The State of Children of Nepal - ccwb.gov.np

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The State of Children of Nepal

2006

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dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnos]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltxl/x/ ejg, nlntk'/ .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM1

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM2

z'esfdgf dGtJo

s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltn] afnaflnsf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L d'ns k|ltj]bg æg]kfnLafnaflnsfsf] l:ylt @)^#Æ k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] s'/f yfxf kfp“bf dnfO{ cToGt v'zLnfu]sf] 5 .

g]kfnn] afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ ;g\ !(() df g} x:tfIf/ u/L cg'df]bgul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df afn clwsf/nfO{ k|a4{g ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTjleq kb{5 . o;lsl;dsf ;"rgfd"ns k|sfzgn] afn clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ vfnsf gLltlgodx¿ tyf of]hgfx¿ th'{df ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fdf b'O{dt gxf]nf . ctM afnaflnsfx¿;DaGwL o; lsl;dsf] k|sfzgn] afnaflnsfsf ljifodf lh1f;f /fVg] ;a}nfO{ d4tug]{ g} 5 eGg] dnfO{ k"0f{ ljZjf; 5 .

æg]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt @)^#Æ k|sfzg ug{ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ wGojfb .

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book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM3

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM4

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s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltsf] k|of;df klxnf] k6s æg]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt@)^#Æ k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf]df v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] afnaflnsf ;DaGwLhfgsf/Ld"ns ;fdu|L k|sfzgn] afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf bzf{pgdfq ge} afn clwsf/sf];+/If0f / k|a4{gsf vflt/ efjL sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug{ ;d]toy]i6 d4t k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . xfdLn] u/]sf /fli6«o If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf,;lGw P+j dxf;lGw cflbsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ / lh1f;' hf]sf]xLnfO{ klg afnaflnsf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg o; k|sfzg ;xof]uL x'g]5 .

klxnf] k|of; ePsf sf/0f o;df sltko q'l6 /xg] ;+efjgf x'g :jefljs xf] . tyflko; k|sfzgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ afnaflnsf;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{;|f]tsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;s] of] Ps pNn]Vo sfo{ x'g] s'/fdf ljZj:t 5' . o;dfk|fKt x'g] ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / hfgsf/Lx¿sf] cfwf/df csf]{ k|sfzgdf cfjZos ;'wf/x'g] g} 5 . o; k|sf/sf] dxTjk'0f{ k|of;sf]nflu s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltnfO{ xflb{swGojfb lbg rfxG5' / k|sfzgsf] lg/Gt/tfsf]nflu z'esfdgf klg k|s6 ub{5' .

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book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM5

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM6

g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt–@)^# o;k|sf/sf] klxnf] k|sfzg xf] . afnaflnsfsf]l:ylt;DaGwdf jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltsf] bfloTjcg'¿kk|:t't k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgdf lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltx¿af6k|fKt ut cfly{s jif{e/sf ;"rgf÷hfgsf/Lx¿ ljZn]if0f u/L ljleGg ;jfndf b]vfk/]sfgof“ k|j[lQsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] d"ntM tYof+sx¿ ;xfos ;fdu|Laf6 lnOPsf] 5 .

s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltn] :yfgLo :t/sf] ;"rgf ;+sng tyf afnclwsf/;DaGwLdxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg;d]t ug]{ p2]Zon] lhNnf cg'udg ;"rsf+s zLif{sdfafnaflnsf;DaGwL ljleGg ;"rgf÷hfgsf/L ;+sng ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . To;/L k|fKt;"rgf÷hfgsf/Lsf] ljZn]if0f u/L jflif{s ¿kdf k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ qmddf of] klxnf]k|of; xf] .

g]kfn afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( df x:tfIf/ ug]{ d'n'sx¿dWo] cu|k+lQmdf/x]sf] eP klg g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfdf ck]Iffs[t ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .o;sf nflu g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs cj:yf, k/Dk/fut dfGotf / k|rngx¿,/fhgLlts cl:y/tf, ;z:q ljb|f]x, ef}uf]lns ljs6tf cflb sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ /x]sf5g\ . ljleGg k|lts"n kl/l:yltdf afnclwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu ljsf; ul/g] cg'udg;+oGq / k|lqmofsf] cfk\mg} dxŒj x'G5 . k|:t't k|ltj]bg cg'udg k|of]hgsfnflu klgk|of]u ug{ ;lsPdf of] a9L ;fy{s l;4 x'g]5 .

afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwcg';f/ !* jif{d'lgsf JolQmnfO{ afnaflnsf dflgPsf5 . g]kfnsf sfg'gx¿nfO{ tbg'¿k ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;}n] k|:t'tk|ltj]bgdf d"ntM !^ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] tYof+s k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg;|f]tsf ;xfos ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ul/Psfn] obfsbf ;"rgfdf Ps¿ktf gb]lvg klg;Qm5 .

d"ntM ljleGg ldltdf ;"rgf ;+sng ePsf] sf/0fn] o:tf] ljleGgtf b]lvg k'u]sf] xf] .o; k|ltj]bgnfO{ cfwf/ k|ltj]bg agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] eP klg klxnf] k|of; x'gfn]ck]Iff u/]hlt ;"rgf hfgsf/L ;dfj]z gePsf] x'g ;S5 . o;sf] ;+/rgf / ;"rgf;+sngtyf ljZn]if0f Pj+ k|:t'ltsf ljleGg kIfx¿df ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g cfjZos x'g;Qm5 . To:tf] ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{gsf] ;'emfjsfnflu xfdL ;a};“u cfu|x ub{5f}+ / ;w}+To:tf ;'emfjx¿sf] :jfut ug]{5f}+ .

g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt–@)^# tof/ ug]{ qmddf ;"rgf ;+sng / k|zf]wg ug]{sfo{sfnflu ;'zLn zdf{, k|tLIff e§/fO{ / lzj' u'?ªnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ . o;

dGtJo

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM7

k|ltj]bgsf] tof/Ldf ljz]if ;xof]u u/]sf]df s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltsf lzjk|;fbkf}8\ofnnfO{ wGojfb 5 . o:t} lhNnf cg'udg ;"rsf+scg'¿k ;"rgf;+sng ug]{lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg wGojfb lbG5f}+ .lhNnf cg'udg ;"rsf+s g} o; k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/ xf] .

o; k|ltj]bgdf k|of]u ul/Psf tl:j/x¿ pknAw u/fpg] k|x\nfb 9sfn klg wGojfbsfkfq x'g'x'G5 . k|ltj]bgsf] ;Dkfbg ul/lbg'ePsf]df uf]ljGbk|;fb clwsf/LnfO{ wGojfb .o;}u/L tYof+s ;+sng / k|sfzg ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ Knfg g]kfn / ;]e b lrN8«]ggj]{k|lt klg cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .

bLks/fh ;fksf]6fsfo{sf/L lgb]{zs

s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM8

g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt–@)^# !!–!^

k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/;+If]k !!

kl/R5]b–! !&–@$

ljifok|j]z !&

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@=! klxrfgsf] clwsf/ M hGdbtf{ @#@=! hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsf @^

@=@=! ;z:q ljb|f]x / afnaflnsf @*

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#=& wd{;Gtfg;DaGwL #*

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$=! lzIffsf] cj;/ $!$=@ :jf:Yo, kf]if0f / vfg]kfgL $%$=@=! afn:jf:Yo $%

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book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM9

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kl/R5]b–% $(–%)

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afn Gofo %!

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References %(–^)

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM10

g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf]l:ylt–@)^#

nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf, Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] :yug tyf ljb|f]xL / ;/sf/sf aLrdf

zflGtjftf{sf] yfngLn] g]kfnL afnaflnsfn] ljut\df h:tf] ;f:tL ef]Ug gkg]{ cfzf knfPsf]

5 . oyfy{df @)^# ;fn g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] pGgt, zfGt / ;d[4 eljiosf] ;+s]t lnP/

cfPsf] 5 . w]/} ;dob]lv aGb /x]sf ljBfnox¿ v'Ng / ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . u|fdL0f

If]qdf nfdf] ;dob]lv cj?4 :jf:Yo;]jfklg ;~rfng x'g] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 . zflGtsf]

;Defjgf;“u} u|fdL0f If]qaf6 lj:yflktx¿ 3/ kms{g] t/v/df 5g\ . o;}u/L afnclwsf/ /

ljz]ifu/L åGåk|efljt tyf ;z:q kmf}h Pj+ ;z:q ;d"xsf] ;Dks{df /x]sf afnaflnsfsf]

clwsf/, ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf ;jfndf v'nf 5nkmn yfngL ePsf] 5 . oL ;a} g]kfnL

afnaflnsfsfnflu cfzfsf ls/0f x'g\ .

Ps bzs nfdf] åGåsf sf/0faf6 xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf afnaflnsf kl/jf/;“u} jf PSn} lj:yflkt

ePsf 5g\ eg] sltko ;z:q kmf}h jf ;d"xdf cfa4 x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . cfGtl/s ¿kdf

lj:yflkt kl/jf/ / afnaflnsf;DaGwdf pknAw tYof+sx¿df ljleGgtf 5 tfklg afnaflnsf

lj:yfkgsf qmddf ef/ttkm{ klg 7"nf] ;+Vofdf hfg] u/]sf] Ps cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o:tf

afnaflnsfsf] afnfkg dfq x}g lzIff, :jf:Yo / ljsf;df k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] 5 . lj:yflkt

afnaflnsf >d / of}gzf]if0f tyf a]rlavgsf] hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ . ;z:q kmf}h jf ;d"xsf]

;Dks{df ePsf afnaflnsfsf] Hofg g} hf]lvddf x'G5 . pgLx¿dfly zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s

¿kdf klg k|lts"n k|efj k5{ .

k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/;+If]k

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM11

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g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt–@)^#

g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] hLjg:t/df ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;a}sfnflu lzIffsfnIo k"/f gx'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . vf]k cleofg ;~rfngdf ck]Iffs[t ;kmntf k|fKt ePklg ljleGg sf/0fn] ;a} afnaflnsf;Dd vf]k k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;fdflhs;'/Iffsf] cefjdf ;dfhsf sdhf]/ ju{, ljz]ifu/L afnaflnsf k|efljt ePsf 5g\ .;dfhdf ljleGg cfwf/df x'g] e]befj / lt/:sf/af6 klg g]kfnL afnaflnsfk|efljt eO/x]sf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿ >d / of}gzf]if0fsfklg l;sf/ eO/x]sf 5g\ .

/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 #! nfv %! xhf/ $;o @# dWo] !^ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof ($ nfv &% xhf/ * ;o ($ cyf{t\$)=(# k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . tL afnaflnsfdWo] afnssf] ;+Vof $* nfv @( xhf/* ;o ^# cyf{t\ %)=(& /x]sf] lyof] eg] aflnsfsf] ;+Vof $^ nfv $^ xhf/ #!cyf{t\ $(=)# k|ltzt lyof] .

o;}u/L !* jif{d'lgsf] hg;+Vof @)%* ;fndf s'n ! s/f]8 ( nfv (^ xhf/ %@cyf{t\ s'n hg;+Vofsf] $(=#^ k|ltzt lyof] . oL afnaflnsfdf %% nfv *@ xhf/ ^;o (^ cyf{t\ %)=&& k|ltzt afns / %$ nfv !# xhf/ # ;o %^ cyf{t\ $(=@#k|ltzt aflnsfsf] ;+Vof lyof] . o;/L x]bf{ !^ / !* jif{sf] hg;+Vofdf nueu *k|ltzt cGt/ b]lvG5 .

lj=;+= @)^# sf] cg'dflgt hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 %# nfv $@ xhf/ ^ ;o #* dfk'?ifsf] ;+Vof ! s/f]8 @^ nfv *% xhf/ # ;o &% -%)=%# k|ltzt_ / dlxnfsf];+Vof ! s/f]8 @^ nfv %& xhf/ @ ;o ^# -$(=$& k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)%*/ @)^# ;fnsf aLrdf hg;+Vofsf] ;+/rgfdf ;fdfGo kl/jt{g eO{ dlxnfsf cg'kftdfk'?ifsf] hg;+Vof a9]sf] 5 . o;}u/L !^ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] cg'kftdf klg @=&(k|ltzt sd ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

g]kfnL ;dfhdf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw lgs} alnof] ePsfn] clwsf+z cyf{t\ *&=^$k|ltzt afnaflnsf cfk\mgf cfdfafa' jf cleefjs;“u} a:5g\ . cleefjs / glhssf]gft]bf/kl5 /f]huf/bftfx¿;“u} a:g] >lds afnaflnsf )=^^ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvPsf]5 . o;n] afn>ldssf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo ePsf] / To:tf afn>ldsx¿ cgf}krfl/sIf]qdf sfo{/t /x]sf] ;+s]t ub{5 .

g]kfnsf] $@ k|ltzt hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] dflgG5 . ;fdflhs ljsf;sfb[li6n] g]kfn ljZjdf !#& cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L s'n hg;+Vofsf] #$k|ltztn] k|ltlbg k|ltJolQm ! cd]l/sL 8n/eGbf sd cfh{g ug]{ u/]sf] dflgG5 .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM12

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^#g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt–@)^#

g]kfndf s'n afnhg;+VofdWo] ## k|ltzt afnaflnsfsf] dfq hGdbtF{ ePsf] 5 .hGdbtf{ ul/Psf afnaflnsfdf 5f]/fsf] k|ltzt %!=^ k|ltzt 5 eg] 5f]/Lsf] cg'kft$*=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . hGdbtf{sf] tYof+sLo k|of]hgsf;fy} afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f /k|rngsfnflu klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf / pkfb]otf x'G5 .

g]kfndf z/0ffyL{ afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof $! xhf/ /x]sf] 5 . o:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g}klg e]befjaf6 ;+/If0f ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj ls6fg ul/Psf] ePklg g]kfndf z/0ffyL{afnaflnsfk|lt nlIft sfo{qmd kfO“b}g .

g]kfnsf] Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf qmddf Hofg u'dfpg], ckf+u x'g] / 6'x'/f x'g]afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof lgs} 7"nf] 5 . o'4lj/fdkl5klg cnkq 5fl8Psf lj:kmf]6skbfy{sf sf/0f $ hgf afnaflnsfsf] Hofg uPsf] 5 eg] @% hgf afnaflnsf 3fOt]ePsf 5g\ . åGå :ylut eP klg ;z:q kmf}h jf ;z:q ;d"x;“u cfa4 afnaflnsfk|ltoyf]lrt Wofg lbg] / ar]v'r]sf] afnfkgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tkm{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5}g .

