3: 3= 3= 5= 34 36 3? 5= ?6 3: 6 3< 3 3? 3? 3? 5= 3= 38 35 3

Kdx} Ldkduc}fak Kto`dcu]dohkaàlfd jau Gdmfoc`Dkdulv ckm Gc}dufc`

34 3= 3< 36 3? 5> 33 3= 5? 36 33 33 6

Luddk Gcktjco}tufkl 3= 3= 34 3= 5? 35 5> 33 33 35 34 3: 54Hflh ^dujaugckodOag~t}fkl 3? 3? 33 3: 3= 3= 34 33 < 3? 34 3= 3=Cmzckodm Efa'Ec dmGc}dufc` 3? 3? 3: 3: 3= 3? 3> 6 54 3= 3= 3= 3=Jf`}du ckm Oc}c`v } jau\c}du ^tufjfoc}fak 6 8 35 35 8 3> < 33 3> 33 : 33 :Stck}tg Ouv~}aluc~hvjau _dotud Fkjaugc}fak]uck jdu

8 < = 6 3> 6 : 33 = 8 < ? 35

^te`fo ckm ^du akc`_dotuf}v ]dohkaàlfd < : 8 3? : 8 4 : 3 8 8 3>

54

?>

?4

=>

?4 => =4 4> 44

^duodk} aj Uds~akmdk }s Uc}fkl %Lcfkfkl Luatkm%

$ M

f j j d u d k o d 2

% L c f k f k l L u a t k m % g f k t s % @ a s f k l L u a t k m %

Af` ckm * Ud`c}dm

Kd| Gdmfc Ud dcuoh]dohkaàlv C~~`foc}fak


38/227

5=

? ud ~akcud md~fo}dm fkJfltud 34 mf clludlc}dm ev cld ckm cjjf`fc}fak+ ]hd fk}dluc}dm zfd| ajOckcmc }udkl}h fk ofdkod ckm }dohkaàlv f agd|hc} gaud ~d fgf }fo }hck tuzdvud ~akmdk} a~fkfak aj _*] }udkl}h fk~dofjfocudc aj ud dcuoh }dohkaàlv c~~`foc}fakckm fkjuc }uto}tud+ Jd|du }hck hc`j aj ud ~akmdk} uckidm Ockcmc }uakl azduc`` fk _*](uc}fkl 4 : $ ed`fdzd Ockcmc f à fkl luatkm |hf`d ak`v 58$ dd t lcfkfkl+ ]hd kd}}udkm clcfk f oak fmduce`v gaud ~d fgf }fo }hck f }hd oc d jau }hd (czducld& at}àai f}hd ~dofjfo cudc aj ud dcuoh ckm }dohkaàlv c~~`foc}fak ( dd ea}}ag ajJfltud 34 &+

Jfltud 34

^dus~do}fzd ak Ockcmcs _*] _}udkl}h Azduc``

46

44

=4

=:

4=

==

==

=:

=>

=5

=8

43

4>

=8

=:

5:

58

56

58

54

?3

54

5=

56

5

55

5:

56

58

34

3

?3

?5

55

5 54 4> >

_*] FKJUC_]UTO]TUD

_*] _TE'CUDC_

AZDU 44

?4 ' 4=

TKMDU ?4

A]HDU

_*] CMZF_AUV EAMFD_

LAZDUKGDK]

ET_+ _T^ÂU]

ET_FKD__D_

A]HDU COCMDGFO

TKFZ+ CMGFK+

OCKCMC UD_H+ OHCFU_

COCMDGV JD@@A\_

C@@ UD_ÂKMDK]_

Ud ~ak d }a }hd _tuzdv Std }fak2 ]cifkl fk}a cooatk} c`` c ~do} aj _*] ika|`dmld ldkduc}fak ckm c~~`foc}fak9t~~au}fkl fkjuc }uto}tud9 ckm ~a f}fakfkl jau }hd jt}tud |hc} f vatu a~fkfak aj Ockcmc otuudk} azduc`` }udkl}h fk

_*] ud`c}fzd }a a}hdu cmzckodm oatk}ufd ckm }hd azduc`` }udkm 1

5

53

?>

?4

?:

?5

58

4=

??

??

56

??

??

5=

56

??

?4

?5

?>

?:

??

36

?6

=3

?8

=3

=

43

=:

?4

?5

?=

??

?6

_}udkl}h (^duodk} aj Uds~akmdk}s& ]udkm (^duodk}&

_}uakl Kdf}hdu \dci T~ _}ce`d Ma|k

K!C

GDGA2 Czducld aj Uds~aksds }a _tuzdv Stds}faks 3 * 5


39/227

54

?8+ @aaifkl Jau|cum2 Fg~`foc}faks aj Jfkmfkls ]hd tuzdv ud t`} fk cmmf}fak }a~uazfmfkl c md}cf`dm gc~ aj |hdud Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h cud ~duodfzdm }a `fd ~afk}dm}a agd ~a}dk}fc``v flkfjfock} ohc``dkld fko`tmfkl2 }hd ~duodfzdm hau}oagfkl aj }hdjfkckofc` fk }f}t}fak fkjuc }uto}tud }a t~~au} _*]9 }hd }c}d aj Ockcmc oc~cef`f}fdud`c}dm }a }uck ~au}c}fak }dohkaàlfd 9 ~duodfzdm |dcikd d fk fg~au}ck} oag~akdk} aj}hd jaud } ~uamto} fkmt }uv c |d`` c fk }hd ~hcugcodt}foc` do}au9 ckm }hd ltcumdmzfd| aj tuzdv ud ~akmdk} oakodukfkl }hd _*] edkdjf} au a}hdu|f d aj Ockcmcudlt`c}auv v }dg + \d dx~ud ka zfd| ak ckv aj }hd d std }fak et} fg~`v ucf d }hdghdud c ck cldkmc jau a}hdu }a oak fmdu+

]hd oaggf}}dd gcmd zduv jd| c}}dg~} }a fk}du~ud} |hc} `fd edhfkm }hd tuzdv ud t`} +]hdv oak}cfk c |dc`}h aj fkjaugc}fak }hc} ock ed jtu}hdu ckc`v dm ckm fk}du~ud}dm ev }hdzcufat }cidha`mdu oaggtkf}fd + \d ed`fdzd }hc} akd aj }hd ga } t djt` c ~do} aj atuud~au} f }hd jatkmc}fak f} ~uazfmd }a mdzdà~ c gtoh mdd~du ckm gaud euacm`v hcudmtkmdu }ckmfkl aj Ockcmc _*] v }dg+ ]a }hf dkm }hd d} aj _}udkl}h z + ]udkm ohcu}jau }hd 36< te'mf of~`fkd fkJfltud 4+34 aj }hd jt`` ud~au} gflh} }fgt`c}d c ktgedu aj

mfcàl |f}hfk ckm ed}|ddk dx~du} oaggtkf}fd c }a |hv }hd tuzdv ud ~akmdk}oa``do}fzd`v ~`codm }hd zcufat mf of~`fkd ckm }dohkaàlfd |hdud }hdv mfm+

?6+ @aaifkl Jau|cum2 _}f`` }a ed Cmmudssdm ]hf ud~au} `dczd }|a `culd f tdtkud a`zdm akd fg~`fof} }hd a}hdu dx~`fof}+ ]hd dx~`fof} std }fak ucf dm ev }hd tuzdv}hd lc~ ed}|ddk ck c ~fuc}fak }a mdzdà~ c `dcmfkl oc~cef`f}v fk o`dck dkdulv}dohkaàlfd ckm }hd otuudk} udc`f}v+ ]hf f c flkfjfock} ohc``dkld }hc} hc o`dcu`v eddkfmdk}fjfdm+

]hd doakm ckm gtoh euacmdu f td f }hd mfjjfot`}v aj ika|`dmld }uck jdu juagud dcuohdu fk tkfzdu f}fd }a fkkazc}au fk fkmt }uv+ C odk}uc` oako`t fak juag }hddzfmdkod fk }hf ud~au} f }hc} Ockcmc hc etf`} flkfjfock} }udkl}h fk gckv jfd`m aj

ud dcuoh ckm }hdud f a~}fgf g }hc} |d cud lcfkfkl luatkm fk dzduc` aj }hd kd|du cudc +Ec dm ak tuzdv oaggdk}cufd ckm fk }hd zfd| aj }hd oaggf}}dd |d ma `d |d`` fkoakzdu}fkl }udkl}h fk ec fo ofdkod fk}a t }cfkdm oaggduofc` tood + ]hf f c àkl'

