THE STATE OF PAKISTAN

GROUP MEMBERSMUHAMMAD Asim Ali

MUHAMMAD Tariq

PART-1

ASIM ALI

JUNE 3RD PLAN• IN MARCH 1947 LORD WAVELL WAS REPLACED BY LORD MOUNTBATTEN. • HE FOUND INDIA IN A GRIP OF CIVIL WAR. HE SOON REALIZED THAT TERE

WAS NO WAY OUT OF TANGLE OTHER THAN PARTITION. THEN HE GAVE A PLAN OF INDEPENDENCE NAMED AS 3RD JUNE PLAN.

INDEPENDENCE• 14TH AUGUST 1947 PAKISTAN EMERGED AS AN INDEPENDENT MUSLIM

STATE ON WORLD’S MAP.

JINNAH OF PAKISTAN• IT WAS FORTUNATE THAT THE MUSLIMS POSSESSED A LEADER OF

JINNAH’S CALIBRE DURING THE STRUGGLE FOR PAKISTAN.

INTIAL PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN

• REFUGEES PROBLEM AND THEIR RESETTLEMENT.

KASHMIR CONFLICT.• THE ACCESSION OF INDIAN PRINCELY STATES.

STRUGGLE TO BUILD A STATE• PAKISTAN FACED IMMENSE LEADERSHIP GAP WHEN JINNAH DIED AND

HIS 2ND LIAQUAT ALI KHAN WAS ASSASINATED IN RAWALPINDI.• AFTER THEM DUE TO LACK OF GOOD POLITICAL LEADERSHIP PAKISTAN

FACED HUGE POLITICAL CRISIS.• THESE POLITICAL CRISIS GIVES AN OPPORTUNITY TO ARMY TO CAME INTO

POWER.

DISINTEREST IN DEMOCRACY• MAJOR PLAYERS OF DEMOCRACY WISHED FOR BETTER STRONG DEMOCRACY IN

PAKISTAN BUT THEY WERE NOT WILLING TO MAKE IT SO.• PAKISTAN’S INTERNATIONAL FRIENDS WERE AMBIVALENT ABOUT DEMOCRACY

TOO. SPECIALLY AMERICA HAVE SERIOUS INTERESTS IN PAKISTAN.

CONT…• SO AMERICA ALWAYS PLAYS VITAL ROLE IN POWERPLAYS OF PAKISTAN,• OVER THE YEARS EMBASSY AND MOST EMBASSADORS HAVE BEEN

MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE PAKISTANI POLITICAL PROCESS.

CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY

• A CONSTITUTENT ASSEMBLY MET ON 11 AUGUST 1947 3 DAYS BEFORE BIRTH OF PAKISTAN , JINNAH WAS ELECTED AS 1ST GOVERNOR GENERAL OF PAKISTAN .

• ASSEMBLY TOOK 9 YEARS TO FORMULATE A CONSTITUION

CONT..• IN 61 YEARS HISTORY OF PAKISTAN , PAKISTAN HAVE 3 CONSTITUTIONS

1956, 1962 AND 1973.• 1973 CONSTITUTION IS THE FINAL CONSTITUTION WHICH WAS MOULDED

LOTS OF TIME BY THE EVERY DICTATOR FOR PROTECTING ITS OWNSELF.

AYUB AND END OF DEMOCRACY• ON THE NIGHT OF 7 OCTOBER 1958 THE CONSTITUTION WAS SUSPENDED

BY A PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION. THE MINISTRIES WERE DISMISSED, THE LEGISLATURES DISSOLVED AND POLITICAL PARTIES BANNED.

• AYUB KHAN WAS APPOINTED AS CHIEF MARTIAL LAW ADMINISTRATOR.

DOMESTIC REFORMS• AYUB KHAN’S PERIOD IS FAMOUS BECAUSE OF HIS REFORMS.• AYUB STARTED LOTS OF REFORMS IN EVERY SECTOR OF THE COUNTRY

LIKE IN EDUCATION, AGRICULTUERE AND IN INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC SECTOR.

AGRICULTURAL REFORMS• CONSTRUCTION OF TWO STORAGE DAMS AND 400 MILES OF LINK

CANALS.• IN SEPTEMBER 1960 A TREATY WAS SIGNED BETWEEN BOTH COUNTRIES

FOR SETTLEMENT OF CANAL WATER DISPUTE.

INDUSTRAIL REFORMS• AYUB REDUCED THE RATE OF SUPERTAX, EXTENDED THE TAX

HOLIDAY,AND INTRODUCED THE EXPORT BONUS SCHEME.• THESE MEASURES ACCELERATED THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH.

INDUSTRAIL REFORMS• DUE TO THESE POLICIES TEXTILE AND JUTE INDUSTRY ACHIEVED SELF

SUFFICIENCY.• COUNTRY STARTED TO PRODUCED NEEDED QUANTITIES OF CIGRATTES,

MATCHES , SOAP AND WOOLENS.• CEMENT AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ALSO ESTABLISHED IN HIS ERA.• NUMBER OF HYDRO PROJECTS WERE STARTED.

ECONOMIC GROWTH• AYUB INTIATED EXPORT PERMOTION STRATEGY THAT LED PAKISTAN

TOWARDS STRONGEST ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ITS HISTORY.

• DUE TO KOREAN WAR PAKISTAN’S EXPORT BOOST UP DUE TO HIGH

DEMAND OF COTTON AND JUTE.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

• WEST PAKISTAN’S TEXTILE PRODUCTION CAPACITY INCREASED FROM LESS THAN 0.2 SPINDLES TO 1.3 MILLION SPINDLES.