ljZjdf ckf+utf ePsf JolQmsf] ;+Vof s'n hg;+Vofsf] ;fnfvfnf !) k|ltzt x'g]dflgG5 . g]kfndf ljleGg cWoogx¿n] ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf]] ;+Vof s'nhg;+Vofsf] !=^ b]lv *=( k|ltzt ePsf] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf]ljz]if cfjZostfdf lzIff, :jf:Yo / c¿ ;fdflhs ;]jfdf kx'“r, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]k|Tofe"lt, hLjgd"ns ;Lksf] lzIff cflbsf] Joj:yf eg] kof{Kt x'g;s]sf] 5}g .ckf+utf ePsf ax';+Vos afnaflnsf lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]ns'b / dgf]/~hgsf] clwsf/af6jl~rt 5g\ .

afn>d -lgif]w / lgoldt_ ug]{ P]g, @)%^ n] g]kfndf !$ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{>ldssf ¿kdf s'g} klg sfddf nufpg / !^ jif{ k"/f gu/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfddf nufpg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]Ps cg'dfgcg';f/ g]kfndf afn>ldsx¿sf] ;+Vof @^ nfv /x]sf] 5 . tLdWo] sl/a! nfv @& xhf/ afnaflnsf hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ .

j;]{lg sl/a % xhf/ afnaflnsf 3/ 5f8]sf] jf 5f]8fOPsf] sf/0f ;x/ahf/ If]qdfuP/ ;8sdf a:g] jf sfd ug]{ ub{5g\ . To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;8safnaflnsf eGg]ul/G5 . g]kfndf b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfaf6 j;]{lg % ;ohgf afnaflnsf sf7df8f+}sf;8sdf cfpg] u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . afnaflnsf ;8sdf cfpg'kg]{ sf/0fdf ;a}eGbf a9L##=%( k|ltzt kfl/jfl/s b'Jo{jxf/ /x]sf] 5 .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM13

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u|fdL0f If]qaf6 /f]huf/sf] vf]hLdf ;x/L If]qdf cfpg] afnaflnsfx¿ of}gzf]if0fsf]df/df kg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]ifu/L 3/]n' lx+;f / åGåsf sf/0f u|fdL0f e]uaf6 ;x/dfcfpg] aflnsfx¿dWo] s]xL of}g Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'g afWo ePsf] cWoogx¿n]b]vfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;x/L If]qdf !^ jif{d'lgsf sl/a % xhf/ aflnsf of}gJoj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 .

g]kfndf afnaflnsfn] g]t[Tj u/]sf afnSna;d]tsf ;+:yfx¿ * xhf/ * ;o $&eGbf a9L /x]sf 5g\ . afnaflnsfn] g]t[Tj u/]sf ;+:yfdf ;xefuL afnssf] ;+Vof !nfv #) xhf/ & ;o (& /x]sf] 5 eg] aflnsfsf] ;+Vof (* xhf/ @ ;o && /x]sf] 5 .

afnSnasf oL k|of;x?n] afnaflnsfsf] ;+u7g ug]{ clwsf/ cfk"m;“u ;DalGwtljifodf dt cleJoQm u/L lg0f{ok|lt jsfnt ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . afn;xeflutfgfddf ePsf cEof;x¿df d"ntM ;+u7gsf] clwsf/df hlt hf]8 c¿ kIfdf lbOPsf]b]lv“b}g . afnaflnsfn] ;"rgfk|b / dgf]/~hgfTds sfo{qmd tyf ;du| hg;~rf/sfdfWoddf k|rf/k|;f/ / k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L afnaflnsfk|lt nlIftjo:sx¿åf/f ;~rflnt ;"rgfk|b / dgf]/~hgfTds sfo{qmdx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ .logsf] ;fdu|L ljZn]if0f / k|efj d"Nof+sg eg] ul/Psf] kfO“b}g .

g]kfndf afnljjfxsf] k|rng w]/} klxn]b]lv /lxcfPsf] 5 . xfn ;x/L If]qdf afnljjfxlgs} sd ePsf] 5 eg] u|fdL0f If]qdf o;sf] k|rng ce}m ;fdfGo g} 5 . sfg'gn]ljjfxsf] Go'gtd pd]/ cleefjssf] :jLs[lt eP !* jif{ / :jLs[lt a]u/ @) jif{lgwf{/0f u/] klg ;dfhdf o;sf] vf;} kfngf ePsf] kfO“b}g . Ps cWoogcg';f/ s'nljjfxdWo] !% jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnsaflnsfsf] ljjfxsf] cg'kft #$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

lhNnf cg'udg ;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0f, @)^# cg';f/ ut cfly{s jif{df #) hgfafnaflnsfnfO{ wd{;Gtfgsf ¿kdf u|x0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L w]/} hgf wd{;Gtfglng]lbg] ul/Psf lhNnfdf aemfª, af“s], DofUbL, wflbª /x]sf 5g\ .

b]zleq wd{;Gtfg lng]lbg] ul/Psf] ;+Vof o;eGbf a9L x'g ;Qm5 . o:tf] 36gfsf]hfgsf/L glbOg] / wd{;Gtfg lng]lbg] sfo{ cem} k|lqmofut ¿kdf x'g g;s]sfn]o:tf] cfGtl/s wd{;Gtfg lng]lbg]sf] ;+Vof sd b]lvPsf] x'g ;Qm5 . ljb]zLnfO{wd{;Gtfg lng]lbg] sfo{sf] :jLs[lt dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnodfkm{t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . jif{sf] ;/b/ $ ;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf g]kfnL afnaflnsf o'/f]k]nLd'n'sx¿ / cd]l/sfdf hfg] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

g]kfnL ;dfhdf dflg;dflg;sf aLrdf hft, ln+u, wd{, ju{, pd]/ / ckf+utfcflbsf cfwf/df lje]b ug]{ k|rng ljBdfg /x]sf]] kfOG5 . g]kfnL afnaflnsfn]

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM14

15

g]kfn

L afnafln

sfs

f] l:y

lt–@)

^#g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt–@)^#

;xg'kg]{ e]befj / lt/:sf/df d"ntM n}+lus, zf/Ll/s cj:yf / hfltsf cfwf/df ul/g]e]befj xf] . g]kfnL ;dfhdf ce}m klg 5f]/f / 5f]/Lsf aLrdf e]befj ug]{ / 5f]/fnfO{k|fyldstf lbg] k|rng sfod} 5 . o;n] aflnsfx¿sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs :t/,;xeflutf / ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿df k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 . o:t} g]kfnL;dfhsf] 7"nf] lx:;fdf hGdsf cfwf/df s'g} hfltnfO{ slyt 5'jf5"tsf] Jojxf/ ug]{k|yf w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv g} rNb} cfPsf]] 5 . /fHon] lj=;+= @)@) ;fndf g} 5'jf5"tpGd"ngsf] 3f]if0ff u/]klg xfn;Dd of] ;d:of ljBdfg 5 . xfn} k|ltlglw;efn]g]kfnnfO{ 5'jf5"tsf] s'k|yfaf6 d'Qm ug]{ / 5'jf5"tnfO{ b08gLo ck/fw agfpg];+sNk kfl/t u/]sf] 5 .

afnaflnsfsf lxt / sNof0fsfnflu d'n'sL P]gsf] ul/a s+ufnsf] dxndf s]xLk|fjwfgx¿ /x]sf ePklg afnGofo k|zf;g;DaGwL Joj:yf kmf}hbf/L Gofok|0ffnLsf]c+usf ¿kdf ;Lldt lyof] . d'n'sL P]gsf] b08;hfosf] dxndf afnaflnsfsf]kmf}hbf/L bfloTj ;DaGwdf s]xL Joj:yf eP klg pgLx¿n] kmf}hbf/L ck/fw u/]sf]k|dfl0ft ePdf ;'wf/sf] lgldQ s'g} ;+:yfut Joj:yf lyPg . g]kfndf klxnf]k6safnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* df ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsfnfluafn;'wf/u[xx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . oxL Joj:yf cGtu{tafn;'wf/;]jf cfjZos ePsf afnaflnsfsfnflu g]kfndf Pp6f afn;'wf/u[x ;~rfngul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] sfo{qmdsf ¿kdfGo"gtd ;'ljlwljxLg afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd -o';]k_ g]kfnn] ;fgf]l7dLdf;~rfng u/]sf] afn;'wf/u[xdf sfg'gsf] ;Dks{df cfPsf afnaflnsf /fVgsfnflusf/fuf/ Joj:yfkg ljefu;“u klg ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] 5 . afn;'wf/u[xdf clxn]d'n'se/sf Goflos lgsfodf d'2f ljrf/fwLg / Goflos lgsfoaf6 ;hfo tf]lsPsfafnaflnsf /flvPsf 5g\ .

;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;a}nfO{ lzIff pknAw u/fpg] nIocg'¿k ;/sf/n] lzIffsf]lj:tf/df ljz]if k|of; u/]sf] eP klg Ps bzs nfdf] åGånufotsf ljleGg sf/0fn]ubf{ lzIff ;j{;'ne x'g;s]sf] 5}g . ljBfnodf :jfut tyf ljBfno egf{ cleofg;~rfng ul/Psfn] ljBfno egf{ x'g] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePklg aLr}df ljBfno 5f8\g]x¿sf] ;+Vofklg pRr g} /x]sf] 5 .

;/sf/n] ljz]ifu/L blnt tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfnfO{ljBfno:t/sf] k9fO rfn" /fVg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ p2]Zon] 5fqj[lQ nufot ljleGg pkfockgfPsf] 5 . o:tf cj;/x¿df nlIft ;d"xsf] kx'“r ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{df eg] ce}m/fd|f] ;kmntf k|fKt ePsf] b]lv“b}g .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM15

16

g]kf

nL

afn

afln

sfs

f] l:

ylt

–@)

^#


g]kfnsf] afn:jf:Yo;DaGwL gLltx¿df afnd[To'b/ sdug]{ gLlt k|d'v /x]sf] 5 .afnd[To'b/ sdug]{ p2]Zon] pkrf/fTds / k|lt/f]wfTds sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf5g\ . vf]k;]jf nueu ztk|ltzt afnaflnsfn] kfpg ;s]sf] bfaL ul/P klg lhNnfcg'udg ;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0f, @)^# cg';f/ vf]k;]jf kfPsf afns &^=)@ k|ltzt /aflnsf &$=(( k|ltzt 5g\ . vf]k;]jfdf aL;LhL, kf]lnof], 8LkL6L, bfb'/fsf] vf]k /le6fldg …PÚ sfo{qmd ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . afnaflnsfsfnflu /fli6«o :t/df Pp6fdfq afnc:ktfn 5 . /fhwfgLaflx/ afn/f]uljz]if1x¿sf] 7"nf] cefj 5 . Ps bzsnfdf] ;z:q åGån] :jf:Yo;]jfdf kf/]sf] k|lts"n k|efjaf6 afn–:jf:Yo;]jf klgk|efljt ePsf] 5 . ljutdf k|fylds pkrf/sf cf}iflw, vf]kx¿h:tf clt cfjZos:jf:Yo ;fdu|L ufp“÷:jf:Yo s]Gb|x¿;Dd k'¥ofpg ;Sg] cj:yf lyPg .

g]kfndf PrcfO{eLaf6 ;+qmldt / P8\;af6 kLl8t !( jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vofsl/a !* xhf/eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . of] s'n PrcfO{eLaf6 ;+qmldt / P8\;af6kLl8tx¿sf] ;+Vofsf] !* k|ltzt x'g cfp“5 . PrcfO{eLaf6 ;+qmldt / P8\;af6kLl8tx¿n] ;fdflhs ckx]ngfsf eon] n'sfP/ /fVg] u/]sf]] / s]xLn] cfTdxTof;Ddug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . PrcfO{eL÷P8\;af6 a9L ;+qmldt÷k|efljt lhNnfx¿dfc5fd, Onfd, 8f]6L / af“s] /x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf s'n afnaflnsfsf] $) k|ltzt hg;+Vof s'kf]if0f / To;af6 nfUg] ljleGg/f]uaf6 u|l;t /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf s'n s'kf]lift afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof #& nfv ()xhf/ # ;o %& /x]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnsf] s'n afnaflnsfsf] $) k|ltzt x'g cfp“5 .

g]kfndf vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] ;'ljwf %*=#$ n] dfq pkef]u ug{ kfPsf 5 .o;cg';f/ sl/a $!=^^ k|ltzt 3/w'/L ;kmf vfg]kfgLsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ .lkpg] kfgLsf]] u'0f:t/sf] k/LIf0f jif{df Psk6s klg ug]{ k|rng 5}g . ;kmf vfg]kfgLsf]cefjn] j;]{lg emf8fkvfnfsf] k|sf]k b]vfk5{ . o;af6 k|efljt x'g] hg;+Vofdf w]/}afnaflnsf x'G5g\ . g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] d[To' x'g] d'Vo sf/0fdf emf8fkvfnf klg/x]sf]] 5 .

afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogsf lglDt ;/sf/n] ljleGg ;+:yfut Joj:yfu/]sf] 5 . o;df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnodf afn tyf dlxnf ljsf;zfvfsf] :yfkgf, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf /s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltx¿sf] u7g k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)%& dful7t /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]udf afnaflnsf;DaGwL 5'§} zfvf vf]lnPsf] 5 .o;}u/L afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug{sfnflu b;jif]{ ] { /fli6«osfo{of]hgf th'{df ul/Psf] 5 .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM16

ljifok|j]z

kl/R5]b–!

g]kfn ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs / wfld{s ax'ntf ePsf] d'n's xf] . hg;+Vofsf b[li6df

ljZjsf b'O{ 7"nf d'n'sx? ef/t / rLgsf] aLrdf /x]sfn] ck]Iffs[t ;fgf] nfu]klg ljZjsf

c? b]zx¿sf t'ngfdf If]qkmn / hg;+Vofsf b'j} cfwf/df of] dWod:t/sf] d'n's xf] .

g]kfn cToGt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf] ;"rLdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] $@ k|ltzt hg;+Vof

ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] dflgG5 . -cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^@÷)^#_ . ;fdflhs ljsf;sf b[li6n]

g]kfn ljZjdf !#& cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)^@_ . o;}u/L s'n

hg;+Vofsf] #$ k|ltztn] k|ltlbg k|ltJolQm ! cd]l/sL 8n/eGbf sd cfh{g ug]{ u/]sf] dflgG5 .

-s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)^@_ .

!=! g]kfn / g]kfnL afnaflnsf

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM17

18

kl/R

5]b–

! M

ljifo

k|j]z


/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 #! nfv %! xhf/$ ;o @# df !^ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof ($ nfv &% xhf/ * ;o ($cyf{t\ $)=(# k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)^# sf] cg'dflgt hg;+Vof @ s/f]8%# nfv $@ xhf/ ^ ;o #* dWo] !^ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof (^ nfv^% xhf/ $ ;o !# k'u]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . -s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)^@_ .

cfly{s jif{ @)^@÷^# df s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg !=( k|ltztn] 36\g uPsf] 5 . k|ltJolQmcfodf klg lgs} sd j[l4 eO{ cd]l/sL 8n/ ( ;o !! k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfn ljZjsf]dfgjljsf; ;"rsf+sdf !#& cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @))%_ .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ult dGb ePsfn] afnaflnsfsf] hLjg:t/dfklg ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;a}sfnflu lzIffsf] nIo k"/f gx'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .vf]k cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] eP klg To;df ljleGg sf/0fn] ;a}sf] kx'“rk'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffk|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5}g . ljleGg cfwf/df x'g]e]befj / lt/:sf/af6 klg g]kfnL afnaflnsf k|efljt eO/x]sf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿zf]if0fsf klg l;sf/ eO/x]sf 5g\ .