}ckmfkl mdjfofdkov fk Ockcmc fkkazc}fak v }dg |hfoh udstfud ud a`t}fak jau }hd jt`èdkdjf} aj Ockcmc oak fmduce`d _*] }udkl}h }a ed udc`frdm+ Ck fk'md~}h }tmv ajOckcmfck |dcikd d ckm }udkl}h }hdfu oct d ckm ~a fe`d udgdmfd oat`m etf`m ak}hd otuudk} }tmv ev jfu } jaot fkl ak }hd cudc aj _*] |hdud Ockcmc f otuudk}`v }uakl+\hdud cud }hd htum`d fk }uck `c}fkl Ockcmfck }udkl}h fk _*] fk}a fkkazc}fak ckm|dc`}h oudc}fak }hc} |f`` dkhckod }hd stc`f}v aj `fjd aj Ockcmfck 1 Ha| ock }ha d ecuufdued azduoagd1


40/227

5:

=>+ @aaifkl Jau|cum \d `dczd }hd jfkc` |aum }a atu tuzdv ud ~akmdk} +

]hatlh}s ak _*] _}uc}dlv Zafods aj }hd _tuzdv

\d hczd }uck jaugdm }hd oatk}uv fkod 366< juag c gdmfaoud ~dujaugdu (euacm`v~dcifkl& ak }hd U*M }cld fk}dukc}fakc``v }a c oatk}uv }hc} f ~duodfzdm }a ed ak

}hd uf d fk }dug aj ec fo'ud dcuoh fkzd }gdk} ckm at}~t}+ Et} |dzd ak`v etf`}agd gagdk}tg+ \d GT_] oak}fktd }a fkzd } kc}fakc``v }a hcuzd } }hd jutf} aj

}hc} gagdk}tg+Jd`à|, U_O Cocmdgv aj _ofdkod

\d ~dkm c à} aj gakdv ak mf oazduv ud dcuoh ckm |d cud làec``v oag~d}f}fzd}hdud+ \hdud |d cud zduv |dci f fk }hd }uck `c}fak df}hdu }a oaggduofc`c~~`foc}fak au ~te`fo laam+Jd`à|, U_O Cocmdgv aj _ofdkod

Ockcmc hc c flkfjfock} cmzck}cld fk agd cudc aj ec fo ofdkod ckm kddm }a

dk tud }hc} }hf f ~ud duzdm c f} c}}dg~} }a mdzdà~ }udkl}h fk c~~`foc}fak +ûalucg Gdgedu, Ockcmfck Fk }f}t}d jau Cmzckodm Ud dcuoh

F} f fg~au}ck} }a t~~au} htgckf}fd ckm aofc` ofdkod ud dcuoh fk oakbtko}fak|f}h ~tud _*] }a gcid tud |d cud ~tu tfkl aofc``v zc`tce`d ~ualucg ckm}hc} |d ika| ha| }a fk}dluc}d }hd ~uamto} }hc} dgduld fk c oag~`dx mfzdu d

aofd}v+Jd`à|, U_O Cocmdgv aj }hd Cu} ckm Htgckf}fd

Ockcmc md ~duc}d`v kddm c ofdkod }uc}dlv ec dm t~ak atu }udkl}h ckm }hdoaggduofc` a~~au}tkf}fd }hc} |f`` cuf d+Jd`à|, U_O Cocmdgv aj _ofdkod

F |at`m ha~d }hc} c ~a fe`d at}oagd aj }hf tuzdv ckm a}hdu }hc} gcv ja`à| f}hd mdzdà~gdk} aj c ud dcuoh }uc}dlv au ~hfà a~hv+ \hdud ma |d dd Ockcmfck_*] fk 4 au 3> vdcu 1 Ha| ock |d fg~uazd }hd otuudk} f}tc}fak1 Ha| ock |dja }du oa``ceauc}fak ed}|ddk lazdukgdk} `ce tkfzdu f}fd ckm fkmt }uv1 ]hdudhc }a ed ck a~dk mfcàltd }hc} cmmud d }hd d f td +Ockcmc Ud dcuoh Ohcfu


41/227

5

Fk }hd oak}dx} aj }hf }tmv |d cud ga } oakodukdm |f}h cudc aj ud dcuoh fk |hfoh}dohkaàlv c~~`foc}fak ckm ofdk}fjfo ud dcuoh fk}duco}+ ]ht |d cud oakodukdm |f}h ceuacm uckld aj jfd`m }hc} hczd ea}h ofdk}fjfo auflfk ckm fggdmfc}d ~uco}foc` c~~`foc}fak jfd`m toh c gdmfofkd fkjaugc}fak ckm oaggtkfoc}fak }dohkaàlfd gcktjco}tufklud atuod dx}uco}fak ckm ~uaod fkl }uck ~au}c}fak ckm oak }uto}fak+

]hf }tmv c` a fko`tmd ud dcuoh jfd`m fk }hd htgckf}fd ckm }hd cu} + ]hd d mf of~`fkdcud atuod aj if`` ckm ika|`dmld }hc} cud d dk}fc` }a Ockcmc doakagfo jt}tud c |d``c f} ot`}tuc` mdzdà~gdk}+ \d ka}d }hc} uatlh`v ~duodk} aj Ockcmc dg~àvgdk}ckm doakagfo at}~t} f c}}ufet}ce`d }a duzfod + ]dohkaàlv'fk}dk fzd duzfod toh cgdmfc aj}|cud lcgfkl cmzdu}f fkl gcuid} ud dcuoh ckm a jau}h aj}dk muc| hdczf`vt~ak cu} ckm htgckf}fd lucmtc}d gckv aj |hag ka| hczd }dohkfoc` c |d`` cfk}du~ud}fzd if`` +

F} f hd`~jt` }a }hfki aj _*] oc~cof}v fk }hudd ~cu} 2 (f& oag~d}dkod fk }hd jatkmc}fak mf of~`fkdaj ofdkod ckm }hd oaud }dohkaàlfd 9 (ff& }hd cef`f}v }a mdzdà~ ckm ~cu}fof~c}d kd| oagefkc}fak aj mf of~`fkdckm }a oudc}d ud`c}dm kd| }dohkaàlfd 9 ckm (fff& }hd cef`f}v

}a udcohedvakm }hd haufrakckm oakmto} ud dcuoh fk ~a}dk}fc``v fg~au}ck} jfd`m |hdud }hdmf of~`fkd cud vd} tkmdjfkdm ckm }hd }dohkaàlv tkfgclfkdm (Jfltud 5+3 &+

Jfltud 5+3

Mfjjdudk} ]v~ds aj _*] Mfsof~`fkds Oak}ufet}fkl }a _*] _}udkl}h

Haufrak Udsdcuoh Cudcs

Fk}dumfsof~`fkcuv * Gt`}fmfsof~`fkcuv Udsdcuoh Cudcs

Jatkmc}fak Mfsof~`fkds

Ockcmcs _*] _}udkl}h

]hd jatkmc}fak mf of~`fkd d+l+ gc}hdgc}fo ~hv fo ohdgf }uv efaàlv ldaàlvec fo dklfkddufkl doakagfo hf }auv cgakl a}hdu ~uazfmd ec fo oakod~} ckm hflh`vaulckfrdm jucgd|aui jau dmtoc}fak ckm }ucfkfkl fk ofdk}fjfo fkzd }flc}fak ckm}dohkaàlfoc` mdzdà~gdk}+