• EAST PAKISTAN WENT FROM 0 TONS TO 55000 TONS OF JUTE PRODUCTION DURINGTHE SAME TIME.

• PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION WAS ESATABLISHED AND IT FINANCED 25 LARGE INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS IN PRIVATE SECTOR.

THANKS!

The State of The State of Pakistan - IIPakistan - II

Muhammad Tariq Muhammad Tariq NawasNawas

Main Topics CoveredMain Topics Covered

Pakistan’s Ruling ElitePakistan’s Ruling Elite The 1965 war and the Second The 1965 war and the Second

PartitionPartition Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: The InnovatorZulfiqar Ali Bhutto: The Innovator The Zia DecadeThe Zia Decade Ten Years of DemocracyTen Years of Democracy 9/11 and Pakistan9/11 and Pakistan

Pakistan’s Ruling ElitePakistan’s Ruling Elite

Formulation of “Establishment” in Formulation of “Establishment” in Ayub’s Era.Ayub’s Era.

Membership subject to adherence to Membership subject to adherence to broad set of values and norms.broad set of values and norms.

Islamic nationalist subset in Islamic nationalist subset in Establishment.Establishment.

The 1965 War and the The 1965 War and the Second PartitionSecond Partition

Ayub’s mistake of going to war Ayub’s mistake of going to war against India.against India.

Pakistan a Punjab-centric state.Pakistan a Punjab-centric state. Inferior treatment of Bengalis.Inferior treatment of Bengalis.

The After-mathThe After-math

1971 war was lost.1971 war was lost. East Wing separation.East Wing separation. Shift in political balance.Shift in political balance. Change in culture and social Change in culture and social

diversity.diversity. Balance of power from secular to Balance of power from secular to

Islamist forces.Islamist forces.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: The Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: The InnovatorInnovator

Bhutto came into power after defeat Bhutto came into power after defeat of 1971 war.of 1971 war.

1973 constitution and executive 1973 constitution and executive powers.powers.

Reduction in Army and Reduction in Army and Establishment’s power.Establishment’s power.

Alliance with China.Alliance with China.

Nuclear Weapons and Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons and Pakistan’s IdentityIdentity

Initiation of Nuclear Weapons Initiation of Nuclear Weapons Program by Bhutto.Program by Bhutto.

Delusion created.Delusion created.

Bhutto’s Economic Bhutto’s Economic ExperimentsExperiments

Economic Reform Order.Economic Reform Order. Initial support.Initial support. Decrease in foreign investment.Decrease in foreign investment. Nationalization of small and medium Nationalization of small and medium

enterprises.enterprises.

The Zia DecadeThe Zia Decade

Zia came into power after Bhutto’s Zia came into power after Bhutto’s arrest by the army on July 5, 1977.arrest by the army on July 5, 1977.

Islam and army the center of Zia’s Islam and army the center of Zia’s vision.vision.

Islamization in the army.Islamization in the army. Reliance on the Establishment.Reliance on the Establishment. Zia’s politics.Zia’s politics.

Culture WarsCulture Wars

Contradiction in policies.Contradiction in policies. Anger of Westernized Pakistanis Anger of Westernized Pakistanis

against the US.against the US. The feeling of abandonment growing The feeling of abandonment growing

stronger.stronger.

Ten Years of DemocracyTen Years of Democracy

Struggle of democracy after Zia’s death.Struggle of democracy after Zia’s death. Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif the Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif the

most important leaders of the “Decade most important leaders of the “Decade of democracy”of democracy”

Decrease in voters’ turnout.Decrease in voters’ turnout. Neither challenged the idea of Pakistan Neither challenged the idea of Pakistan

as a Muslim or Islamic state nor made it as a Muslim or Islamic state nor made it a core for policies.a core for policies.

Army still in control of the politicians.Army still in control of the politicians.

Foreign Policy and Foreign Policy and PakistanPakistan

Impact of relations with other Impact of relations with other countries on internal politics.countries on internal politics.

Preservation of ties with Saudi Arabia Preservation of ties with Saudi Arabia and China, and Expansion to North and China, and Expansion to North Korea.Korea.

Active policy in Afghanistan and Active policy in Afghanistan and Central Asia.Central Asia.

Economical, social and political Economical, social and political problems.problems.

System CollapseSystem Collapse

Backfire of the support to Afghan Taliban Backfire of the support to Afghan Taliban and Islamic militants.and Islamic militants.

Civil-military crisis after Kargil war and Civil-military crisis after Kargil war and alienation of US and China by Pakistan’s alienation of US and China by Pakistan’s Nuclear Program and support for Islamic Nuclear Program and support for Islamic Radicalism.Radicalism.

Pakistan included in the ranks of Pakistan included in the ranks of “Extremely risky” countries.“Extremely risky” countries.

Lack of Human Rights.Lack of Human Rights. Corruption on the rise.Corruption on the rise.

9/11 and Pakistan9/11 and Pakistan

Pakistan in deep trouble.Pakistan in deep trouble. Effects of 9/11 events on Pakistan.Effects of 9/11 events on Pakistan. Abandonment of the Taliban and Abandonment of the Taliban and

support to US.support to US. Pressure to stop cross-border Pressure to stop cross-border

terrorism.terrorism. Pakistan Stuck between democracy Pakistan Stuck between democracy

and military autocracy.and military autocracy.

Thank you Thank you for your for your patiencepatience

QuestioQuestions?ns?