åGåsf sf/0f xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf afnaflnsfx¿ kl/jf/;"u} jf PSn} lj:yflkt ePsf5g\ eg] sltko ;z:q kmf}h jf ;d"xdf cfa4 x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . o:tf afnaflnsfsf]afnfkg dfq x}g lzIff, :jf:Yo / ljsf;df k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] 5 . lj:yflktafnaflnsf hf]lvdk"0f{ >d, zf]if0f / a]rlavgsf] hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ . ;z:q kmf}hjf ;d"xsf] ;Dks{df ePsf afnaflnsfsf] Hofg g} hf]lvddf x'G5 eg] pgLx¿dflyzf/Ll/s–dfgl;s ¿kdf klg k|lts"n k|efj k5{ . -cgj/t ;+3if{, @))$_ .

!=@ cfzfsf ls/0fx¿g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf lglDt lj=;+= @)^# ;fn;“u} gf}nf] cfzfsf] ls/0f b]vfk/]sf] 5 .nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf, ;z:q åGå :yug / zflGtjftf{sf] cf/Den] afnaflnsfsf] ;du|cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'g] cfzf knfPsf] 5 . o;n] afnclwsf/sf] k"0f{ pkef]usfnflucfjZos x'g] lbuf] zflGt / k|ultsf] cfzf a9fPsf] 5 . w]/} ;dob]lv aGb /x]sfljBfnox¿ v'Ng / ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . u|fdL0f If]qdf nfdf] ;dob]lv cj?4:jf:Yo;]jf klg ;'rf? ePAFf6 ;~RFfng x'g] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 . zflGtsf] ;Defjgf;“u}u|fdL0f If]qaf6 lj:yflktx¿ 3/ kms{g] t/v/df 5g\ . o;}u/L afnclwsf/ / ljz]ifu/LåGåk|efljt, ;z:q kmf}h tyf ;z:q ;d"x;“u cfa4 afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/, ;+/If0f/ ljsf;sf ;jfndf v'nf 5nkmn yfngL ePsf] 5 . ;a} /fhgLlts zlQmx¿n]afnclwsf/sf k|lt ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|lta4tf JoQm ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfnLafnaflnsfsf] cj:yfk|lt /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM18

19

kl/R5]b–! M ljifo

k|j]zg]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt–@)^#

o;n] g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] eljio cfzfk|b agfPsf] 5 . cfzfsf ls/0fx¿ b]lvPsf5g\ . t}klg g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfk|lt ck]Iff ul/Phlt ;+j]bgzLntf eg] k|s6ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .

!=# g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 #! nfv %! xhf/ $;o @# dWo] !^ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof ($ nfv &% xhf/ * ;o ($ cyf{t\$)=(# k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . tL afnaflnsfdWo] afnssf] ;+Vof $* nfv @( xhf/* ;o ^# cyf{t\ %)=(& k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] eg] aflnsfsf] ;+Vof $^ nfv $^ xhf/#! cyf{t\ $(=)# k|ltzt lyof] . o;}u/L !* jif{d'lgsf] hg;+Vof @)%* ;fndf s'n! s/f]8 ( nfv (^ xhf/ %@ cyf{t\ s'n hg;+Vofsf] $(=#^ k|ltzt lyof] . oLafnaflnsfdf %% nfv *@ xhf/ ^ ;o (^ cyf{t\ %)=&& k|ltzt afns / %$ nfv!# xhf/ # ;o %^ cyf{t\ $(=@# k|ltzt aflnsfsf] ;+Vof lyof] . o;/L x]bf{ !^ /!* jif{sf] hg;+Vofdf nueu * k|ltzt cGt/ b]lvG5 .

-s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)^@_ .

s'nhg;+Vof @,#!,%!,$@# !,!%,^#,(@! !,!%,*&,%)@

!^ jif{ d'lgsf] hg;+Vof ($,^%,*($ $*,@(,*^^ $^,$^,)#!

!* jif{ d'lgsf] hg;+Vof !,)(,(^,)%@ %%,*@,^(^ %$,!#,#%^

tflnsf !=!hg;+Vof, /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* cg';f/ -k|ltzt sf]i7df_

hDdf k'?if dlxnf

-!))_ -$(=(%_ -%)=)%_

-!))_ -$(=(%_ -%)=)%_

-$(=#^_ -%)=&&_ -$(=@#_

;z:q åGåsf sf/0f afnaflnsf lj:yfkg!_ :jb]z kms{g]eGbf ef/t hfg]sf] ;+Vof w]/}

a9L lj=;+= @)^! ;fnsf] c;f/ !( b]lv c;f]h !& ut];Ddsf] # dlxgfsf]cjlwdf g]kfnaf6 ef/ttkm{ hfg] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof !& xhf/ % ;o *#lyof] . o:t} @)^! c;f]h !* b]lv d+l;/ !( ut];Ddsf] # dlxgfdf g]kfn kms{g]afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof * xhf/ @ ;o !) dfq lyof] . c;f]h–d+l;/ b;}+ltxf/h:tfrf8kj{ kg]{ dlxgf ePsfn] To; cjlwdf :jb]z kms{g]sf] ;+Vof lgs} a9Lx'g'kb{Yof] . o;n] d'n'saf6 lj:yflkt x'g] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof lgs} a9L ePsf]:ki6 x'G5 .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM19

20

kl/R

5]b–

! M

ljifo

k|j]z


@_ ef/t hfg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f ul/aL / ;z:q åGå

ef/t hfg] afnaflnsfdWo] @$ k|ltztn] ef/t hfg''sf] sf/0f ;z:q åGå ePsf]atfP . o;}u/L csf]{ #^ k|ltztn] ef/t hfg'sf] sf/0f ul/aL ePsf] atfPsf lyP .ef/t hfg] afnaflnsfdf s}nfnL, bfª, ;'v]{t, b}n]v / c5fdh:tf åGåk|efljtlhNnfsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof a9L ePsfn] klg ef/t hfg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f åGå/x]sf] k'li6 x'G5 .

#_ blnt afnaflnsfsf] cg'kft a9L

g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] !# k|ltzt /x]sf blnt ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf ef/t hfg]afnaflnsfdf eg] ## k|ltzt lyP . o:t} If]qL ;d'bfo !& k|ltzt eP klg ef/thfg] If]qL afnaflnsfsf] cg'kft #) k|ltzt lyof] .

$_ afnssf] ;+Vof a9L

cWoog cjlwdf ef/thfg] afnaflnsfdWo] *& k|ltzt afns lyP . ltgdf!^–!& jif{sf afnssf] ;+Vof cfwf lyof] eg] @% k|ltzt !!–!% jif{sf lyP .pgLx¿n] el/of, dhb'/L / xf]6]ndf sfd ug]{ atfPsf lyP .

%_ clwsf+z clzlIft

ef/t hfg] afnaflnsfdf ^% k|ltzt slxNo} ljBfno guPsf lyP . pgLx¿n]]ef/tdf klg k9\g] ljrf/ gePsf] atfP .

^_ cleefjs klg ;fy}df

ef/ttkm{ hfg] afnaflnsfdf *& k|ltzt s'g} g s'g} gft]bf/ jf cleefjssf;fydf lyP . af“sL !# k|ltztdf ef/t uO/x]sf jf a9L pd]/sf afnaflnsflyP .

&_ 7"nf ;x/tkm{

ef/t hfg] clwsf+z afnaflnsfn] ef/tsf 7"nf ;x/ l;dnf, b]x/fb'g, lbNnL,d'DaO{tkm{ hfg] atfPsf lyP .

*_ lagf sfuhkq

ef/t uPsf clwsf+z afnaflnsf;“u s'g} sfuhkq lyPg . s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sflnlvt sfuhkq x'g] $ k|ltzt dfq lyP .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM20

21

kl/R5]b–! M ljifo


(_ clwsf+z km]l/ ef/t kms{g]

:jb]z cfPsf afnaflnsfdWo] clwsf+zn] km]l/ ef/t kms{g] atfP . pgLx¿dWo]clwsf+z ! jif{eGbf a9L ef/t al;;s]sf lyP eg] km]l/ ef/t g} kms{g]atfPsf lyP .

;|f]t M Pg OlGqmlhª j]e -@)^@_

s'nhg;+Vof @,%#,$@,^#* !,@^,*%,#&% !,@^,%&,@^#

!^ jif{ d'lgsf] hg;+Vof (^,^%,$!# $*,*#,(## $&,*!,$*)

tflnsf !=@@)^# sf] cg'dflgt hg;+Vof -k|ltzt sf]i7df_

hDdf k'?if dlxnf

-!))_ -%)=%#_ -$(=$&_

-#*=!$_ -%)=%#_ -$(=$&_

;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, -@)^@_

g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L hg;+Vof dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qdf #$ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5eg] ;'b'/klZrdf~rndf ;a}eGbf sd !)=# k|ltzt afnaflnsf /x]sf 5g\ .

k'jf{~rn @!,%!,)@* @@=&

dWodf~rn #@,@!,*)$ #$=))

klZrdf~rn !(,@#,^)^ @)=)#

dWoklZrdf~rn !@,)#,$#( !@=&

;'b'/klZrdf~rn (,&^,)!^ !)=#

tflnsf !=#ljsf; If]qsf cfwf/df !^ jif{d'lgsf] afnhg;+Vof

If]q c+sdf k|ltzt

;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, -@)%*_

!^ jif{d'lgsf hg;+Vof

lj=;+= @)^# sf] cg'dflgt hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 %# nfv $@ xhf/ ^ ;o #* dfk'?ifsf] ;+Vof ! s/f]8 @^ nfv *% xhf/ # ;o &% -%)=%# k|ltzt_ / dlxnfsf];+Vof ! s/f]8 @^ nfv %& xhf/ @ ;o ^# -$(=$& k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)%*/ @)^# ;fnsf aLrdf hg;+Vofsf] ;+/rgfdf ;fdfGo kl/jt{g eO{ dlxnfsf cg'kftdfk'?ifsf] hg;+Vof a9]sf] 5 . o;}u/L !^ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] cg'kftdf klg @=&(k|ltzt sd ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

-s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)^@_

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM21

22

kl/R

5]b–

! M

ljifo

k|j]z


ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df x]bf{ g]kfnsf] s'n afnhg;+Vofsf] $*=! k|ltzt t/fO{df /lxdfnL If]qdf ^=% k|ltzt dfq afnhg;+Vof /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

lxdfn ^,!%,(## ^=%

kxf8 $@,*#,!)$ $%=!

t/fO{ $%,&^,*%& $*=#

tflnsf !=$ef}uf]lns k|b]zcg';f/ g]kfnsf] afnhg;+Vof

If]q c+sdf @))!


!^ jif{d'lgsf] hg;+Vof

!=$ afnaflnsfsf] a;fOg]kfnL ;dfhdf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw lgs} alnof] /x]sf] dflgG5 . clwsf+z cyf{t\*&=^$ k|ltzt afnaflnsf cfkm\gf cfdfafa' jf cleefjs;+u} a:5g\ . cleefjs /glhssf] gft]bf/kl5 /f]huf/bftfx?;+u} a:g] >lds afnaflnsf )=^^ k|ltzt /x]sf]b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] afn>ldssf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo ePsf] / To:tf afn>ldsx? cgf}krfl/sIf]qdf sfo{/t /x]sf] ;+s]t ub{5 .

cleefjs *#,)%,@#) *&=^$

cfdf %,@%,**& %=%$

a'jf !,!$,#%! !=@)

a'jf / ;f}t]gL cfdf &*,*$# )=*#

cfdf ;f}tnf] a'jf ^$,$$@ )=^*

cGo gft]bf/ *(,*!# )=($

/f]huf/ bftf ^#,@#! )=̂ ^

cGo @#,$!)! @=$&

s'n ;+Vof ($,&%,*(* !))

tflnsf !=%afnaflnsfsf] a;fO{ M sf];+u slt a:5g\

sf];+u slthgf k|ltzt


book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM22

23

kl/R5]b–! M ljifo


afnaflnsfsf] cj:yf

kl/R5]b–@

hGdbtf{n] afnaflnsfsf] klxrfgsf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ub{5 . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf]

wf/f & df hGdbtf{, gfd /fVg kfpg], /fli6«otf, cfdfafa'sf] kl/ro / pgLx?af6 :ofxf/;';f/

kfpg] clwsf/ ePsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . hGdbtf{ tYof+sLo k|of]hgsfnflu JolQmut 36gf

clen]vsf] c+usf ¿kdf dxÎj t 5“b}5, afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f / k|rngsfnflu emg\ dxÎjk"0f{

/ pkof]uL 5 .

@=! klxrfgsf] clwsf/ M hGdbtf{

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM23

24

kl/R

5]b–

@ M

afn

afln

sfs

f] c

j:y

f


g]kfndf s'n afnhg;+VofdWo] ## k|ltzt afnaflnsfsf]dfq hGdbtF{ ePsf] 5 .hGdbtf{ ul/Psf afnaflnsfdf afnssf] k|ltzt %!=^ k|ltzt 5 eg] aflnsfsf]cg'kft $*=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; cGt/n] 5f]/f / 5f]/Lsf aLrdf kl/jf/df g}e]befj ul/g]] k'li6 u5{ .

Affns %!=^

aflnsf $*=$

tflnsf @=!hGdbtf{ ln+usf] cfwf/df

lnË k|ltzt

;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltsf] lhNnf cg'udg;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0f, @)^#

afnfkgsf] /Iff M afnclwsf/sf] Joj:yfclwsf/x¿ dxf;lGwsf wf/f

� e]befjlj?4sf] clwsf/ M -wf/f @, #)_� afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtsf] clwsf/ -#, !*_� hLjg / ljsf;sf] clwsf/ -^_� klxrfg, gfd, hGd btf{ tyf /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ -&, *_� kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw / cfdfafa'sf] x]/rfx kfpg] clwsf/ -%, &, *, (, !), !*, @!, @%_� cj}w cf];f/k;f/ / wd{;Gtfgsf aGgaf6 ;+/lIft x'g] clwsf/ -!!, @!_� cleJolQm, ljrf/, cf:yf / wd{sf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL clwsf/ -!@, !#, !$_� ;+u7g vf]Ng] / zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] clwsf/ -!%_� 3/, kl/jf/ / ;Dks{ uf]Ko /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ -!^_� ;"rgfdf kx'“rsf] clwsf/ -!&_� b'Jo{jxf/ / lt/:sf/af6 ;+/lIft x'g] clwsf/ -!(_

hGdbtf{ gx'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0fdf� r]tgf / k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sdL jf hGdbtf{sf] dxÎj yfxf gx'g' .� uf=lj=;= sfof{nox? Uffp“af6 lj:yflkt x'g'� hGdbtf{nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] klxrfgsf] clwsf/sf ¿kdf dxTj glbOg' .