Gckv gt`}fmf of~`fkcuv ud dcuoh cudc |dud mdzdà~dm }huatlh fk~t} juag dzduc`}udcg aj}dk ltfmdm ev ck c~~`fdm au ~uae`dg'aufdk}dm mfgdk fak+ ]ht jau dxcg~`d}hd ~cucgd}du aj gdmfoc` ud dcuoh hczd dza`zdm azdu }hd vdcu }a dkoag~c gckvika|`dmld }udcg juag }hd ~ufgcuf`v efaàlfoc` ckm ohdgfoc` }a }hd ~ vohaàlfoc`

aofaàlfoc` gdohckfoc` ckm oag~t}c}fakc`+


45/227

?3

Haufrak ud dcuoh cudc cud ka} ldkduc``v ud`c}dm }a }hd dxf }fkl mf of~`fkcuv oakjfltuc}faket} fk }dcm udj`do} }hd `coi aj ~udzfat dx~dufdkod |f}h c ~cu}fot`cu ud dcuoh ~uae`dg au

tebdo}+

F} f fg~au}ck} jau c d gdk} ~tu~a d }a udoalkfrd }hc} agd cudc aj fkzd }flc}fak |f`èd gtoh gaud gc}tud ckm }ce`d }hck a}hdu ckm }hdudjaud `d `fid`v }a vfd`m gcbaumf oazdufd judstdk}`v+ Et} }hf mad ka} mfgfkf h }hd fg~au}ckod aj oaud jfd`m }a }hd~uaod aj ofdk}fjfo fkzd }flc}fak ckm }dohkaàlfoc` c~~`foc}fak c c |ha`d+ Jau dxcg~`dc`` ~hv fofck gt } hczd c }hauatlh luatkmfkl fk ckc}agv dzdk }hatlh }hdud hczdeddk jd| luatkmeudcifkl mf oazdufd fk }hf jfd`m jau ~duhc~ c odk}tuv+

Atu }c i fk }hf }tmv f }hdudjaud ka} ak`v }a c d }udkl}h fk }dug aj }hd jc }d }gazfkl au jc }d } lua|fkl jfd`m (c`}hatlh }hf f fg~au}ck} }a ika|& et} c` a }a c dha| }uakl Ockcmc v }dg cud jau ~uamtofkl `fkifkl ckm |hdud ~a fe`d c~~`vfkl}hd ika|`dmld }hc} f ~uamtodm c} c`` }hudd `dzd` aj fkzd }flc}fak+

\hc} fs _*] _}udkl}h1]hdud f ka fg~`d akd'mfgdk fakc` gdc tud aj Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h+ ]hd oakod~} ffkhdudk}`v gt`}fmfgdk fakc` ckm dkoag~c d (c& }hd stc`f}v aj ofdkod ckm }dohkaàlv fkOckcmc9 (e& }hd gclkf}tmd au fk}dk f}v aj }hd Ockcmfck djjau} fk zcufat magcfk aj _*]9(o& }hd }udkm aj }hd jaudlafkl jco}au (cud |d lcfkfkl au à fkl luatkm1&9 ckm (m& }hd dx}dk}a |hfoh atu _*] oc~cef`f}fd ock ed c~~`fdm djjdo}fzd`v }a cohfdzd aofc` ckm doakagfoaebdo}fzd + Stc`f}c}fzd btmlgdk} }hc} fk}dluc}d gt`}f~`d mfgdk fak ckm jco}au cudtkczafmce`d+ (\d ~ud dk} fkC~~dkmfx 5 akd luc~hfo md ouf~}fak aj }hd gvufcm d`dgdk}aj c oatk}uv _*] v }dg }a f``t }uc}d }hd ~uajatkm oag~`dxf}v aj }hd dk}f}v |ha d

}udkl}h |d ddi }a c d +&

]hd Làec` dus~do}fzd_}udkl}h fk c làec` oak}dx} gc}}du jau Ockcmc edoct d f} md}dugfkd atu cef`f}v }aoag~d}d jau fkoudc fkl`v gaef`d ud atuod aj ~da~`d ckm fkzd }gdk} oc~f}c` ckm }a~cu}fof~c}d fk làec` ika|`dmld' hcufkl kd}|aui }hc} a~duc}d c} }hd `dcmfkl dmld aj ea}h

ofdkod ckm }dohkaàlv mdzdà~gdk}+

Et} Ockcmc kddm ka} ckm ock ka} ed dstc``v }uakl fk c`` c ~do} aj _*]+ \d |f``~dofc`frd cooaumfkl }a atu ~cu}fot`cu kddm ckm c~}f}tmd + Fkdzf}ce`v ga } ofdk}fjfo

ika|`dmld ckm }dohkaàlv |f`` ed mdzdà~dm d` d|hdud au oaa~duc}fzd`v+ ]hc} f |hvOckcmc kddm }a gcfk}cfk }hd oc~cof}v }a ce aue cmc~} ckm mfjjt d `dcmfkl'dmld}dohkaàlfd ofdk}fjfo fmdc ckm ed } ~uco}fod }huatlhat} atu doakagv ckm aofd}v+

Fk }hf ud~au} |d ddi }a ckc`vrd Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h ud`c}fzd }a atu frd ckm clcfk }kaug }hc} cud }v~foc` aj a}hdu doakagfoc``v cmzckodm oatk}ufd aj }hd ADOM luat~fko`tmfkl aj oatu d }hd Tkf}dm _}c}d + ]hf ohafod f bt }fjfdm ev d }ce`f hdm ud`c}fakaj }ucmd ckm ofdk}fjfo oaa~duc}fak ckm fk ~uco}foc` }dug ev }hd czcf`cef`f}v aj udc akcoag~cuce`d mc}c+ ]hd oaggf}}dd c` a ka}d }hd lua|fkl fg~au}ckod aj dgdulfkldoakagfo lfck} toh c Ohfkc ckm Fkmfc }hc} cud edoagfkl jauod }a ed udoiakdm |f}h fkfkoudc fkl`v a~hf }foc}dm cudc aj _*] (Eax 5+3&+


46/227

?5

Eax 5+3

Lua|fkl Doakagfo ckm _*] _}udkl}h Edvakm }hd ADOM

Ck fg~au}ck} }udkm fkod }hd gfm'366> hc eddk }hd dgduldkod aj C fck doakagfdat} fmd aj Bc~ck c fkoudc fkl`v }uakl ~`cvdu fk }hd l`aec` _*] v }dg+ _at}h Iaudc ckm]cf|ck |dud c`udcmv |d`` d }ce`f hdm fk ~cu}fot`cu gcuid} ckm _fklc~aud Gc`cv fc]hcf`ckm ckm a}hdu hczd eaa }dm }hdfu gcuid} }udkl}h ckm ha|k ~a}dk}fc` jau jtu}hdufkoudc d fk oag~d}f}fzdkd + C }hd Kc}fakc` Ud dcuoh Oatkof` aj Ockcmc ka}dm Ev5>5> lfzdk ~ud dk} }udkm Ohfkc |f`` hczd ck doakagv }hc} ufzc` }hc} aj }hd Tkf}dm_}c}d fk frd+ Fkmfc |f`` cohfdzd }hf gcui agd}fgd fk }hd 5>=> ckm Ut fc gcv clcfkdgduld c c gcbau ~`cvdu (5>>4 (e& ~+


47/227

??

?+ C^ÛACOH CKM G D]HAM_

_*] _}udkl}h ]huatlh Jatu @dksdsC ~do} aj Ockcmfck _*] hczd eddk dx~àudm fk gckv }tmfd ckm }hdud hc eddk gtohfkzd }flc}fak aj ohc``dkld ckm a~~au}tkf}fd fk ~dofjfo cudc + \hf`d c ludc} mdc` ajOckcmc _*] }duuf}auv hc }hdudjaud cùdcmv eddk dx~àudm }hf ud~au} ~uazfmd c kd|ckm udc akce`v oag~udhdk fzd gc~ aj atu _*] }ckmfkl fk }hd |au`m |f}h c jaot ak }hdstd }fak2 \hdud mad Ockcmc }ckm }c``d }1

Gdc tufkl }hd _*] }udkl}h aj ck dk}fud oatk}uv f c oag~`dx tkmdu}cifkl }hdud f kaakd ed } ~uco}fod+ Mfjjdudk} oatk}ufd t d mfjjdudk} fkmfoc}au ckm c~~uacohd }a mdjfkd}hdfu a|k }udkl}h |hfoh ock gcid fk}dukc}fakc` oag~cuf ak mfjjfot`}+ Gaudazdu dcohgd}ham aj c d gdk} hc f} `fgf}c}fak ckm efc d + Ga } gd}ham cudc}agf }fofk }hd

dk d }hc} }hdv oc~}tud ak`v c ~dofjfo te d} aj }hd gt`}f~`d mfgdk fak aj }udkl}h fk coatk}uv _*] v }dg (C~~dkmfx 5 &+ Jau }hf udc ak ckm edoct d atu oakod~} aj _*]}udkl}h f euacm f} f fg~au}ck} }a t~~`dgdk} }hd }ucmf}fakc` c}agf }fo ~du ~do}fzd |f}

a}hdu gd}ham }hc} cud gaud ha`f }fo ckm oc~ce`d aj oc~}tufkl }hd gt`}f~`d c ~do} aj _*]}udkl}h+

Ea}h zfd|~afk} c}agf }fo ckm ha`f }fo hczd }hdfu cmzck}cld ckm mf cmzck}cld +]hf ~afk} f toofko}`v gcmd ev O+_+ Ha``fkl (3668& fk ~afk}fkl at} }hc} }hd mckldu aj ckc}agf }fo c~~uacoh (c} `dc } fk }hd jfd`m aj doaàlv& f }a ~uazfmd }hd dxco}`v uflh} ck |dujau }hd |uakl std }fak |hf`d }hd mckldu aj }hd ha`f }fo c~~uacoh f }a ~uazfmd }hddxco}`v uflh} std }fak et} c t d`d ck |du+ ]hdudjaud |d hat`m ~t} Ockcmfck _*]

}udkl}h tkmdu ea}h }hd gfoua oa~dckm}hd gcoua oa~d (Md Ua kcv 36


48/227

?=

_tuzdv Ma Oua|ms Hczd \fsmag1Fk]hd \f mag aj Oua|m Bcgd _tua|fdoif (5>>=& }d`` }hd }auv aj Euf}f h ofdk}f } JuckofLc`}ak |ha fk 36>: ae duzdm }a hf tu~uf d }hc} c oua|m aj c~~uaxfgc}d`v 8>> oatk}uv

jcfu'ladu |c ce`d }a ltd }hd |dflh} aj ck ax+ ]hd czducld aj 8>> fkmfzfmtc` ltd d ~udof d }a |f}hfk akd }dk}h aj akd ~duodk} |c gtoh gaud cootuc}d }hck }hdfkmfzfmtc` ltd d ajdx~du}jcugdu ckm et}ohdu fk }hd oua|m+ ]hf ae duzce`d }udkl}hfk ktgedu f akd aj }hd jatkmc}fak aj }c}f }fo + Fk }hd ak`fkd tuzdv oakmto}dm jau }hfud~au} |d oagefkd }|a }uakl c~~uacohd }hd |f mag aj dx~du} |f}h }hd |f mag ajoua|m ev tuzdvfkl c oua|m aj dx~du} +

]hd tuzdv std }fakkcfud (C~~dkmfx ? & |c mdzdà~dm ak }hd ec f aj dzduc` dxf }fkl}cxakagfd aj jfd`m aj ofdkod ckm }dohkaàlv ckm d`do}fzd oak t`}c}fak |f}h dx~du} + F|c ~ualucggdm ckm ha }dm ev DIA_ Ud dcuoh ck a~fkfak ud dcuoh jfug(|||+dia +oag &+ Fkzf}c}fak }a ~cu}fof~c}d fk }hd tuzdv |dud dk} }a gdgedu aj 5>:+ Ud ~akmdk} |dud c idm }a23+ _d`do} akd au dzduc` aj 3: euacm cudc aj ud dcuoh au }dohkaàlv c~~`foc}fak }hc}

}hdv ikd| |d`` ckm |f}hfk }hd d }a uc}d ~dofjfo te'cudc fk }dug aj Ockcmcud`c}fzd }udkl}h ak c dzdk'~afk} oc`d c |d`` c }hd otuudk} }udkm (lcfkfklluatkm }ce`d au à fkl luatkm&+

5+ Uc}d ~dofjfdm d`dgdk} aj _*] fkjuc }uto}tud fk }dug aj }hd ud`c}fzd cmzck}cld(au mf cmzck}cld& }hdv ud~ud dk} jau Ockcmc+

?+ _d`do} juag ck cuucv aj dgdulfkl }dohkaàlfd }ha d jau |hfoh }hd ud ~akmdk}ed`fdzd Ockcmc f ed } ~a f}fakdm }a mdzdà~ ~uagfkdk} }udkl}h+

=+ Uc}d }hd }udkl}h ckm }udkm aj Ockcmfck _*] azduc``+4+ Dx~ud ckv jtu}hdu }hatlh} ak Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h fk }hdfu a|k |aum +

Jau dcoh aj }hd jfu } }hudd std }fak ud ~akmdk} oat`m dx~ckm }hd ~dofjfdm gdkt ajohafod fj }hdv ed`fdzdm }hdv |dud fk tjjfofdk}+ ]hd ud t`} aj }hd 3 456 oag~`d}dm tuzdvstd }fakkcfud cud ~ud dk}dm fkOhc~}dus 4, : ckm< +

Gd}ufos Gdcstufkl At}~t}sEfe`fagd}ufo ckm }dohkagd}ufo cud |d``'d }ce`f hdm gd}ham fk }hd dzc`tc}fak aj _*]

}udkl}h + ]hd d aebdo}fzd fkmfoc}au ~uazfmd t djt` ckm fk}dukc}fakc``v oag~cuce`dedkohgcui et} }hdv cud ka} tjjfofdk} }a md oufed }hd dk}fud _*] v }dg+ ]hdv cudoag~`dgdk}cuv }a }hd a}hdu `dk d ckm ~cu}fot`cu`v }a }hd tuzdv ud t`} ak }hd }udkl}h a

te'cudc aj ud dcuoh+ C`` efe`fagd}ufo ckm }dohkagd}ufo ud t`} fk }hf ud~au} |dud

oag~t}dm ev _ofdkod'Gd}ufx (|||+ ofdkod'gd}ufx+oag& ckm t d mc}c juag }hdAe duzc}afud md ofdkod d} md }dohkaàlfd (|||+a }+so+oc&+ ]hd ud t`} aj }hd ckc`v fcud ~ud dk}dm fkOhc~}du 4+


49/227

?4

Fk}dukc}fakc` ]hd Zfd| juag Ceuacm]huatlh oak}co} fk }hd Md~cu}gdk} aj Jaudflk Cjjcfu ckm Fk}dukc}fakc` ]ucmd Ockcmcfkzf}c}fak |dud dk} }a _ofdkod Oatk d``au ckm ]ucmd Oaggf fakdu }c}fakdm fkOckcmfck Dgec fd cuatkm }hd |au`m+ \d ae}cfkdm ud~au} ckm a}hdu mc}c juag }hfkd}|aui aj oak}co} + ]hd fkjaugc}fak |c t dm }a oag~`dgdk} }hd mc}c ae}cfkdm juag }hd

gd}ufo ckm }hd tuzdv+C `fgf}c}fak aj }hf gd}ham f }hc} Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h tk`fid }ha d aj }hd Tkf}dm_}c}d au }hd oatk}ufd }hc} gcid t~ }hd Dtua~dck Tkfak cud ka} aj}dk }tmfdm juagceuacm+ ]hd oaggf}}dd }hdudjaud ~cfm ~dofc` c}}dk}fak }a _*] cluddgdk} gdgauckmc ajtkmdu }ckmfkl ckm d }ce`f hdm oa``ceauc}fak |f}h a}hdu oatk}ufd ak }hd ~ud tg~}fak}hc} }hd mf of~`fkd ckm do}au fmdk}fjfdm fk }hd d oa``ceauc}fak }culd} udc` }udkl}h}hd Ockcmfck _*] v }dg+ ]hf fkjaugc}fak f ~ud dk}dm ~ufgcuf`v fkOhc~}du 4+