;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltsf] lhNnf cg'udg ;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0f, @)^#

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM24

25

kl/R5]b–@ M afn

aflns

fsf] c

j:y

fg]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] l:ylt–@)^#

� kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0faf6 jl~rt x'g gkg]{ clwsf/ -@), @@_� ;z:q åGåaf6 ;+/lIft x'g] clwsf/ -@@, #*, #(_� ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if x]/rfx kfpg] clwsf/ -@#_� :j:y /xg kfpg] / :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Frsf] clwsf/ -@$_� ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ -@^_� dfgjf]lrt hLjg:t/sf] clwsf/ -@&_� lzIff ;DaGwL clwsf/ -@*, @(_� lj>fd, snf / ;+:s[lt tyf v]ns"b tyf dgf]/~hgsf] clwsf/ -#!_� afn>d, a]rlavg, of}g tyf c? k|sf/sf] zf]if0f / nfu"kbfy{ b'Jo{;gaf6

;+/lIft x'g] clwsf/ -#@, #^, #(_� sfg'gsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] eP klg ;Ddfg / dof{bf kfpg] clwsf/ -$)_

;|f]tM o'lg;]km -@))%_

;+/If0f ;DaGwL clwsf/ M afnaflnsfnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf sfo{af6 ;+/If0f k|fKtug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 M-s_ qm'/ / oftgfk'0f{ Pj+ cdof{lbt Jojxf/,-v_ zf/Ll/s rf]6k6s jf c;/ k'/\ofpg], cft+lst ug]{ jf wDSofpg], lt/:sf/, pk]Iff,

alxisf/ jf 3[0ff ug]{, PSNofpg], dfgl;s jf ;+j]ufTds kL8f lbg] ;d]tsfb'Jo{jxf/,

-u_ of}g b'Jo{jxf/, of}g zf]if0f, a]rljvg / cf];f/k;f/-3_ y'gf, s}b, PsfGt sf/fjf; jf gh/aGbdf /fVg], g]n, xts8L nufpg],-ª_ leIff dfUg] sfddf nufpg] jf ;Gof;L, leIf', kmsL/ jf cGo s'g} e]if wf/0ff

u/fpg],-r_ efsn, wfld{s jf cGo s'g} clek|fon] slx st} s;}sf] gfpdf r8fpg] jf

;dk{0f ug]{,-5_ ;'/Iff kmf}h jf ;z:q ;d'xdf egf{, o'4;fdu|L jf /;b aGbf]a:t ;d]t cGo

s'g} ;fdfu|Lsf] cf];f/ k;f/, ;z:q ;+3if{;+u ;DalGwt ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg jf;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfk, o'4;DaGwL snf sf}zn nufot ;z:q ;+3if{df k|ToIfjf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg x'g] jf ug]{ jf u/fpg]

-h_ OR5fljk/Lt jf hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf ;+nUg x'g] jf k|of]u ug]{ u/fpg] .-em_ /fhLv'zL jf OR5fljk/Lt cË k|Tofkf]/0f-`_ afnljjfx ug]{ u/fpg]-6_ afnaflnsfdfly 3/, ljBfno jf cGo s'g} :yfgdf x'g] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s P+j

;+j]bgfTds b08, kL8f jf xfgL k'¥ofpg] .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM25

26

kl/R

5]b–

@ M

afn

afln

sfs

f] c

j:y

f


@=@ hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsf@=@=! ;z:q ljb|f]x / afnaflnsfåGbsf] df/ afnaflnsfdfly a9L k5{ . g]kfnsf] Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] klg;a}eGbf a9L df/ afnaflnsfdfly k/]sf] 5 . jo:sx¿ n8fO{ ub{5g\ . o'4df slxn]lhT5g\ slxn] xf5{g\ . o'4sf a]nf afnaflnsfsf] eg] ;w}+ g} xf/ eO/x]sf] x'G5 .g]kfnL afnaflnsf klg o;sf] ckjfb x'g kfPgg\ .

;z:q ljb|f]xsf qmddf Hofg u'dfpg], ckf+u x'g] / 6'x'/f x'g] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Voflgs} 7"nf] 5 . o'4lj/fdkl5 klg cnkq 5fl8Psf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf sf/0f $ hgfafnaflnsfsf] Hofg uPsf] 5 eg] @% hgf afnaflnsf 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .

;|f]t M afnaflnsf cem} pk]lIft, @)^#

� ;z:q ljb|f]xaf6 dfl/Psf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof @#) /x]sf] 5 .� ljb|f]xsf sf/0f ckfË x'g] afnaflnssf] ;+Vof !)& hgf /x]sf] 5 .� ;z:q ljb|f]xsf sf/0f cfdfafa' b'j} jf s'g} PsnfO{ u'dfpg'k/]sfn] 6'x'/f x'g

k'u]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof $ xhf/ $* /x]sf] 5 . o:tf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vofalb{of, bfª, Onfd, ;'v]{t, s~rgk'/, gjnk/f;L, afUn'ª / l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf a9L/x]sf] 5 .

abL{of !,$(&

bfª %))

O{nfd !(&

;'v]{t !@)

sGrgk'/ !@%

gjnk/f;L !%)

afUn'ª !!&

;Gw'kfNrf]s ^))

cGo lhNnf &$@

tflnsf @=@;z:q 4Gbdf cfdfafa' u'dfPsf afnaflnsf

lhNnf ;+Vof

;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt, @)^#

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM26

27

kl/R5]b–@ M afn

aflns

fsf] c

j:y


åGåsf] 3fpdf ;+/If0fsf] dnxdåGåaf6 afnaflnsf ;a}eGbf a9L k|efljt x'G5g\\ . zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhssf/0fn] klg afnaflnsf a9L hf]lvddf x'G5g\\ . pgLx¿dfly k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdfåGån] y'k|} k|sf/sf bafjx? kfb{5 . ljz]ifu/L lx+;fsf sf/0f afnaflnsfsf] lzIff/ :jf:Yosf clwsf/x? xgg\ x'G5g\\ eg] kl/jf/sf] ljv08g, cleefjsx?sf] knfog,lj:yfkg / a;fOF;/fO cflbsf sf/0f afnaflnsfn] rsf]{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s af]emPj+ kL8f ;xg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;g\ !((^ b]lv g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ n]g]kfndf ;'? u/]sf] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] rk]6fdf g]kfnL afnaflnsfklg k/]sf 5g\ .

åGåaf6 a9L k|efljt lhNnfsf afnaflnsfsf] afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / åGåsfcjlwdf klg afn ljsf;sf sfo{qmd / ultljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltn] ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{sf] ;xof]udf ljleGg @% lhNNffdf åGå k|efljtafnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vop2]Zo ;z:q åGåsf sf/0f hf]lvddf k/]sf / afnfkg vf]l;Psf afnaflnsfsf];jf]{Qd lxtsfnflu ;+/If0fsf pkfox? ckgfpg' xf] .

åGå k|efljt afnaflnsf ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd d'n'ssf @% lhNnfdf nfu"ul/Psf] 5 . oL @% lhNnfdf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qsf @, dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qsf@, klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf *, dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf !) / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf # lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . oL lhNnfdf lhNnf / ufp“ txdfafn ;+/If0f ;ldltx¿ u7g ul/Psf 5g\ . o; åGå k|efljt afnaflnsf ;+/If0f tyfljsf; sfo{qmddf cfsl:ds dfgjLo ;xof]u ug]{, hf]lvddf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf];+/If0f / ;Dks{ sfod ug]{, åGåsf sf/0f 3fOt] ePsf / cGo kLl8t afnaflnsfsf]pkrf/sf] Joj:yfcflb lqmofsnfkx? ePsf 5g\ . o;}u/L 5fqj[lQ, ljBfno egf{cleofg, afn :jf:Yosf cfwf/e"t ;]jdf ;xof]u / afnclwsf/sf] k|rf/k|;f/u/L hgr]tgf j[l4 ug]{ sfo{klg o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ePsf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L åGåk|efljt afnaflnsfnfO{ cfsl:ds dfgjLo ;xof]u, 6'x'/f / kl/ToQm afnaflnsfnfO{afnu[xx¿df k|]if0f, hGd btf{ cleofgsf] ;~rfng, eofqmfGt / b"Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ dgf];fdflhs ljdz{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL / ;'/IffsdL{x¿nfO{afn clwsf/ lzIff, af?bL ;'?ªsf af/]df hfgsf/Lh:tf lqmofsnfkx? ePul/Psf 5g\ .

-s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt -@)^#_ ck|sflzt k|ltj]bg ._

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM27

28

kl/R

5]b–

@ M

afn

afln

sfs

f] c

j:y

f


åGå :ylut eP klg ;z:q kmf}h jf ;z:q ;d"x;“u cfa4 afnaflnsfsf] afnfkgkmsf{pg ;lsPsf] 5}g . To:tf clwsf+z afnaflnsf ce}m klg ;z:q ;d"x;“u /x]sf]dflgPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ zflGt If]qsf ¿kdf dfGotf lbg] k|lta4tf k|d'v/fhgLlts bnx¿ / ;z:q ljb|f]xL g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ n] k|s6 u/] klg;z:q ;d"x;“u cfa4 afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/ kmsf{pg] ljifodf cGof]n sfod} 5 . o;cGof]nsf] Pp6f sf/0f s'g s'g sf]6Lsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;z:q kmf}h jf ;d"x;“ucfa4 afnaflnsf dfGg] eGg] :ki6 gx'g' klg xf] .

;z:q kmf}h jf ;z:q;d"x;“u cfa4 afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff� o; zAbn] ;z:q ;d"x jf ;z:q kmf}hdf ;+nUg ePsf !* jif{d'lgsf ;a}

afnaflnsfnfO{ hgfp“5 . o; lsl;dsf ;z:q ;d"xx? lgoldt jf clgoldtb'j} k|sf/sf x'g ;Qm5g\ / To:tf afnaflnsf ;z:q ;d"x jf ;z:q kmf}hsf]s'g} efu jf ;f];“u ;DalGwt sfo{df s'g} klg x}l;otdf ;+nUg ePsf]x'g;Qm5g\ . o:tf] ;+nUgtf ;z:q ;+3if{df g} x'g'kb}{g .

� o; zAbfjnLn] ljz'4 kfl/jfl/s ;b:oafx]ssf klxn] xltof/ af]s]sf jf xfnxltof/ af]ls/x]sf afnaflnsfsf ;fy} ;z:q åGå;“u ;Da4 3/]n' sfdbf/,el/of, ;'/fsL, hf;'s, ljk/Lt kIfsf] e]ifwf/L, b"t, kx/]bf/ / logLx?;“u lx“8\g];a}nfO{ hgfp“5 .

� o; zAbfjnLn] o'js / o'jtLx?, of}g ;gt'li6sf jf afWofTds ljjfxsfnfluegf{ ul/Psf afnaflnsf / ank"j{s kTgL agfOPsfx?nfO{ nufot ;z:q;d"x jf kmf}hdf cfk"mv';L jf hah{:tL egf{ ul/Psf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{;d]6\5 .

-cgj/t ;+3if{, @))$_

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM28

29

kl/R5]b–@ M afn

aflns

fsf] c

j:y


ljz]if ;+/If0f

kl/R5]b–#

ljZjdf ckf+utf ePsf JolQmsf] ;+Vof s'n hg;+Vofsf] ;fnfvfnf !) k|ltzt x'g] dflgG5 .

g]kfndf ljleGg cWoogx?n] ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx?sf] ;+Vof s'n hg;+Vosf] !=^ b]lv

*=( k|ltzt ePsf] b]vfPsf 5g\ . -;]e b lrN8]«g gj]{ - g]kfn, @))$_ . g]kfndf ckf+utf

ePsf !^ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof #$ xhf/ ^#) /x]sf] tYofÍ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ

ljefun] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . oL dWo]df zf/Ll/s ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof !$

xhf/ *&^, b[li6ljxLg afnaflnsf $ xhf/ ^^%, alx/f afnaflnsf * xhf/ %%!, af}l4s

ckf+utf ePsf # xhf/ ^&* / c? ljleGg k|sf/sf / ax' ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf]

;+Vof @ xhf/ *^) /x]sf] 5 . ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsf dWo] afnssf] ;+Vof !& xhf/

()@ / aflnsfsf] ;+Vof !^ xhf/ &@* hgf /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . -s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu,

@)%*_ . /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] o; tYofÍnfO{ ckf+utf If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+3;+:yf / lj1x?n]

Go"g u0fgfsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ .

#=! ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsf

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM29

30

kl/R

5]b–

# M

ljz

]if ;

+/If0

f


ckf¨tf ePsf afnaflnsf ljz]if cfjZostfdf lzIff, :jf:Yo / c¿ ;fdflhs;]jfdf kx'“r, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt, hLjgd"ns ;Lksf] lzIff cflbsf] Joj:yfeg] kof{Kt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsf lzIff / :jf:Yosf]dfq x}gv]ns'b / dgf]/~hgsf] clwsf/af6 klg jl~rt ePsf 5g\ . -;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{g]kfn, k"j{jt\_ . afnaflnsfdf ckf+utfsf] cg'kftsf] juL{s/0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf w]/}zf/Ll/s ckf+utf x'g]sf] ;+Vof b]lvG5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd ax'ckf+utf x'g]x¿sf] ;+Vof/x]sf] 5 .

zf/Ll/s ckf+utf x'g]sf] ;+Vof !$,*&^ $@=(%

alx/f *,%%! @$=^(

b[li6ljxLg $,^^% !#=$&

af}l4s c:j:ytf #,^&* !)=^@

ax' ckfËtf @,*^) *=@%

s'n #$,^#)

tflnsf #=!ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsf

ckfËsf] lsl;d hDdf ;+Vof k|ltzt

-;|f]tM ckfË cfjfh dfl;s, @)^# k'0ff{Í %#_

ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] k'g:yf{kgf / lzIffsfnflu ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfn] ;dflxt lzIff, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'g{:yfkgf h:tf ljleGg sfo{qmdx?;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . ;dflxt lzIffsf] d"n p4]Zo ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{lzIffsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . k/Gt', Ps cg'dfgsf cg';f/ g]kfndf@)^! ;fndf ljBfnodf cWoog ug]{ ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof !) xhf//x]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf ljBfno hfg] s'n hg;+Vof %& nfv $^ xhf/ *$@ /x]sf]lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df ljBfno hfg] ckf+ut ePsfafnaflnsf )=!& k|ltzt dfq x'G5 .