Dxfs}fkl @f}duc}tud]hdud f c`ga } ka ~te`f hdm `f}duc}tud jaot dm ~dofjfoc``v ak }udkl}h aj }hd Ockcmfck_*] v }dgazduc` ckm ~cu}fot`cu`v ka} c} c udc akce`v jfkd `dzd` aj md}cf`+ ]hd jd|dxf }fkl ~te`foc}fak d+l+ }hd fkj`tdk}fc` ~te`foc}fak ev }hd Tkf}dm Ifklmag Ohfdj_ofdk}fjfo Cmzf du Mczfm Ifkl (5>>=& cud ~f}ohdm c} c zduv euacm `dzd` ajldkduc`frc}fak+ Kdzdu}hd`d }hd `f}duc}tud `dk ~uazfmdm c t djt` ckm oag~`dgdk}cuv~du ~do}fzd }a ctlgdk} }hd a}hdu }hudd+

]a atu ika|`dmld }hf jatu'`dk c~~uacoh hc ka} ~udzfat `v eddk t dm }a c d _*]}udkl}h+ Fk cmmf}fak }a eudcm}h ckm gf}flc}fak aj efc }hd c~~uacoh c` a fmdk}fjfd }hd

_*] cudc |hdud fkjaugc}fak ~uazfmdm ev mfjjdudk} gd}ham oakzduld au mfzduld +_~dofjfoc``v }hd ~du ~do}fzd ~uazfmdm ev gt`}f~`d `dk d ~dugf} t }a fmdk}fjv }huddmfjjdudk} oc d 2

O`dcu }udkl}h cudc |hdud }hdud f te }ck}fc` oakzduldkod au cluddgdk}cgakl }hd ud`dzck} `dk d 9 ]hd ludv rakd |hdud }hd oagefkdm dzfmdkod mad ka} ~dugf} tkdstfzaoc`

oako`t fak }a ed muc|k9 ckm Kddm jau jtu}hdu ud dcuoh |hdud }hdud f o`dcu ckm tkud a`zdm mf cluddgdk}

cgakl }hd mfjjdudk} gd}ham +

]hf c~~uacoh c` a oak}ufet}d }a }hd mdzd`a~gdk} aj ldkduc` gd}ham jau fmdk}fjvfkl_*] }udkl}h + Jau dxcg~`d fj atu a~fkfak tuzdv ock ed ha|k ev oag~cuf ak |f}ha}hdu `dk d }a ed udc akce`v ud`fce`d f} ock ed t dm fk a}hdu ofuotg }ckod c cud`c}fzd`v stfoi ckm fkdx~dk fzd |cv }a gdc tud _*] }udkl}h ~dufamfoc``v ckm }a }ucoiohckld azdu }fgd+


50/227

?:


51/227

?>="

>

>+4

3

3+4

5

5+4

?

?+4

=

=+4

Gdxfoa ^a`ckm Fud`ckm Ct }uc`fc Ockcmc ADOM]a}c`

L'< T_ Iaudc Jfk`ckm _|dmdk

" Mc}c jau Gdxfoa, Ct }uc`fc, L'< ckm _|dmdk cud jau 5>>?

$ a j

L M ^

Et fkd Dx~dkmf}tud (EDUM&


53/227

?6

Ockcmc ~dkmfkl ak U*M hc uf dk flkfjfock}`v azdu }hd ~c } 34 vdcu juag -3>+?ef``fak fk 366> }a -5:+? ef``fak fk 5>>4 ck czducld ckktc` lua|}h uc}d aj kdcu`v :+4~duodk}+ Ed}|ddk 366< ckm 5>>? Ockcmc udoaumdm }hd jc }d } lua|}h aj U*M ~dkmfkl fk}hd L'>=

>

>+3

>+5

>+?

>+=

>+4

>+:

>++8

3683 368? 3684 368< 3686 3663 366? 3664 366< 3666 5>>3 5>>?

Ockcmc

ADOM Czducld $ a j

L M ^

_atuod2 ADOM Gcfk _ofdkod ckm ]dohka`alv Fkmfoc}au 5>>:'3

]hd jdmduc` lazdukgdk} dg~hc f ak tkfzdu f}v ud dcuoh f dzfmdk} juag }hd }udkm ajetmld}cuv at}`cv }hc} ha| dx~dkmf}tud fk t~~au} aj tkfzdu f}v U*M aj gaud }hck -5+4ef``fak fk 5>>4'>:+ Jau }hd jfu } }fgd }hf dxoddm jdmduc` ~dkmfkl ak f} a|k fk'hat dU*M |hfoh hc udgcfkdm `culd`v tkohckldm jau }hd ~c } fx vdcu (Jfltud =+? &+


54/227

=>

Jfltud =+?

Jdmduc` Mfudo} Dx~dkmf}tuds ak U*M ev ^dujaugfkl _do}au

_atuod2 _}c}f }fo Ockcmc Oc} Ka+ J88'5>='XFD 5>>=!5>>4

Et fkd dx~dkmf}tud ak U*M (EDUM& f ed`fdzdm }a ed gaud o`a d`v `fkidm }a oaggduofc`fkkazc}fak at}oagd }hck U*M ~dkmfkl azduc``+ Ockcmc EDUM uc}fa fkoudc dm gtohjc }du }hck }hd ADOM czducld jau }|a mdocmd tk}f` 5>>3+ ]hd oa``c~ d aj }hd ma}oagetee`d md~ud dm U*M fkzd }gdk} ka}ce`v fk }hd }d`doag do}au |hdud Ockcmc hc~cu}fot`cu }udkl}h+ Ckm fkod 5>>3 Ockcmc uc}fa aj EDUM }a LM^ hc eddk mdo`fkfkckm f ka| ak`v ceat} hc`j }hd T_ uc}fa (Jfltud =+= &+

]hd std }fak f |hv mad Ockcmc ~du f }dk}`v `cl |d`` edhfkm }hd ADOM czducld fket fkd U*M fkzd }gdk}1 ^cu} aj }hd udc ak `fd fk }hf oatk}uv fkmt }ufc` }uto}tud+Ockcmc doakagv f ud`c}fzd`v ~dofc`frdm fk fkmt }ufd (d+l+ ud`c}dm }a ud atuoddx}uco}fak ckm ~uaod fkl& }hc} ma oag~cuc}fzd`v `f}}`d gdc tudm U*M udlcum`d aj }hdoatk}uv fk |hfoh }hdv cud `aoc}dm+

Jdmduc` Dx~dkmf}tuds ak U*M ev ^dujaugfkl _do}au

>+>

>+4

3+>

3+4

5+>

5+4

?+>

3664'6: 366:'6< 3663 5>>3'>5 5>>5'>? 5>>?'>= 5>>='>4~ 5>>4'>:~

Fk}ucgtuc`

Hflhdu Dmtoc}fak

E f ` ` f a k

-

(3664'5>>:&

Jf oc` Vdcu


55/227

=3

Jfltud =+=

Etsfkdss Dk}du~ufsd Dx~dkmf}tud ak Udsdcuoh ckm Mdzdà~gdk} Ud`c}fzd }a LuassMagds}fo ûamto}

_atuod2 ADOM Gcfk _ofdkod ckm ]dohkaàlv Fkmfoc}au 5>>:'3

_}uto}tud f ak`v ~cu} aj }hd ck |du ha|dzdu+ ]hdud cud c` a agd fg~au}ck} do}au fkOckcmc jau |hfoh U*M fk}dk f}v (f+d+ U*M ~dkmfkl c c ~duodk} aj udzdktd& f gtohà|du }hck fk}dukc}fakc` kaug + ]hd Ockcmfck ct}a fkmt }uv jau dxcg~`d mad `f}}`dgdc tudm U*M ud`vfkl fk }dcm ak jaudflk U*M dgeamfdm fk }c}d'aj'}hd'cu} jco}auvdstf~gdk}+ Ckm jau udc ak }hc} c~~dcu }a ed `d |d`` tkmdu }aam Ockcmc(oaggduofc`& duzfod do}au hc c flkfjfock}`v à|du U*M fk}dk f}v }hck f} T_oatk}du~cu} }hatlh ka} `d }hck }hd L'< czducld+ _fkod duzfod ckm }hd ct}a do}au}ald}hdu cooatk} jau gaud }hck }|a'}hfum aj et fkd zc`td'cmmdm fk Ockcmc atuud`c}fzd`v à| U*M fk}dk f}v fk }hd d cudc dx~`cfk c flkfjfock} ~cu} aj }hd OckcmcT_lc~ fk et fkd U*M ~dkmfkl+ ^cu}fc``v ajj d}}fkl }hf cud dzduc` Ockcmfck hflh'}doh

do}au ka}ce`v }d`doag dstf~gdk} ajjfod ckm oag~t}fkl gcohfkduv ckm~hcugcodt}foc` jau |hfoh U*M fk}dk f}v ak czduclddxoddmea}h }hd T_ ckm L'< `dzd`(Fkmt }uv Ockcmc 5>>:YcW ~+ 333=&+