-;|f]tM ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{–g]kfn, k"j{jt\_

ljz]if x]/rfx / ;+/If0fsf]cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfzf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf ;fdflhs sf/0fn] s]xL afnaflnsfsf cfjZostf c¿sf]eGbf ljz]if k|sf/sf] x'g;Qm5 . h:tf] ;'s} cj:yfdf /x]sf eP klg pgLx¿nfO{cfwf/e"t afnclwsf/ pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . o;}n] ljz]if cfjZostf

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM30

31

kl/R5]b–# M ljz

]if ;+/If0f


ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if x]/rfx / ;+/If0fsf] klg cfjZostf x'G5 . ;fdfGotMlgDgcg';f/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if x]/rf/ / ;+/If0f cfjZos x'g] dflgG5 M–

-s_ 3/ jf j;f]jf; / x]/rfxsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf gePsf Pj+ hLljsf]kfh{gsf] Joj:yfgePsf,

-v_ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s kL8f ef]lu/x]sf jf hLjg g} hf]lvddf /x]sf,-u_ clt jf k"0f{ czQm ckf+utf eP/ jf bL3{ jf c;fWo /f]uL eO{ x]/rfx jf

kfngkf]if0f ug]{ sf]xL gePsf,-3_ afa'cfdf, xsjfnf jf gft]bf/ eP klg afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx ug{ c;Ifd

ePsf,-ª_ afa', cfdf b'a} gePsf Pj+ s;}n] klg x]/rfx gu/]sf jf afa'cfdfaf6 kl/ToQm

jf kl/jf/af6 la5f]l8Psf, efu]sf / vf]htnf; kZrft\ klg afa' cfdf km]nfgk/]sf,

-r_ of}g zf]if0f, of}g b'Jo{jxf/ jf j]rljvgaf6 kLl8t Pj+ hf]lvddf /x]sf,-5_ u}/sfg'gL sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf jf To:tf] sfddf ;+nUg x'g ;Sg] hf]lvddf

/x]sf jf sfg'gsf] ;Dks{df cfPsf afnaflnsf,-h_ PrcfO{eL÷P8\;af6 ;+qmldt,-em_ hj{h:tL jf hf]lvdk"0f{ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf,-`_ k|fs[lts k|sf]k, dfgjLo k|sf]k Pj+ ;z:q 4G4af6 kLl8t,-6_ ank"j{s ;Gof;L, leIf', kmsL/ jf cGo e]if wf/0f u/fOPsf jf b]jtfnfO{

r9fOPsf .

#=@= z/0ffyL{ afnaflnsfg]kfndf z/0ffyL{sf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf !* jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof $!xhf/ /x]sf] 5 -n'y/fg, @))@_ . afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -!(*(_ df z/0ffyL{afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg e]befjaf6 ;+/If0f ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj ls6fg ul/Psf] ePklg g]kfndf z/0ffyL{ afnaflnsfk|lt nlIft sfo{qmd kfO“b}g .

#=# afn>ldsafn>d -lgif]w / lgoldt_ ug]{ P]g, @)%^ n] g]kfndf !$ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{>ldssf ¿kdf sfddf nufpg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L !^ jif{ k"/f gu/]sfafnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfddf nufpg klg oxL P]gn] lgif]w u/]sf] 5 .afn>dsf] :ki6 kl/efiff / b]zJofkL ;j]{If0f gePsfn] g]kfndf afn>ldssf] ;+Vofls6fg ug{ ;lhnf] 5}g . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] Ps cg'dfg cg';f/ g]kfndfafn>ldsx¿sf] ;+Vof @^ nfv /x]sf] 5 . tLdWo] sl/a ! nfv @& xhf/ afnaflnsf

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM31

32

kl/R

5]b–

# M

ljz

]if ;

+/If0

f


hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . -cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, @))@_;fdfGotM afnaflnsfn] s'g} sfd ubf{ jf u/fp“bf pgLx¿sf] lzIff, zf/Ll/s jfdfgl;s :jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ ePdf To;nfO{ afn>d dfGg] ul/G5 .

afn>d -lgif]w / lgoldt_ ug]{ P]g, @)%^ n] afnaflnsfnfO{ nnfOkmsfO{ jfe'mSofP/ jf cGo s'g} k|nf]egdf jf 8/, qf;, jf bafadf kf/L jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn]lghsf] OR5flj?4 >ldssf ¿kdf sfddf nufpg klg lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gn]lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{ ug]{ cyf{t\ !$ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg], !^ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfddf nufpg] / afnaflnsfsf]OR5flj?4 >d ug{ afWo t'Nofpg]nfO{ ;hfosf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . -cGt/f{li6«o>d ;+u7g, k"j{jt\_

lj=;+= @)#* b]lv @)%* ;fn;Dd cf};t ¿kdf !) b]lv !$ jif{;Dd pd]/ ;d"xsfafnaflnsfdWo] @)=!% k|ltzt cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo /x]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] eg] @)%*;fnDff !) b]lv !$ jif{sf afnaflnsfdWo] @*=* k|ltzt cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo lyP .o;n] d"ntM u'hf/fsfnflu >d u/]/ cfh{g ug{ afWo afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 x'“b}uPsf] k'li6 x'G5 .

g]kfndf afn>d M Ps emnsg]kfndf % b]lv !$ jif{;Dd sl/a @^ nfv afnaflnsf afn>ldssf ?kdf sfo{/t5g\ . oLdWo] !) b]lv !$ jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xsf afn>ldsdf afnseGbf aflnsfsf];+Vof bf]Aa/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . -cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, @))@_ . o;n] klg g]kfnL;dfhdf 5f]/f / 5f]/Lsf aLrdf e]befj ug]{ Jojxf/ ljBdfg /x]sf] k'li6 ub{5 .

s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltdf k|fKt lhNnf cg'udg ;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0fdf jif{el/df afn>ldsx¿dfly $) j6f zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/sf 36gf ePsf 5g\ . zf]if0fjf b'Jo{jxf/sf w]/} 36gf ljleGg sf/0fn] k|sfzdf gcfpg] x'gfn] o:tf] 36gf lgs}a9L x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . -s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt, @)^# k"j{jt\_

afnaflnsfsf] s'n hg;+VofdWo] )=%$ k|ltzt afnaflnsf afn>ldssf ¿kdf sfo{/t5g\ . w]/}h;f] afn>ldsx¿ 3/]n' sfddf ;+nUg 5g\ eg] cGo xf]6]n Joj;fo,el/ofdf ;+nUg 5g\ .

-s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt, @)^#, k"j{jt\_

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM32

33

kl/R5]b–# M ljz

]if ;+/If0f


#=$ ;8safnaflnsfa;]{lg sl/a % xhf/ afnaflnsf 3/ 5f8]sf] jf 5f]8fOPsf] sf/0f ;x/ahf/ If]qdfuP/ ;8sdf a:g] jf sfd ug]{ ub{5g\ . To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;8safnaflnsf eGg]ul/G5 . g]kfndf d'n'ssf ljleGg lhNnfaf6 a;]{lg kf“r ;o afnaflnsf sf7df8f}+sf;8sdf cfpg] u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . -l;ljg, @))^_ ljut Ps bzsb]lv b]zdf rs]{sf];z:q åGåsf sf/0f w]/} afnaflnsf ;x/L If]qdf of ljb]z -vf;u/L ef/t_ knfogePsf 5g . sl/a * xhf/ afnaflnsf ;z:q åGåsf sf/0f cfkm" hGd]sf] ufp“7fp“af6lj:yflkt ePsf 5g\ . o;/L ;8sdf cfO;s]kl5 logLx¿n] dfUg], Knfl:6s sfuh;+sng ug]{, kfs]6 dfg]{, rf]/Ldf ;+nUg x'g] ub{5g\ . -l;ljg, @))$_

sf7df8f}+sf ;8safnaflnsfsf] ln+uut ljZn]if0f x]bf{ aflnsfsf] ;+Vof $=)$ k|ltztdfq /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] d"n sf/0f 5f]/LnfO{ 3/aflx/ lg:sgdf glbg a9LlgoGq0fdf /flvg] k/Dk/f g} x'g ;Qm5 .

s[lif tyf df5fkfng ^!=%

cw{bIf sfddf @*=*

ljqm]tf ^=%

;]jf pBf]udf @=!

sfof{no ;xfos )=@

pTkfbg If]qdf )=@

sfd gv'n]sf] )=@

tflnsf #=@cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo !) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfn] ug]{ sfd

sfd ;+nUg afnaflnsf] k|ltzt

;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, -@))#_

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM33

34

kl/R

5]b–

# M

ljz

]if ;

+/If0

f


!= afns &#& (%

@= aflnsf #! $=)$

s"n &^* !))

tflnsf #=#;8safnaflnsfsf] ln·ut ljj/0f

qm=;= pd]/ ;d"x ;+Vof k|ltzt

;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt, -@)^#_

;8safnaflnsfdWo] !!–!% jif{ pd]/sfsf] ;+Vof c¿ pd]/ ;d"xeGbf a9L -$&=%&k|ltzt_ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;kl5 !^ jif{ dflysf] pd]/sf ;8safnaflnsf #(=*$k|ltzt / %–!) jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsf !!=%( k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .

!= %–!) jif{ *( !!=%(

@= !!–!% jif{ #&# $*=%&

#= !^ jif{ eGbf dfly #)^ #(=*$

hDDff &^* !))

tflnsf #=$;8safnaflnsfsf] pd]/sf] ljj/0f

qm=;= pd]/ ;d"x ;+Vof k|ltzt


;8sdf cfPsf afnaflnsf w]/}h;f] %!=$# k|ltzt dWod kl/jf/af6 cfPsf] b]lvPsf]5 . 7"nf] kl/jf/af6 cfpg]sf] ;+Vof ck]Iffs[t lgs} sd $=(% k|ltzt 5 . ;fgf]kl/jf/sf ;8safnaflnsfsf] cg'kft klg plQs} 7"nf] ;+Vofdf -$#=^@ k|ltzt_/x]sf] 5 .

!= ;fgf] kl/jf/ # hgf;Dd ##% $#=^@

@= dWod kl/jf/ $–& #(% %!=$#

#= 7"nf] kl/jf/ *–!! #* $=(%

s"n &^* !))

tflnsf #=%kl/jf/sf] cfsf/sf cfwf/df ;8safnaflnsfsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= kl/jf/sf] lsl;d ;Gtfg ;+Vofsf] pQ/bftfsf] ;+Vof k|ltztcfsf/


book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM34

35

kl/R5]b–# M ljz

]if ;+/If0f


afnaflnsf ;8sdf cfpg'kg]{ sf/0fdf ;a}eGbf a9L ##=%( k|ltzt kfl/jfl/sb'Jo{jxf/ /x]sf] 5 . ul/aLsf sf/0f ;8sdf cfPsf] atfpg]x¿sf] cg'kft @^=#@k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;z:q åGåsf sf/0f ;8sdf cfPsf] atfpg]x¿sf] ;+Vof eg] @=^@k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

!= kfl/jfl/s b"Jo{jxf/ ##=%(

@= ul/aL @^=#@

#= ;fyLefOsf] ;+ut !$=*(

$= cleefjsn] sfd ug{ k7fPsf] $=##

%= cfkm"vzL $=)^

^= cfdfsf] d[To' eP/ #=!)

&= jt{dfg åGån] ubf{ @=^@

*= 3/df ab\df;L u/]sf]n] !=@)

(= pQ/ lbg grfx]sf] (=*(

hDdf &^* !))

tflnsf #=^afnaflnsfn] 3/ 5f]8\g'kg]{ sf/0fx¿

qm=;+= sf/0fx¿ ;+Vof k|ltzt


#=% afn of}gzf]if0f tyf b"Jo{jxf/u|fdL0f If]qaf6 /f]huf/sf] vf]hLdf ;x/L If]qdf cfpg] afnaflnsf of}gzf]if0fsf] df/dfkg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]ifu/L 3/]n' lx+;f / åGåsf sf/0fn] u|fdL0f e]uaf6 ;x/dfcfpg] aflnsfdWo] s]xL of}g Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'g afWo ePsf] cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;x/L If]qdf !^ jif{d'lgsf sl/a % xhf/ aflnsf of}g Joj;fodf;+nUg /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . -cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, k"j{jt\_ . ;fdfGotof of}gzf]if0ftyf b"Jo{jxf/sf 36gfx¿ nfh, 8/ / c¿ ljleGg ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts sf/0fn];fj{hlgs ug{ lxrlsrfpg] k|rng 5 . To;}n] olt g} afn of}gzf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/sf36gfsf] ;+VofTds ls6fg ug{ ;ls“b}g . s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltsf] lhNnfcg'udg ;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0f, @)^# cg';f/ ljleGg %) lhNnfdf afn of}gzf]if0f /b'Jo{jxf/af6 kLl8t aflnsfsf] ;+Vof ! :fo *( /x]sf] lyof] . afn of}gzf]if0f /b'Jo{jxf/df &# hgf afnsx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf / ltgdf !$ jif{sf afnsx¿ klg /x]sflyP .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM35

36

kl/R

5]b–

# M

ljz

]if ;

+/If0

f


afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/df anfTsf/, hah{:tL ljjfx jf b]xJofkf/df nufpg]h:tfck/fwx¿sf ;fy} z/L/df g5f]O{sg ul/g] b'Jo{jxf/ klg kb{5g\ .

g5f]Osg ul/g] b"Jo{jxf/

5f8f zJbsf] k|of]u $% %& @& #$ #^ #!

clZnn kqklqsf @( #% @)=$ @%=* @%=* @%=(

uf]Ko cËx? x]g]{

jf x]g{ nufpg] #% @( @@=@ !& @*=@

5f]P/ ul/g] b"Jo{jxf/ !# !$=% !$=$ !! !*

hf]lvd pd]/ !!–!$ jif{ !!–!$ jif{

tflnsf #=&afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/ ef]u]sf afnaflnsf k|ltzt / afnof}g b'Jo{jxf/sf k|sf/x¿

;|f]tM l3ld/] -@))^_

sf7df08f} pkTosfafnof}g b"Jo{jxf/sf]k|sf/x?

sf7df08f} aflx/

hDdf afns Afflnsf hDdf afns Afflnsf

#=%=! afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg / cf];f/k;f/g]kfndf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavgsf] ;d:of ;a} ef}uf]lns / ljsf; If]qdf ljBdfg5 . dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnon] kf“r ljsf; If]qsf ljleGg @^lhNnfx¿nfO{ dfgj a]rlavgsf] hf]lvd ePsf lhNnfsf ¿kdf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 .a]rlavg ul/Psf JolQmx¿sf ;DaGwdf tYof+sdf eg] lgs} leGgtf kfOG5 .cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] Ps k|ltj]bgcg';f/ a;]{lg of}gzf]if0fsf] p2]Zon] !@ xhf/JolQmsf] a]rlavg cf];f/k;f/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] k/Dk/fut tYof+sdf o:tf] ;+Vof %b]lv & xhf/ /x]sf] dflg“b} cfPsf] 5 . csf]{ cg'dfgcg';f/ ef/tsf j]Zofnox¿dfdfq} @ nfv g]kfnL r]nLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf / aflnsf;DaGwL cWoogx¿n]a]rlavgkLl8tdWo] &@ k|ltzt aflnsf !* jif{d'lgsf /x]sf] b]vfPsf 5g\ . aflnsfx¿dfa]rlavgsf] ;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf] pd]/ ;d"x !!–!* jif{ -&% k|ltzt_ /x]sf]5 eg] To;kl5 !(–@% sf] pd]/ ;d"x -!*=# k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . a]rlavgsf]hf]lvddf /x]sf afnsx¿sf xsdf ^ b]lv !@ jif{sf afnsx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L -*)k|ltzt_ hf]lvddf /x]sf 5g\ eg] To;kl5 !@–!* pd]/ ;d"xsf afnsx¿ -@)k|ltzt_ /x]sf 5g\ . -/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, @)^# df -cfO{cfO{8LP; /o'lgkm]d, @))$_, -cfO{Pncf]÷cf]/]s, @))@_ af6 p4[t _

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM36

37

kl/R5]b–# M ljz

]if ;+/If0f


lhNnf cg'udg ;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0f, @)^# cg';f/ @)^# ;fn h]7 dlxgfsf]cGTo;Dddf # ;o #( afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg / cf];f/k;f/ 36gf eP . ;aeGbfa9L o:tf 36gf Onfd, l;Gw'kfNrf]s / t]x|y'd lhNnfdf ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . a]RgnfluPsf !) hgf afnaflnsfnfO{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] ;xof]udfp4f/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

#=%=@ afnljjfxg]kfndf afnljjfxsf] k|rng w]/} klxn]b]lv /lxcfPsf] 5 . xfn ;x/L If]qdf afnljjfxlgs} sd ePsf] 5 eg] b"u{d u|fdL0f If]qdf o;sf] k|rng ce}m ;fdfGo g} 5 .sfg'gn] ljjfxsf] Go"gtd pd]/ cleefjssf] :jLs[lt eP !* jif{ / :jLs[lt a]u/ @)jif{ lgwf{/0f u/] klg ;dfhdf o;sf] vf;} kfngf ePsf] kfO“b}g . Ps cWoogcg';f/s'n ljjfxdWo] !% jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnsaflnsfsf] ljjfxsf] cg'kft #$ k|ltzt/x]sf] 5 . lhNnf cg'udg ;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0f, @)^# cg';f/ ;'g;/L lhNnfdfafnljjfxsf] 36gf w]/} ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljz]if u/L ul/a, hghflt, blnt,cflbjf;Ldf afnljjfxsf] k|rng a9L /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{dfdfgj a]rlavgsf] k|:tfljt kl/efiffdfgj a]rlavg eGgfn] …s'g} klg dfgjnfO{ b]zleq jf aflx/, cfly{s nfe jf cGonfe lng] p2]Zon] nnfOkmsfO{ jf 8/, an k|of]u u/L jf bafa lbO{, cGo k|sf/n]hf]/h'n'd u/L jf ckx/0f u/L jf 5nsk6 u/L jf wf]sf lbO{ jf clwsf/sf] b'?kof]uu/L jf hf]lvd cj:yfsf] kmfObf lnO{ jf k|nf]egdf kf/L jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn]kl/k~r ldnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg] JolQmn] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] JolQmsf] :jLs[lt lnO{jf glnO{ h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] zf]if0fsfnflu cf];f/k;f/ jf egf{ jf lsga]r jf :yfgfGt/0f-x:tfGt/0f_ jf cf>o k|bfg ug'{ jf JolQmnfO{ cfk\mgf] lgoGq0fdf lng' jf To:tf]ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' eGg] a'lemG5 .

zf]if0f eGgfn] afnaflnsfsf] xsdf ;xdlt lnP/ klg jf cGo JolQmsf xsdf;xdltlagf of}g Joj;fodf nufO{ jf cGo k|sf/n] ul/g] of}gzf]if0f jf 3/]n' sfdbf/jf ;s{;df k|of]u jf 5nsk6o'Qm ljjfx jf p“6 ;jf/L -Sofdn hlsª_ jf cGo sfo{sfnflu afWofTds jf a“w'jf jf bf;tf jf bf;tfk"0f{ >d jf ;]jfsf nflu pkof]u ug'{÷u/fpg' jf z/L/sf c+ux¿ lgsfNg' jf u|x0f ug'{ jf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, P]g, sfg'g, jfg]kfn kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt cGo u}/sfg'gL >d ug'{÷u/fpg';d]tnfO{ a'emfp“5 .

/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, -@)^#_

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM37

38

kl/R

5]b–

# M

ljz

]if ;

+/If0

f


#=^ afnaflnsflj?4 e]befj / lt/:sf/g]kfnL ;dfhdf dflg;dflg;sf aLrdf hft, ln+u, wd{, ju{, pd]/ / ckfËtfcflbsf cfwf/df lje]b ug]{ k|rng ljBdfg /x]sf]] kfOG5 . g]kfnL afnaflnsfn];xg'kg]{ e]befj / lt/:sf/df d"ntM n}+lus, zf/Ll/s cj:yf / hfltsf cfwf/df ul/g]e]befj xf] . g]kfnL ;dfhdf ce}m klg 5f]/f / 5f]/Lsf aLrdf e]befj ug]{ / 5f]/fnfO{k|fyldstf lbg] k|rng sfod} 5 . o;n] aflnsfx¿sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs :t/,;xeflutf / ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿df k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 . -/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/cfof]u -@)^#_ . lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ;"rsx¿df o:tf] e]befj :ki6b]vfkb{5 .

o:t} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] 7"nf] lx:;fdf hGdsf cfwf/df s'g} hfltnfO{ slyt 5'jf5"tsf]k|yf w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv g} rNb} cfPsf]] 5 . /fHon] lj=;+= @)@) ;fndf g} 5'jf5"tpGd"ngsf] 3f]if0ff u/] klg d'n'ssf clwsf+z efudf xfn;Dd of] ;d:of ljBdfg 5 .k|ltlglw;efn] g]kfnnfO{ 5'jf5"tsf] s'k|yfaf6 d'Qm ug]{ / 5'jf5"tnfO{ b08gLo ck/fwagfpg] ;+sNk kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . blnt / u}/blnt afnaflnsfnfO{ hftkftsf cfwf/dful/g] e]befjn] blnt afbaflnsfn] e]befj / lt:sf/ ;xg'k/]sf 36gfx¿ ;~rf/dfWoddf cfO/x]sf x'G5g\\ . o:t} 5f]/fnfO{ k9\g k7fpg] kl/jf/df 5f]/LnfO{ sfddfnufpg] k|rng /x]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] lzIfftyf :jf:Yodf ;xh kx'“rsf] Joj:yf 5}g . afnaflnsfn] ;xg'k/]sf e]befj /lt/:sf/ x6fpgsfnflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿af6 r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd,5fqj[lQ, c;xfo 5fqj[lQ, ;dflxt / ljz]if lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf5g\ .

#=& wd{;Gtfg;DaGwLlhNnf cg'udg ;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0f, @)^# cg';f/ ut cfly{s jif{df #) hgfafnaflnsfnfO{ wd{;Gtfgsf ¿kdf u|x0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L wd{;Gtfg lng]lbg]ul/PsfdWo] aemfª, af“s], DofUbL, wflbª= lhNnfaf6 w]/} hgf /x]sf 5g\ . b]zleqsf]wd{;Gtfg lng]lbg] ul/Psf] ;+Vof o;eGbf a9L x'g ;Qm5 . o:tf] 36gfsf] hfgsf/LglbOg] / ljb]zLnfO{ wd{;Gtfg lbg] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg], k|lqmofut ¿kdfwd{;Gtfg lng] lbg] sfo{ cem} x'g g;s]sfn] klg o:tf] cfGtl/s wd{;Gtfg lng]lbg]sf];+Vof sd b]lvPsf] x'g ;Qm5 .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM38

39

kl/R5]b–# M ljz

]if ;+/If0f


ljb]zLnfO{ wd{;Gtfg lbg] sfo{ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnodfkm{tx'g] u/]sf] 5 . jif{sf] ;/b/ $ ;o hgfsf] xf/fxf/Ldf g]kfnL afnaflnsf ljleGgo'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿ / cd]l/sfdf hfg] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljb]zdf wd{;Gtfgsf ¿kdfn}hfg lbg] k|lqmof a9L Jojl:yt ePsfn] To;sf] tYof+s pknAw 5 .

lj=;+= @)%& j}zfv ^ ut]b]lv @)^! r}t d;fGt;Dd wd{;Gtfgsf ¿kdf ljb]zuPsf g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof ( ;o %* /x]sf] 5 . wd{;Gtfgsf ¿kdf ljb]zuPsf afnaflnsfdf afns $ ;o @% hgf / aflnsf % ;o ## hgf /x]sf 5g\ .wd{;Gtfg lng]lbg]sf] k|fyldstfdf cfwfl/t cWoog ePsf] b]lv“b}g tfklg dflysf]tYof+sn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg 5f]/fnfO{ a9L ?rfpg] k|rngnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf]b]lvG5 .

O6fnL @@^

:k]g @!#

cd]l/sf !&&

k|mfG; !#%

hd{gL !!@

gj]{ @@

:jL6\h/Nof08 @#

bL g]b/Nof08 !$

8]gdfs{ !)

a]lNhod (

ci6«]lnof !

Sofg8f ^

cli6«of #

l:j8]g !

lkmgNof08 !

a]nfot %

tflnsf #=*ljut % jif{df wd{;Gtfgsf ¿kdf ljb]z k7fOPsf afnaflnsfsf] ljj/0f

b]zsf] gfd afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof

;|f]t M dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno, @)^# .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM39

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM40

;fdflhs ;]jfdf kx'“r

kl/R5]b–$

g]kfndf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] kx'“r ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;/sf/n] k|fylds lzIff lgMz'Ns 3f]if0ff

u/]sf] 5 . k|fylds ljBfnodf ;'?b]lv sIff % ;Ddsf] k9fO x'G5 . o:tf ljBfnodf k"j{k|fylds

sIff jf lzz'sIffx¿ klg ;dfj]z x'g ;Qm5g\ . dfWolds :t/sf] k9fO # txdf x'G5 .

lgDgdfWolds txdf ,̂ & / * sIffsf], dfWolds:t/df ( / !) tyf pRrdfWolds :t/df !!

/ !@ sIffsf] k9fO x'G5 .

$=! lzIffsf] cj;/

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM41

42

kl/R

5]b–

$ M

;fd

flhs

;]jfd

f kx

'“r


g]kfndf clwsf+z ljBfno ;fj{hlgs If]qaf6 ;~rflnt 5g\ . To:tf ;fd'bflosljBfnox¿df lgoldt ;/sf/L cg'bfg kfpg] / k6s] ;xfotf jf ;x'lnot lzIfsb/aGbL dfq kfpg] u/L @ k|sf/sf 5g\ . xfn}sf lbgdf lzz'sIff jf k"j{k|fylds txsf]ljBfnosf] ;+Vofdf # jif{leq ! ;o &^=^ k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @)^);fndf ! xhf/ $ ;o &! j6fdfq /x]sf] lzz'sIff jf k"j{k|fylds ljBfnosf] ;+Vof@)^@ ;fndf $ xhf/ ^( k'u]sf] 5 . -lzIff ljefu, @)^#_

5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd, ljBfyL{nfO{ cg'bfg, lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts, lJfBfnodf :jfutsfo{qmdh:tf ljleGg pkfo ckgfOPsf sf/0f lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx'“r / n}+lus ;dtfnfO{k|]l/t u/]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k z}lIfs jif{ @)^@ df sIff ! df egf{ x'g]x¿sf] ;+Vofdfdfq} @@ k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf] 5 . -lzIff ljefu, k"j{jt\_ . lj=;+= @)^) ;fndfk"j{k|fylds÷lzz' sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿df $$=@ k|ltzt afns lyP . o;}u/L aflnsfsf];+Vof k|fylds ljBfnodf $%=$ k|ltzt, lgDgdfWolds txdf $#=^ k|ltzt /dfWolds txdf $#=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

k"j{k|fylds lzz'sIff @,%&,!@! $$=@ %,!@,!%! $^=) (,@@,%%& $^=@

k|fylds $),@%,^(@ $%=$ $),#),)$% $^=# $%,)@,^(& $&=$

lgDgdfWolds !@,!),)%( $#=^ !$,$$,((& $%=@ !#,&$,&(^ $%=&

dfWolds %,!!,)(@ $#=* %,*&,%^^ $$=# %,*&,!&& $%=&

tflnsf $=!ljBfnout egf{tflnsf

;|f]t M lzIff ljefu, @)^#

@)^) ;fntx

hDdf aflnsfsf]k|ltzt



@)^! ;fn @)^@ ;fn

ljBfnodf egf{ x'g]x¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo /x]h:t} aLr}df ljBfno 5f8\g]sf] cg'kftklg pRr g} /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^) ;fndf sIff ! df egf{ ePsfdWo] %(=&afnaflnsf dfq sIff % ;Dd k'u]sf lyP . o;/L sIff % df k'Ug] afnaflnsfdfafns %(=# / aflnsf ^)=@ k|ltzt lyP . To;kl5sf b'O{ jif{df eg] of] ;+Vofdf;fdfGo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ljBfno k"/f ug]{ b/nfO{ lzIffk|0ffnLsf] k|ult dfkg ug]{ d'Vocfwf/ dfGg] ul/Psf] 5 . -lzIff ljefu, k"j{jt\_

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM42

43

kl/R5]b–$ M ;

fdflh

s ;

]jfdf kx'“r


g]kfnh:tf] dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLrdf rsf]{ c;dfgtf ePsf] d'n'sdf lzIffdf n}l+us;dtfdf hf]8 ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v p2]Zo x'g] ub{5 . lj=;+= @)^) dfk|fylds txdf afns / aflnsfsf aLrsf] n}+lus ;dtf ;"rsf+s )=*^ /x]sf]df@)^@ ;fndf )=(% cyf{t\ nueu a/fa/ x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . k|fylds txdf n}+lus;dtf ;"rsf+s pT;fxhgs b]lvP klg lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds txdf eg] ce}mc;dfgtf ljBdfg b]lvG5 . lgDgdfWolds txdf @)^) df )=*# /x]sf] n}+lus;dtf ;"rsf+s @)^@ ;fndf 36]/ )=*! df em/]sf] 5 . dfWolds txdf eg]5fqfx¿sf] egf{ cg'kft a9L /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^) ;fndf )=*) /x]sf] n}+lus;dtf ;"rsf+s @)^@ ;fndf )=*^ k'u]sf] 5 . lzIff ljefu, -k"j{jt\_