]hd ga } flkfjfock} oag~`dgdk} aj U*M ~dkmfkl cud cmzckodm if`` ckm fkzd }gdk}fk }dohkaàlfoc``v a~hf }foc}dm oc~f}c` dstf~gdk}+

EDUM cs duodk} aj LM^2 3683 ' 5>>=

>

>+4

3

3+4

5

5+4

3683 368? 3684 368< 3686 3663 366? 3664 366< 3666 5>>3 5>>?

Ockcmc

ADOM Czducld

T_

$ a j

L M ^


56/227

=5

Oak fmdufkl jfu } Ockcmc fk}dukc}fakc` }ckmfkl |f}h ud ~do} }a if`` }hd mc}c }cet`cfk Jfltud =+4 mdgak }uc}d }hd dxod~}fakc``v }uakl ldkduc` dmtoc}fakc` c}}cfkgdk} aj atu|auijauod+ Fk 5>>? == ~duodk} aj }hd ~a~t`c}fak cldm 54:= hcm ~a }' doakmcuv dmtoc}fak }hd hflhd } ~ua~au}fak fk }hd ADOM+ (Ockcmc ~ua~au}fak aj tkfzdu f}v lucmtc}d f

`flh}`v `d }hck }hc} aj }hd T_ et} }hf f gaud }hck ajj d} ev atu hflhdu ~ua~au}fak ajoaggtkf}v oa``dld lucmtc}d +&

C mfjjdudk} ~fo}tud dgduld fj |d jaot ak ~dofc`frc}fak fk ofdkod ckm dklfkddufkl+ FkOckcmc }hd d jfd`m oag~uf d ak`v ceat} akd'jfj}h aj kd| mdludd oag~cudm |f}huatlh`v ?> ~duodk} fk ga } Dtua~dck oatk}ufd et} }f`` agd|hc} hflhdu }hck }hd T_~ua~au}fak aj bt } azdu 34 ~duodk}+3 Ockcmc dxhfef} c ~cu}fot`cu`v à| uc}fa aj ^hM fk

ofdkod ckm dklfkddufkl tebdo} >+? ~duodk} aj }a}c` lucmtc}d fk 5>>5 oag~cudm|f}h >+=4 ~duodk} fk }hd T_ ckm gaud }hck akd ~du odk} fk _|dmdk ckm _|f}rdu`ckm+ ]hdjfkc` oa`tgk fkJfltud =+4 et fkd ud dcuohdu ~du 3 >>> dg~àvdm fk }hd doakagv f }uakl`v oauud`c}dm |f}h et fkd ~dkmfkl ak U*M+ ûdmfo}ce`v Ockcmc `cl |d`èdhfkm `dcmdu toh c Jfk`ckm }hd T_ Bc~ck ckm _|dmdk }hatlh ka} edhfkm }hd TI

Juckod ckm Ldugckv+]hd gd cld fk }hd d hflh'`dzd` mc}c f }hc} Ockcmc foag~cuc}fzd`v|d``'dkma|dm |f}h}hd if`` kddmdm fk ck cmzckodm doakagv dzdk }hatlh }hdud |f`` c`|cv ed ~cu}fot`culc~ ckm hau}cld + Ak }hd a}hdu hckm }hd ud`c}fzd`v à| `dzd` aj ~dofc`frc}fak fk ofdkodckm dklfkddufkl c~~dcu }a udj`do} }hd ~cu}fot`cu kc}tud aj Ockcmc doakagv+ Fk }hfoatk}uv c oag~cuc}fzd`v à| `dzd` aj U*M'fk}dk fzd doakagfo co}fzf}v mtd ~cu}`v }afkmt }ufc` }uto}tud ckm ~cu}`v }a jfug edhczfatu fk odu}cfk do}au }uck `c}d fk}aud`c}fzd`v `dmdgckmfk Ockcmc }hck fk gckv ADOM oatk}ufd jau hflh`v ~dofc`frdm _*]

if`` + \d dg~hc frd }hc} }hf oako`t fak c~~`fd }a }hd doakagv c c |ha`d ckm akczducld+ ]hdud |f`` ed gckv ~dofjfo fk }ckod |hdudt~~`v oak }ucfk} cud udc` ckmmdgckm jau cmzckodm if`` f tkgd}+

@aaifkl jau|cum }hdud f udc ak }a ed a~}fgf }fo }hc} Ockcmc ohaa` cud ~ud~cufkl }hdkdx} ldkduc}fak |f}h }hd ec fo if`` aj `f}ducov ckm ktgducov kddmdm }a jtko}fakdjjdo}fzd`v+ Ockcmc 34'vdcu a`m cud cgakl }hd |au`m ed } ~dujaugdu fk fk}dukc}fakc}d } aj gc}hdgc}fo udcmfkl ckm ika|`dmld aj ofdkod (Eax :+4 fk Ohc~}du :&+

3 Ev d`do}fkl ak`v ofdkod ckm dklfkddufkl lucmtc}d , }hd ADOM if`` ckc`v f flkaud fkmt }uvud dcuoh djjau} }hc} f tkud`c}dm }a }dohkaàlv et} hflh`v ud`c}dm }a fkkazc}fak f+d+, gcuid} ud dcuoh,doakagfo ud dcuoh, htgck jco}au ud dcuoh, ~ vohaàlfoc` ud dcuoh, d}o+


57/227

=?

Jfltud =+4

Ck Fk}dukc}fakc` ^dus~do}fzd ak Hflh`v ]ucfkdm ^da~`d

^dusaks |f}h ~as}'sdoakmcuv dmtoc}fak

cs $ aj 54:= vdcua`ms

(5>>?&3

_hcud aj sofdkod ckmdklfkddufkl (_*D&

mdludds cs $ aj kd|mdludds(5>>?&5

^hMs fk _*D cs cshcud aj

lucmtc}ds(5>>5&?

Etsfkdssudsdcuohdus ~du

3,>>> dg~`avgdk} =

^duodk} Ucki ^duodk} Ucki ^duodk} Ucki ^duodk} Ockcmc ==+> 3 5>+= 3> >+?> 6 =+= 4Tkf}dm _}c}d ?8+= 5 34+< 33 >+=4 8 _|dmdk ??+= = ?3+> 3 3+?< 3 :+= =Jfk`ckm ??+? 4 56+> ? >+ : 3>+> 3Ct }uc`fc ?3+? : 53+: 6 >+45 < 5+> Tkf}dm Ifklmag 58+> < 58+5 : >+83 ? ?+5 _|f}rdu`ckm 5 8 58+4 4 3+>: 5 =+> Ldugckv 5=+> 6 ?>+6 5 >+


58/227

==

Jfltud =+:

Fkzds}gdk} fk Fkjaugc}fak ckm Oaggtkfoc}faks ]dohka`alv ~du \auidu Oag~cudm|f}h _d`do}dm ADOM Oatk}ufds ckm ]udkm (368>?&

_atuod2 Odk}ud jau }hd _}tmv aj @fzfkl _}ckmcum ec dm ak mc}c juag _}c}f }fo Ockcmc ckm }hd T_Etudct aj @ceatu _}c}f }fo +