@)^) %(=& %(=# ^)=@

@)^! &^=@ &@=$ *)=^

@)^@ &(=! *@=! &%=(

tflnsf $=@ljBfno egf{ ePsfdWo] sIff % ;Dd k'Ug]x¿

jif{ hDdf ljBfyL{ afns k|ltzt aflnsf k|ltzt

;|f]t M lzIff ljefu, -k"j{jt\_

k|fylds )=*^ )=(! )=(%

lgDgdfWolds )=*# )=*% )=*^

dfWolds )=*) )=*@ )=*^

tflnsf $=#txut cfwf/df n}+lus ;dtf ;"rsf+s lj;+= @)^)–@)^@

tx @)^) @)^! @)^@

;|f]t M lzIff ljefu, k"j{jt\

5fqj[lQ ljt/0f5fqj[lQ ljt/0f ug'{sf] p2]Zo ljz]ifu/L blnt / aflnsfnfO{ ljBfnodf lgoldtpkl:yltsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug'{ / kx'“r a9fpg' xf] . oL sfo{qmdx¿sf] p2]Zo ;fdfGotMul/a / ;'ljwfljxLg kl/jf/nfO{ afnaflnsf k9fpg nfUg] vr{sf] af]em p7fpg ;3fpg'xf] . ;/sf/n] aflnsf / blnt ljBfyL{k|lt nlIft 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .o:tf 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo nlIft ;d"xsf afnaflnsfsf] egf{ / sIffdfpgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt a9fpg' klg xf] . ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdcGtu{tsf] 5fqj[lQsfo{qmdsf] nlIft ;d"x lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M–

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM43

44

kl/R

5]b–

$ M

;fd

flhs

;]jfd

f kx

'“r


� ;a} blnt afnaflnsfsf nflu blnt 5fqj[lQ .� ljBfno egf{ ePsfdWo] %) k|ltzt aflnsfsfnflu aflnsf 5fqj[lQ .� ;a} k|sf/sf ckf+utf ePsf ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ .� ;lxbsf ;Gtfgsf nflu 5fqj[lQ .� åGåsf sf/0f 6'x'/f ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu cfjf;Lo 5fqj[lQ .� k|fylds txdf ;8safnaflnsfsf nflu ;xof]u .

lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno÷lzIff ljefun] lgDgk|sf/sf] 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 M

� k"0f{ / cf+lzs 5fqj[lQ .� b'u{d If]qsf eflifs / hftLo cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf 5fqfsfnflu cfjf;Lo

5fqj[lQ .� ckf+utf ePsf ljBfyL{sfnflu 5fqj[lQ .� blnt ljBfyL{nfO{ dfWolds lzIff lgMz'Ns u/fpgsf nflu blnt afnaflnsf

k9\g] ljBfnonfO{ cg'bfg ;xof]u .

lj=;+= @)^@ df $ nfv ! xhf/ ( ;o #@ 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] h;df %)k|ltzt aflnsfn] kfPsf lyP . o:t} blnt ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu $ nfv $ xhf/ %;o &@ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;dWo] ! nfv &! xhf/ # ;o *) 5fqj[lQblnt aflnsfn] kfPsf lyP . ;lxbsf ;Gtfg / åGåkLl8t afnaflnsfsfnflu ljtl/t *;o %! 5fqj[lQdf $ ;o %$ aflnsfn] kfPsf lyP . ckf+utf ePsf ljBfyL{n] kfPsf]@ xhf/ ( ;o #& 5fqj[lQdf # ;o *# aflnsfn] kfPsf lyP .

g]kfndf ;/sf/L cg'bfg kfpg], ;/sf/sf] lgoldt cg'bfg gkfpg], ;fd'bflos /;+:yfut ljleGg rf/ k|sf/sf ljBfno ;~rflnt 5g\ . ;a} txdf ax';+Vos ljBfyL{;/sf/L cg'bfgk|fKt ljBfnodf k9\g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgDgdfWolds / dfWoldstxdf eg] ;/sf/L cg'bfg gkfpg] / ;+:yfut ljBfnodf k9\g] ljBfyL{sf] cg'kfta9]sf] b]lvG5 . -lzIff ljefu k"j{jt\_ ;x/L If]qdf ;+:yfut ljBfno w]/} ;~rflnt5g\ .

lghL If]qn] ;~rfng ug]{ To:tf ljBfnox? ;/sf/L cg'bfgdf ;~rflnt ljBfnoeGbfdx+uf x'g] ub{5g\ . lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds txdf ;+:yfut ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf]cg'kft a9L x'g'sf] cy{ lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds txdf ufp+sf / u/La kl/jf/sfafnaflnsfsf] pkl:ylt 36\b} hfg' g} xf] .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM44

45

kl/R5]b–$ M ;

fdflh

s ;

]jfdf kx'“r


$=@ :jf:Yo, kf]if0f / vfg]kfgL$=@=! afn:jf:Yog]kfndf ;/sf/L :t/af6 hg:jf:Yo;“u ;DalGwt gLlt / sfo{qmd t];|f] k~rjifL{oof]hgf -lj=;+= @)@@–@)@^_ b]lv k|f/De ePsf] xf] . k~rjifL{o of]hgfx?df ;dfj]zul/Psf afn:jf:Yo;DaGwL gLltx?df afn d[To'b/ sd ug]{ gLlt k|d'v /x]sf] 5 .afn d[To'b/ sd ug]{ p4]Zon] pkrf/fTds / k|lt/f]wfTds sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .

afnaflnsfsfnflu /fli6«o :t/df Pp6f dfq afnc:ktfn 5 . /fhwfgLaflx/ afn/f]uljz]if1x?sf] 7'nf] cefj 5 . Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q 4G4n] :jf:Yo;]jfdf kf/]sf]k|lts'n k|efjaf6 afn:jf:Yo;]jfklg k|efljt ePsf] 5 . ljutdf k|fylds pkrf/sfcf}ifwL, vf]kh:tf clt cfjZos :jf:Yo ;fdfu|L ufp“÷:jf:Yo s]Gb|x¿;Dd k'/\ofpg;Sg] cj:yf lyPg .

k|fylds *&=$ @=% $=! =̂)

lgDgdfWolds &*=$ !!=% @=% &=̂

dfWolds &*=^ (=* !=( (=&

tflnsf $=$lj=;+= @)^@ df ljleGg k|sf/sf ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt

tx / lsl;d cg'bfg kfpg] cg'bfg gkfpg] ;fd'bflos ;+:yfut


afn:jf:Yo;DaGwL /0fgLltx?� :jf:Yo ;'ljwf tyf vf]k lj:tf/ sfo{qmddfkm{t vf]k;]jf pknAw u/fpg] .� kf]lnof] pGd"ng / bfb'/f lgoGq0fsf nflu cltl/Qm vf]k sfo{qmd ;~rfng .� ue{jtL cfdf / gjhft lzz'nfO{ l66fg; pGd'ngsfnflu vf]k sfo{qmd k|f/De .� vf]k sfo{qmd cg'udgk|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f .� uf=lj=;= :t/Lo tYofÍ ;+sng, juL{s/0f / sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldsLs/0f .� ljleGg txdf vf]k sfo{qmdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf ;'emfj ;+sng .� lhNnf:t/Lo of]hgf th'{df ug]{ .� vf]kåf/f /f]Sg ;lsg] /f]ux?sf] lgu/fgL lj:tf/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f .� pko'Qm ;sf/fTds k|of;af6 vf]k4f/f /f]Sg ;lsg] /f]ux?sf] ;+qmd0f lgoGq0f ug]{ .� ;'rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/ sfo{qmd / Jojxf/ kl/jt{gfTds sfo{qmd kl/rfng

u/L vf]k;]jf ;DaGwLt hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]{ .� &% lhNnfdf zLe08f/ Ifdtfsf] -sf]N8 r]g_ lj:tf/ / To;sf] k|of]u lglZrt ug]{ .� lgoldt vf]k;]jf sfo{qmd dfkm{t &% lhNnfdf x]kf6fO{l6; aL vf]ksf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM45

46

kl/R

5]b–

$ M

;fd

flhs

;]jfd

f kx

'“r


� 6]6«fEon]G6 -8LkL6L–x]k aL_ vf]ksf] cf/De ug]{ .� :jf:YosdL{x?nfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .� ;xof]ufTds ;'k/Lj]If0f lqmofsnfk ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .

afn:jf:Yo gLltdf afn d[To'b/ 36fpgsf nflu ljz]if hf]8 lbg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 .afn tyf lzz' d[To'b/ sd ug]{ k|d'v pkfosf ¿kdf vf]k;]jfnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .cfly{s jif{ @)^!-)^@ df ! jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfdWo] () k|ltztnfO{ vf]k;]jfk'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df aL;LhL (@=$ k|ltzt, 8LkL6L *) k|ltzt / kf]lnof] yf]kf *#/ bfb'/fsf] &(=# k|ltztd dfq k'Ug ;s]sf] 5 . -:jf:Yo ljefu, @)^!–^@_

! aL=;L=hL= vf]k lzz' &,#%,##( ^,&(,%*$ (@=$

@ 8L=kL=6L= ! vf]k lzz' &,#%,##( ^,#%,)%^ *^=#

# 8L=kL=6L= @ vf]k lzz' &,#%,##( ^,)#,!^% *@=)

$ 8L=kL=6L= # vf]k lzz' &,#%,##( %,**,%*# *)=)

% x]kf6fOl6; ! vf]k lzz' &,#%,##( %,)$,@() ^*=^

^ x]kf6fOl6; @ vf]k lzz' &,#%,##( $,$(,%%* ^!=!

& x]kf6fOl6; # vf]k lzz' &,#%,##( $,)*,^)% %%=^

* kf]lnof] ! lzz' &,#%,##( ^,%@,@)( **=^

( kf]lnof] @ lzz' &,#%,##( ^,@^,#@) *%=!

!) kf]lnof] # lzz' &,#%,##( ^,!),$$^ *#=)

!! bfb'/f vf]k lzz' &,#%,##( %,*@,*!* &(=#

!@ 6L=6L @ ue{jtL dlxnf (,@),^$* $,!#,)@( $$=(

!# bfb'/flj?4sf] cleofg !% jif{d'lgsf

&% lhNnfdf afnaflnsf ($,@#,*^^ (*,#(,&@# !)$=)

!$ bfb'/flj?4sf] cleofgdf % jif{d'lgsf

kf]lnof] yf]kf afnaflnsf $@,!@,*!@ $),(@,$!& (&=)

!% ljz]if vf]k % jif{d'lgsf

cleofg !$ lhNnfdf afnaflnsf $,$$,&@* $,$),*)! ((=)

!^ ljz]if vf]k % jif{d'lgsf

cleofg @$ lhNnfdf afnaflnsf $,$$,&@* $,#&,((( (*=)

!& kf]lnof] P;PgcfO{8L % jif{d'lgsf

! cleofg, !& lhNnfdf afnaflnsf !(,$$,*!^ !*,*$,$)# (&=)

!* kf]lnof] P;PgcfO{8L, ( % jif{d'lgsf

lhNnfdf -k"j{If]q / afnaflnsf

dWoIf]qsf t/fO{sf lhNnf_ !!,$$,&#* !!,)%,$&) (&=)

tflnsf $=%vf]k cleofg M nIo tyf pknlAw

qm=;= lqmofsnfk PsfO{ nIo pknlAw nIo pknlAw-%_

;|f]t M jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^!÷^@, :jf:Yo;]jf ljefu

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM46

47

kl/R5]b–$ M ;

fdflh

s ;

]jfdf kx'“r


g]kfndf s'n afnaflnsfsf] $) k|ltzt hg;+Vof s'kf]if0f / To;af6 nfUg] ljleGg/f]uaf6 u|l;t 5g\ . g]kfndf s'n s'kf]lift afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof #& nfv () xhf/ #;o %& /x]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnsf] s'n afnsaflnsfsf] $) k|ltzt x'g cfp“5 .

-s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)^)_

$=@=@ vfg]kfgLg]kfndf vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf %*=#$ n] dfq pkef]u ug{ kfPsf 5g\ .-s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)%*_ o;cg';f/ sl/a $!=^^ k|ltzt 3/w'/L ;kmf vfg]kfgLsf];'ljwfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ . lkpg] kfgLsf]] u'0f:t/sf] k/LIf0f eg] jif{df Psk6s klg ug]{k|rng 5}g . ;kmf vfg]kfgLsf] cefjn] a;]{lg emf8fkvfnfsf] k|sf]k b]vfk5{ . o;af6k|efljt x'g] hg;+Vofdf w]/} afnaflnsf x'G5g\ . g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] d[To' x'g] d'Vosf/0fdf emf8fkvfnf klg /x]sf]] 5 . ;|f]tsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf w]/} %@=($ k|ltztn]wf/fsf] kfgL k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

wf/f @@,)(,&^) %@=($

O{gf/ #,&&,@$! (=)$

6\o'aj]n !!,*$,!%^ @*=#&

d"nkfgL -:kfp6 jf6/_ @,^&,!*) ^=$

vf]nf gbL ^!,$)) !=$&

cGo #&,@#@ )=*(

pNn]v gul/Psf] #&,$*( )=*(

s"n 3/w'/L ;+Vof $!,&$,$%* !))

tflnsf $=^lkpg] kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] juL{s/0f 3/w'/Lsf cfwf/df

k|of]u 3/w'/L ;+Vof k|ltzt

$=# g]kfnL afnaflnsf / PrcfO{eL÷P8;\ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf cg';f/ ;g\ @))) df g]kfndf ! nfveGbf a9L hg;+VofPrcfO{eL / P8\;af6 k|efljt lyP . () k|ltzteGbf a9L ;+qmd0f ljk/Lt ln+uLaf6ePsf] tYo km]nf k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] v'nf l;dfgf tyf jif{el/ g} ef/tdf /f]huf/Lug{ hfg] JolQmx¿, c/laog d'n'sdf sfd ug{ hfg] JolQm, b|'t ultdf al9/x]sf]of}gJofkf/, r]nLa]6L a]rlavg / ;x/L If]qdf gjo'jsx¿df a9\b} uPsf] nfu"cf}ifwsf]k|of]u PrcfO{eL÷P8\;sf d'Vo sf/0fsf ¿kdf /lxcfPsf 5g\ . o; /f]usf] ;+qmd0f

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM47

48

kl/R

5]b–

$ M

;fd

flhs

;]jfd

f kx

'“r


g]kfndf 8/nfUbf] 5 / a9\g] qmddf 5 . s]xL kxf8L lhNnfdf o;sf] ;+qmd0faf6k|efljt ;+Vof cTolws 5 . o; /f]usf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ag]sf gLltlgod / To;sf]sfof{Gjogn] o; /f]usf] lgoGq0fnfO{ w]/} k|efj kfg{ ;s]sf] b]lv“b}g .