At}~t} Fkmfoc}aus]hd _*]'ud`c}dm at}~t} aj kc}fakc` fkkazc}fak v }dg cud gdc tudm gtoh `doag~udhdk fzd`v }hck }hd fk~t} + _}tmfd }v~foc``v ud~au} at}~t} toh c (c& }hd za`tgdckm stc`f}v aj ofdk}fjfo ~te`foc}fak c c uatlh gdc tud aj ud dcuoh ~uamto}fzf}v9 (e& }hduc}d aj ~c}dk} ldkduc}fak c akd ~uaxv jau oaggduofc` fkkazc}fak9 ckm (o& }hd uc}d ajjaugc}fak aj }doh'ec dm }cu}'t~ oag~ckfd c c uatlh lctld aj dk}ud~udkdtufc` zf}c`f}v

ckm ud dcuoh oaggduofc`frc}fak ~a}dk}fc`+Md}cf`dm efe`fagd}ufo ckm }dohkagd}ufo mc}c cud ~ud dk}dm fkOhc~}du 4+ _tjjfod f} }a cvhdud }hc} ed}|ddk 366< ckm 5>>3 Ockcmc uckidm fx}h fk }hd |au`m fk }dug aj~te`foc}fak fk ofdkod ckm dklfkddufkl cooatk}fkl jau =+: ~duodk} aj }hd l`aec` }a}c` }hd T_ ~uamtodm ?4 ~duodk} (Cuohcgect`} ckm Lfkluc 5>>=&+ \f}hfk }hd L'< |d uckidm

FO] Fkzds}gdk} ^du \auidu

Ouass'Oatk}uv Oag~cufsak2 5>>3(-T_ c} Gcuid} Dxohckld Uc}ds&

>

4>>

3,>>>

3,4>>

5,>>>

5,4>>

?,>>>

T_ _|d Jfk B~k Ct` TI Ldu Juc F}`>

5>

=>

:>

8>

3>>

35>

8< 86 63 6? 64 6< 66 >3 >?OCK

]udkm2 Ockcmc cs duodk} aj T_

" Ec dm ak gcuid} dxohckld uc}d

Ockcmc"

T_ 7 3>>$


59/227

=4

doakm }a }hd TI fk }a}c` ~te`foc}fak ~du oc~f}c ckm jatu}h fk ~te`foc}fak ~du tkfzdu f}vud dcuohdu (edhfkm }hd TI T_ ckm F}c`v+& Ed}|ddk 5>>3 ckm 5>>= }hd za`tgd aj Ockcmc~te`foc}fak hc fkoudc dm gaud à|`v }hck }hd |au`m czducld =+< ~duodk} zdu t :+=~duodk} làec``v c }hd at}~t} aj `culd dgdulfkl doakagfd hc fkoudc dm+ Ockcmc ka|ucki dflh}h azduc`` fk }a}c` ~te`foc}fak za`tgd hczfkl lfzdk t~ }|a ~`cod }a F}c`v ckmOhfkc fkod 5>>3 (Cuohcgect`} ckm Lfkluc 5>>=&+

C }ckmcum }hatlh fg~dujdo} fkmfoc}au aj fkmt }ufc` fkkazc}fak at}~t} f ~c}dk}fklfk}dk f}v f+d+ }hd ktgedu aj ~c}dk} ~du oc~f}c }a ed}}du kaugc`frd jau fk}du'oatk}uvoag~cuf ak (Jfltud =+< &+ Ockcmc ucki |d`` edà| }hd ADOM czducld ckm dzdk fkud atuod'ec dm fkmt }ufd Ockcmc ~c}dk}fkl fk}dk f}v `cl edhfkm }hc} aj }hd T_(Fkmt }uv Ockcmc 5>>:YcW&+ Jtu}hdu md}cf` ock jatkm fkOhc~}du 4+

Jfltud =+<

^c}dk}s Luck}dm Ud`c}fzd }a â~t`c}fak _frd jau _d`do}dm ADOM Oatk}ufds

_atuod2 ADOM ^c}dk} Mc}cec d Mdodgedu 5>>4

^c}dk}fkl Fk}dksf}v

(T_ ^c}dk} ckm ]ucmdgcui Ajjfod, _d`do}dm ADOM oatk}ufd , 5>>5&

>

4>

3>>

34>

5>>

54>

?>>

?4>

=>>

=4>

T_ Ct }uc fc Jfk`ckm _|dmdk TI Ockcmc Bc~ck F}c`v _~cfk Ldugckv Juckod>

5

=

:

8

3>

35

^c}dk} luck}dm ~du gf``fak ~a~t`c}fak (@dj} _oc`d&

Ckktc` lua|}h (OCLU& 3663'5>>5 (Uflh} _oc`d&


60/227

=:

Ockcmc f otuudk}`v dkbavfkl }hd edkdjf} aj c oaggamf}v eaag+ Ha|dzdu, }hf |f`` ka}`c } jaudzdu+ Ckm |hdk }hd oaggamf}v ~ufodovo`d mf~ , |hdk mdgaluc~hfo edlfk }amucgc}foc``v udmtod }hd uc}fa aj |auifkl~da~`d }a ud}fudd , ckm |hdk }hd fg~co} aj Ohfkc ckm Fkmfc gc fzd fkzd }gdk} fkfkkazc}fak cud jd`} fk }hd fk}dukc}fakc`}ucmfkl v }dg, Ockcmc |f`` jcod mdo`fkfkl~ua ~duf}v ' tk`d f} fggdmfc}d`v edlfk}tukfkl f} jaot ckm ud atuod }a _*]+

Ud~udsdk}c}fzd aj c ûazfkofc` Lazdukgdk}"QQQQQQQQ"Hdud ckm d` d|hdud fk }hd ud~au} |d fko`tmd sta}c}fakjuag oaggdk} gcmd ev ~cu}fof~ck} fk }hd ak`fkd

tuzdv tkmdu}cidk jau }hf }tmv+

Fk}dukc}fakc` oag~cuf ak aj jfug'`dzd` mvkcgfo d+l+ uc}d aj kd| et fkd jaugc}fak~ua~au}fak aj jfug o`cfgfkl }a fkkazc}d ckm juco}fak aj c`d mtd }a kd|!fg~uazdm~uamto} cud `fgf}dm+ Ec dm ak }hd oua 'kc}fakc` mc}c czcf`ce`d f} c~~dcu }hc} Ockcldkduc}d ck tkt tc``v hflh ktgedu aj }cu}'t~ ceat} 34 ~duodk} aj }hd ktgedu ajdxf }fkl et fkd d ckktc``v oag~cudm |f}h 3> ~duodk} fk }hd T_ ckm }v~foc``v `d fkDtua~d+ ]hdud f c oauud ~akmfkl`v hflh et fkd mdc}h uc}d fk }hf oatk}uv udj`do}fkl}hd jco} }hc} }hdkd}lua|}h aj kd| et fkd d f zduv gamd } ea}h hdud ckm d` d|hdud(ADOM 5>>= ckm _}c}f }fo Ockcmc 5>>?&+

Fkkazc}fak mdk f}v f+d+ }hd juco}fak aj jfug }hc} ud~au} mdzdà~fkl kd|!fg~uazdm~uamto} ckm ~uaod d f gdc tudm ev ~dufamfo tuzdv fk Ockcmc ckm Dtua~d+ ]hd d

tuzdv tlld } }hc} Ockcmfck jfug hczd c oag~cuc}fzd`v hflh ~ua~dk f}v }a fkkazc}det} ma ka} c~~dcu ak czducld }a ldkduc}d c hflhdu ~duodk}cld aj c`d juag kd| ~uamto}}hck Dtua~dck oatk}du~cu} (Fkmt }uv Ockcmc 5>>:YcW&+

]hd gd cld fk }hd d at}~t} mc}c f }hc} ev fk}dukc}fakc` }ckmcum Ockcmc f }uakl f}hd ~uamto}fak aj ofdk}fjfo ika|`dmld (batukc` ~te`foc}fak & ud`c}fzd`v |dci fk

oaggduofc``v }cklfe`d fkkazc}fak (~c}dk} & ckm stf}d mvkcgfo fk }hd dcu`v }cld ajoaggduofc`frc}fak aj fkzdk}fak cuf fkl at} aj ud dcuoh+

C |d gazd juag _*] fk~t} }a at}~t} }a t`}fgc}d at}oagd }hd }hudcm aj oct d ckmdjjdo} edoagd ~ualud fzd`v gaud }dktat ckm mfjjfot`} }a }ucod+ ]hf f edoct d gckvfk}duud`c}dm jco}au fk cmmf}fak }a _*] oagefkd }a ~uamtod fg~au}ck} gcoua'at}oagd

toh c ~uamto}fzf}v lua|}h au hflh'}doh dx~au} oag~d}f}fzdkd + ]hdud cud c` a àkl ckmtkodu}cfk }fgd `cl ed}|ddk idv fk~t} d+l+ ~dkmfkl ak ec fo ud dcuoh au }ucfkfkl c^hM fk efafkjaugc}fo ckm }hd c~~dcuckod aj agd md fudm at}oagd toh c c

t }cfkce`d Ockcmfck'ec dm et fkd au }udc}gdk} aj c~udzfat `v fk}uco}ce`d mf dc d+

Ev fk}dukc}fakc` }ckmcum Ockcmc azduc`` doakagfoat}oagd oak}fktd }a ed zduv laam }hatlh f} fmfjjfot`} }a cv ha| gtoh f mtd }a ck dx}dkmdm ckmdxod~}fakc``v jczatuce`d gcouadoakagfo dkzfuakgdk}ckm gaud udodk}`v }a c eaag fk oaggamf}v ~ufod +]hd t }cfkcef`f}v aj }hd d oakmf}fak f ka} c tudm+

@aaifkl jau|cum c Ockcmc ~a~t`c}fak gc}tudckm kd| oag~d}f}au dgduld fk zfu}tc``v dzduv jfd`m f} ock ed cfm }hc} fkkazc}fak ckm }hd ~uamto}fzf}vlua|}h }hc} fkkazc}fak ldkduc}d cud }hd ak`v c tudmckm t }cfkce`d |cv }a idd~ Ockcmc ~ua ~duf}v ckmstc`f}v aj `fjd ceudc } aj f} ~ddu +


61/227

=>:+ ]hd ud t`} aj }hd tuzdv cud ~ud dk}dmfk }hf ohc~}du ckm }hd kdx} }|a+

]hd ga } zc`tce`d c}}ufet}d aj }hd tuzdv cud }hc} (c& f} udj`do} c ha`f }fo zfd| ka} bt }c fkl`d d`dgdk} aj }udkl}h et} }hd fk}dluc}dm }udkl}h aj c mf of~`fkd au jfd`m aj}dohkaàlv azduc``9 ckm (e& f} ud~ud dk} }hd zfd| aj _*] }cidha`mdu }hdg d`zd ka}}hd zfd| au }hd fk}du~ud}c}fak aj }hd oaggf}}dd au aj }hd Oatkof`+ ]hd oaggf}}dded`fdzd }hdudjaud }hc} }hd tuzdv jfkmfkl cud ck fg~au}ck} ckm oudmfe`d oak}ufet}fak }

}hd azduc`` ~fo}tud+ F} f }huatlh }hf `dk }hc} |d cud ~ud dk}fkl c jud h ~du ~do}fzd akOckcmc _*] }udkl}h +

]hd tuzdv jfkmfkl cud c` a oag~d``fkl edoct d aj }hd cg~`d frd+ \d cud ce`d }a ud~au}}hd zfd| aj c flkfjfock} juco}fak aj Ockcmc dkfau _*] oaggtkf}v |d`` mf }ufet}dm}huatlhat} }hd oatk}uv (Jfltud 4+3 &+ ]hd ud ~akmdk} cud ~da~`d |f}h dx}dk fzddx~dufdkod ckm ika|`dmld ckm f} f udc akce`d }a c tgd }hc} }hdfu ~duod~}fak }cid fk}acooatk} gt`}f~`d jco}au ckm mfgdk fak aj }udkl}h }hd ifkm aj oag~`dxfk}duud`c}fak hf~ }hc} cud ka} oc~}tudm ev gaud ~udof d`v mdjfkdm stck}f}c}fzd fkmfoc}auEt} c`` fkmfzfmtc` dx~du} fko`tmdm hczd efc d ckm e`fkm ~a} + F} |c }hdudjaudkdod cuv }a cg~`d c te }ck}fc` ckm mfzdu d eamv aj a~fkfak a }hc} |d oat`m t d

}c}f }foc` clludlc}fak }a oc~}tud }hd|f mag aj }hd oua|m (Eax 4+3&+

5 ]hudd gcfk atuod hczd eddk fmdk}fjfdm c ud`dzck} }a edkohgcui Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h fk c làecòak}dx}+ Hflh`flh} aj _fu Mczfm Ifkl ~c~du, ]hd _ofdk}fjfo Fg~co} aj Kc}faks (5>>=&, cud tggcufrdmfk Eax 4+5 fk }hd do}fak aj }hf ohc~}du mdc`fkl |f}h efe`fagd}ufo + ]hd ud~au} ev }hd Oakjdudkod Eacum,]hd \au`m ckm Ockcmc ]udkms Udshc~fkl Atu Jt}tud , oak}cfk c |dc`}h aj t djt` ~dujaugckodfkmfoc}au et} mad ka} cmmud , dxod~} fkofmdk}c``v, }hd ~dofjfo std }fak aj Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h +Jfkc``v, }hd |aui aj }hd ADOM oak}cfk c ludc} mdc` aj ud`dzck} fkjaugc}fak, |hfoh |d muc| t~akd` d|hdud fk }hd ud~au}, et} }hf mad ka} fko`tmd c jaot dm c d gdk} aj Ockcmc _*] }udkl}h +


62/227

=8

Jfltud 4+3(c&

Ktgedu aj _tuzdv Uds~akmdk}s ev Cjjf`fc}fak

Cjjf`fc}fak Uds~akmdk}sKtgedu ^duodk}

Cocmdgfds Jd`à| aj Cocmdgv aj Cu} ckm Htgckf}fd 4= ?+4 Jd`à| aj Cocmdgv aj _aofc` _ofdkod 44 ?+4 Jd`à| aj Cocmdgv aj _ofdkod 54: 3:+> Jd`à| aj }hd Ockcmfck Cocmdgv aj Dklfkddufkl :3 =+> Jd`à| aj }hd Ockcmfck Cocmdgv aj Hdc`}h _ofdkod 8= 4+4

Tkfzdusf}fds Tkfzdu f}v au Oa``dld Cmgfkf }uc}au (ûd fmdk} Z^ Ud dcuoh& 64 Ockcmc Ud dcuoh Ohcfu ?33 5>+? Kd}|aui aj Odk}ud aj Dxod``dkod 3:> 3>+4 Ockcmfck Fk }f}t}d jau Cmzckodm Ud dcuoh ûalucg Gdgedu =6 A}hdu Jcot`}v juag c Tkfzdu f}v au Oa``dld 4=< ?4+6

Etsfkdss _dkfau Dg~àvdd aj c Et fkd Oau~auc}fak

' _gc`` et fkd (tkmdu 5> jt``'}fgd dg~àvdd & :3 =' Gdmftg et fkd (5>66 dg~àvdd & 55 3+' Gdmftg@culd et fkd (3>>4>> dg~àvdd & 55 ' @culd et fkd (azdu 4>> dg~àvdd & :4 =

_dkfau Ud~ud dk}c}fzd aj ck Fkmt }uv C aofc}fak 5< 3+8 Udof~fdk} aj }dohkaàlv mdzdà~gdk} jtkmfkl3 3?< 6+> Ajjfodu aj FUC^ au ]dohkaàlv ^cu}kdu hf~ Ockcmc3 3>5 :++3 3>_c ic}ohd|ck ?+3 5Gckf}aec ?+< ?Ak}cufa ?8+6 ==Stdedo 5?+: 5>Kazc _oa}fc 5+6 =Kd| Eutk |foi 5+? 5ûfkod Dm|cum F `ckm >+= "Kd|jatkm`ckm * @ceucmau 3+: 3Vtiak >+3 "

Kau}

The State of Science and Technology in Canada

Documents

Transcript of The State of Science and Technology in Canada