/fli6«o P8\; tyf of}g/f]u lgoGq0f s]Gb|sf cg';f/ g]kfndf PrcfO{eL÷P8;\af6;+qmldtx¿df !( jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof sl/a !* xhf/eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 .of] s'n PrcfO{eL÷P8\; ;+qmldtx¿ ;+Vofsf] !* k|ltzt x'g cfp“5 . lhNnfcg'udg ;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0f, @)^# PrcfO{eL÷P8\; ;+qmldtx¿n] ;fdflhsckx]ngfsf eon] n'sfP/ /fVg] u/]sf]] / s]xLn] cfTdxTof;Dd ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .PrcfO{eL÷P8\;af6 a9L ;+qmldt÷k|efljt lhNnfx¿df c5fd, Onfd, 8f]6L / af“s]/x]sf 5g\ .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM48

49

kl/R5]b–$ M ;

fdflh

s ;

]jfdf kx'“r


afn ;xeflutf

kl/R5]b–%

afn ;xeflutf k|d'v afnclwsf/dWo] Ps xf] . afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfsf]

;xeflutfsf] clwsf/df hf]8 lbPkl5 afnaflnsfsf If]qdf lqmofzLn /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o

;+3;+:yfx¿n] afn;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{ ljz]if Wofg lbPsf] kfOG5 . d"ntM afnaflnsf;“u

;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljleGg ;afnx¿sf] lg0f{o / sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf afn ;xeflutf a9fp“b} hfg]

p2]Zon] ljleGg afnSna / afnd~rx¿ u7g ul/Psf 5g\ .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM49

50

kl/R

5]b–

% M

afn

;xe

flutf


g]kfndf afnaflnsfn] g]t[Tj u/]sf afnSna;d]tsf ;+:yfx¿ * xhf/ * ;o $&eGbf a9L 5g\ . afnaflnsfn] g]t[Tj u/]sf ;+:yfdf ;xefuL afnssf] ;+Vof ! nfv#) xhf/ & ;o (& /x]sf] 5 eg] aflnsfsf] ;+Vof (* xhf/ @ ;o && /x]sf] 5 .

afns !,#),&(& %&=)( %&=)(

aflnsf (*,@&& $@=(! $@=(!

s'n afnaflnsf @,@(,)&$ !)) !))

tflnsf %=!afnSna ;xefuL afnsaflnsfsf] ln·ut ljj/0f

lnË ;+Vof k|ltzt

afnSnax¿df ;xefuL afnaflnsfdWo] hghfltsf afnssf] ;+Vof @# xhf/ # ;o%& / aflnsfsf] ;+Vof @# xhf/ * ;o ^@ /x]sf] 5 .

afns @#,#%& $(=%&

aflnsf @#,*^@ %)=$#

s'n afnaflnsf $&,!!( !))

tflnsf %=@afnSna ;xefuL hghflt afnsaflnsfsf] ;+Vof / k|ltzt

juL{s/0f ;+Vof k|ltzt

;xeflutfsf clwsf/x¿df :jtGq ljrf/, cf:yf / cleJolQmsf] clwsf/, ;"rgfsf]clwsf/ tyf ;+u7gsf] clwsf/ x'g\ . afn–;xeflutfsf gfddf ePsf cEof;x¿dfd"ntM ;+u7gsf] clwsf/df hlt hf]8 c¿ kIfdf lbOPsf] b]lv“b}g . afnaflnsfn];"rgfk|b / dgf]/~hgfTds sfo{qmd tyf ;du| hg;~rf/sf dfWoddf k|rf/k|;f/ /k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L afnaflnsfk|lt nlIft jo:sx¿åf/f ;~rflnt;"rgfk|b / dgf]/~hgfTds sfo{qmdx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . logsf] ;fdu|L ljZn]if0f /k|efj d"Nof+sg eg] ul/Psf] kfO“b}g .

;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt

;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM50

51

kl/R5]b–% M afn

–;xe

flutf


afn Gofo

kl/R5]b–^

afnaflnsfsf lxt / sNof0fsfnflu d'n'sL P]gsf] ul/a s+ufnsf] dxndf s]xL k|fjwfgx¿

/x]sf eP klg afn Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL Joj:yf eg] kmf}hbf/L Gofok|0ffnLsf] c+usf ¿kdf

;Lldt lyof] . d'n'sL P]gsf] b08;hfoFsf] dxndf afnaflnsfsf] kmf}hbf/L bfloTjsf ;DaGwdf

s]xL Joj:yf eP klg pgLx¿n] kmf}hbf/L ck/fw u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf ;'wf/sf] lgldQ s'g}

;+:yfut Joj:yf lyPg . g]kfndf klxnf]k6s afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* df ;'wf/sf]

cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsfnflu afn;'wf/u[xx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf

ul/Psf] xf] .

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM51

52

kl/R

5]b–

^ M

afn

Go

fo


dfly pNn]v ePsfdWo] v08 s / v df kg]{ afnaflnsfsfnflu g]kfndf Pp6f dfq}afn;'wf/u[x ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf]sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf Go"gtd ;'ljlwljxLg afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd -o';]k_ g]kfnn];fgf]l7dLdf ;~rfng u/]sf] afn;'wf/u[xdf plNnlvt v08 s / v >]0fLdf kg]{afnaflnsf /fVgsf nflu sf/fuf/ Joj:yfkg ljefu;Fu klg ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] 5 .afn;'wf/u[xdf clxn] d'n'se/sf Goflos lgsfodf d'2f ljrf/fwLg /x]sf / Gofloslgsfoaf6 ;hfo tf]lsPsf afnaflnsf /flvPsf 5g\ .

lj=;+= @)^# h]7 @^ b]lv c;f/ % ut];Ddsf] cjlwdf ;fgf]l7dLl:yt afn;'wf/u[xdf %! hgf afnaflnsf /x]sf lyP .

d'2fsf cfwf/df afn;'wf/u[xdf /flvPsf afnaflnsfdWo] ;a}eGbf w]/}nfO{ rf]/L - #!k|ltzt_, To;kl5 ;fj{hlgs ck/fw -@) k|ltzt_, st{Jo Hofg / Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u-!& k|ltzt_ tyf anfTsf/sf] -!$ k|ltzt_ d'2fdf sf/afxL rnfOPsf] 5 .

afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf $@ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZostfcg';f/ afn;'wf/u[xsf] :yfkgf ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf]] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @ cg';f/ To:tf afnu[xx?dfb]xfosf >]0fLsf afnaflnsfx? /flvg]5g\ M-s_ s'g} s;'/sf] cleof]u nfuL d'2fsf] txlssft jf k'k{Ifsf] lgldQ k|rlnt

sfg'gadf]lhd y'gfdf a:g'kg]{ afns,-v_ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd s}bsf] ;hfo“ kfPsf]df ;f] adf]lhd s}bdf hfg'kg]{

afns,-u_ nfu"cf}ifwsf] s'ntdf nfu]sf] afns,-3_ afa'cfdf jf 3/kl/jf/af6 efuL lx“8\g] u/]sf] afns,-ª_ cg}lts jf cjf~5gLo lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?;“u ;+ut ug]{ jf To:tf

JolQmx¿sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;l/s x'g] jf ltgLx?sf] cfDbfgLdf cfl>t /xg]afns,

-r_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] juL{s/0fsf afnsx?,

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM52

53

kl/R5]b–^ M afn

–Gofo


!= rf]/L, 8s}tL / /xhgL #!

@= ;fj{hlgs ck/fw @)

#= st{Jo Hofg !&

$= anfTsf/ !$

%= nfu"kbfy{ k|of]u / a]rlavg ^

^= r]nLa]6L a]rlvg !

&= cGo %

tflnsf ^=!d'2fsf] lsl;dsf cfwf/df sfg'gsf] ;Dks{df cfPsf afnaflnsf

qm=;+= d'2fsf] lsl;d k|ltzt

pd]/sf cfwf/df x]bf{ !$ jif{d'lgsf @! k|ltzt, !%-!^ jif{sf $^ k|ltzt, !&–!*jif{sf % k|ltzt / pd]/ gv'n]sf] pNn]v ePsf @* k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

o:t} hfltut cfwf/df afn;'wf/u[xdf /x]sf afnaflnsfdWo] cflbjf;L hghflt;d"xsf ;a}eGbf w]/} 5g\ eg] To;kl5 afx'gIf]qL;d"xsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof b]lvG5 .

!= cflbjf;L hghflt %%

@= afx'gIf]qL #)

#= blnt !!

$= dw];L $

hDdf !))

tflnsf ^=@hfltut cfwf/df sfg'gsf] ;Dks{df cfPsf afnaflnsf

qmd;+Vof hfthflt k|ltzt

;|f]t M

;|f]t M

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM53

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM54

kl/R5]b–&

afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogsf lglDt ;/sf/n] ljleGg ;+:yfut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;df

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnodf afn tyf dlxnf ljsf; zfvfsf] :yfkgf, dlxnf,

afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf / s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf afn sNof0f

;ldltx¿sf] u7g k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)%& df ul7t /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]udf

afnaflnsf;DaGwL 5'§} zfvf vf]lnPsf] 5 .

o;}u/L afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug{sfnflu b;jif]{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf

th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsfnflu

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno ;Dks{ dGqfnosf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #@ df s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltsf]

u7gsf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf ## df afnsNof0f clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQmsf]

Joj:yf 5 . d'n'ssf ;a} lhNnfdf lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltx¿ u7g ul/Psf 5g\ .

afnclwsf/ ;+/If0fsfnflu ;+:yfut k|of;x?

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM55

56

kl/R

5]b–

& M

afn

clw

sf/

;+/I

f0fs

fnflu

;+:y

fut

k|of;

x?


afnclwsf/sf ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /fHokIfaf6 ug{'kg]{ sfo{sf nflu ;Dks{ laGb'sf¿kdf s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnf afnsNof0f;ldltx¿nfO{ lhNnf:t/Lo ;Dks{ laGb'sf ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f;ldltsf] clwsf/If]qdf afnaflnsf;“+u ;DalGwt ;afndf ;dGjo, cg'udg /d"Nof+sg kb{5g\ .

/fli6«o sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf]];dGjo, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg Joj:yf M/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, ljz]ifu/L jflif{s / cfjlws of]hgf th'{df /sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;a} ;Da4 dGqfnox¿sf] ;jf]{Rr ;dGjosf/L c+ux'g]5 . To;sf/0f of] s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsfnfluhafkmb]xL x'g'kb{5 .

s]Gb|Lo :t/df dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno / s]Gb|Loafn sNof0f ;ldltn] ;+o'Qm¿kdf ;Da4 dGqfnox¿, lgsfox¿ / ljsf;sf;fem]bf/x¿;“u of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;dGjo ug]{5g\ . tyflks]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltdf o; sfo{sf] a9L bfloTj /xg]5 . To;}u/LlhNnf:t/sf dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltcGtu{tsf sfof{no jf ;ldltx¿n] cfkm\gf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog;“u;“u} lhNnf:t/sf of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo, cg'udg/ d"Nof+sgug]{5g\ . of] Wofg lbg h?/L 5 ls s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltn] sfo{qmdsf]sfof{Gjogdf eGbf a9L ;dGjo, ;xhLs/0f, cg'udg / d"Nof+sgdf cfkm\gf]e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . /fli6«o:t/df dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno;Dks{ dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt s]Gb|laGb' x'g]5g\ . lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt lhNnf:t/df ;Dks{ laGb' x'g]5 . ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltx¿ / gu/kflnsfx¿ UffpF / gu/:t/df s]Gb|laGb'sf ¿kdf ljsl;t jf ;'b[9 ul/g]5 .o;sf cltl/Qm afnSnax¿ jf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;fy;fy} afnclwsf/ s]lGb|t u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] 5'§} sfo{;~hfnnfO{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsfl;nl;nfdf kx/]bf/sf ¿kdf sfd ug]{ u/L ljsl;t ul/g]5 . To:t} oL b'j};d"xsf] ;+o'Qm kx/]bf/ jf bafa ;d"xsf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . oL ;a};d"xx¿ ufpF:t/b]lv /fli6«o:t/;Dd lgdf{0f÷;'b[9 x'g]5g\ .

;|f]t M dlGqkl/ifb\af6 @)^! d+l;/ # ut] :jLs[tafnaflnsfsfnflu b;jif]{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -@)^!_

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM56

57

kl/R5]b–&

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book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM57

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM58

REFERENCES

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM59

60

kl/R

5]b–

$ M

;fd

flhs

;]jfd

f kx

'“r


!= An increasing wave (migration of Nepalese children to India in the

context of Nepal’s armed conflict), a research report, CCWB and

Save the Children alinace, Kathmandu, 2005.

@= An assessment of the implementation of the tenth plan NPC 2005

#= Facts on child labour and dalit community, Cwin – 2006

$= Give us a chance (2004), Save the Children Norway – Nepal, Lalitpur,

Nepal.

%= http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/

Globassessment/Global7-2.htm, Access date, 13 August 2006.

^= Immunization Atlas of Nepal 2005 WHO/HMG and CORE

&= IPEC, Internal Trafficking Among Children and Youth Engaged in

Prostitution, International Programme on the Elimination of Child

Labour (IPEC), ILO, Geneva, 2002.

*= Lutheran World Federation Nepal, Annual Report 2002

(= Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2001.

!)= Population census 1991 and 2001 CBS.

!!= Population Census 2001, CBS Vol 1 National Report, table 10.

!@= Population Census 1991, vol 1, Part X table 31.

!#= Populatiohn Monograph of Nepal Vol II CBS 2003

!$= Poverty trends in Nepal, CBS 2005

!%= Sita Ghimire “Child Rights Protection” an unpublished paper

presented at a Training head by CCWB, 2006

!^= Tritha Bahadur Manandhar and Krishna Prasad Shrestha – Population

Growth and Educational Development.

!&= World population data sheet 1991 and 2001.

!*= s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltsf] lhNnf cg'udg ;"rsf+ssf] ljZn]if0f, @)^#!(= s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt, ;8s afnaflnsfsf] cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^#

-ck|sflzt_@)= ckfË cfjfh dfl;s, @)^# k"0ff{Í %#@!= cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)^@÷)^# cy{dGqfno@@= cgj/t ;+3if{, ;]e b lrN8«]g PnfoG; gj]{, nlntk'/, g]kfn .@#= dfgj a]rljvg -ljz]ifu/L dlxnf / afnaflnsf_== k|ltj]bg, -@)^#_ /fli6«o

dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u÷r]nLa]6L cf];f/k;f/ tyf a]rgljvglj?4 /fli6«o;dflwIfssf] sfof{nosf], nlntk'/, g]kfn .

@$= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf g]kfn4f/f k|:t't k|f/lDes / bf];|f]k|ltj]bgdf ;dfkg l6Kk0fL, -@)^#_, s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt / ;]e blrN8«]g gj]{, k'Nrf]s nlntk'/ .

@%= afnaflnsf cem} pk]lIft -@)^#_, afnaflnsf zflGtIf]q /fli6«o cleofgsf];lrjfno, nlntk'/, g]kfn .

@^= s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt -@)^#_ ck|sflzt k|ltj]bg

book.pmd 2/20/2007, 2:33 AM60

The State of Children of Nepal - ccwb.gov.np

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Transcript of The State of Children of Nepal - ccwb.gov.np