The State and Trends in the Voluntary Carbon Market
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Transcript of The State and Trends in the Voluntary Carbon Market
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The State and Trends in the Voluntary Carbon Market
Dan Barry, Arreon CarbonNovember 19, 2007
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Voluntary Market
The voluntary market is the trading of carbon credits outside of compliance schemes (i.e. Kyoto’s CDM, EU ETS etc.)
Desire to participate in the absence of a formal framework
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Voluntary Market at A Glance• Demand generally fueled by;
– CSR, – voluntarily reducing carbon footprints, or – preemption of a compliance market
• Based almost exclusively on project-based credits
• No umbrella regulator– Many standards– Higher quality standard = higher price
• In comparison with compliance markets, voluntary markets are less mature and trade in lower volumes
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Key Market Statistics• By end of Q3 2007, traded approx.
55 million tonnes of CO2e– More than double the volume traded in
all of 2006• U.S. markets represents approx. 60%
of all traded volumes• Prices range from 2-16 USD per
tonne of CO2
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Historically Traded Volumes
Source: New Energy Finance/Point Carbon
01020304050607080
Pre 2002 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007(expect)
tonn
es o
f CO2
(millio
ns)
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Voluntary Transactions by Project Type
Energy Efficiency 5%
Forestry 33%
Renewables33%
IndustrialGas 20%
Methane3%
Mixed/Other3%
Source: New Carbon Finance
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The Traded Commodity• More flexible than Kyoto-based markets
– Demand for credits, not regulatory policy, creates the commodity• Most commonly traded voluntary credit is the “Verified
Emission Reduction” or VER– Credit that has already been generated– Verified by a third party standards body– Similar to CER, but does not require UN certification
• Other types– UN certified CERs– Prospective Emission Reductions (PERs)
• Transaction settled before ERs are delivered (not in forward contracts)
• Typically used for forestry projects– Emission Reductions (ERs)
• Credits that have been generated but have not been verified
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VER vs. CER• CER is CER, VER is not a VER
– There is one type of CER, assessed and certified by the UN
– There are many types of VERs, assessed and verified by different bodies
• VER requires marketing and packaging– a CER is generally used for Kyoto
compliance, VERs are used for other reasons
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The Link Between Quality & Price• Wide price range: $2-16 USD• Credits that are assessed according to more
stringent standards are sold for higher prices• Credits that are better marketed are sold for
higher prices• What determines quality of projects?
– Project Type – Project Location– Additionality– Transparency– Environmental co-benefits– Social co-benefits– Reputation of Seller
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Prices By Project Type
• The Chicago Climate Exchange, the largest voluntary climate exchange – Historical price range $1.50 - $ 4.00– Nov 15 price: $2.05
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Registries and Standards• Under CDM, UN acts as standard and registry• Role of a standard
– Sets assessment guidelines/regulations• Role of a registry
– Manages the movement of credits– Assures that one credit is not sold to two owners
• For VERs, without UN regulation, different standards and registries have been created to fill this role– Each has different regulations
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Creating the Commodity: Key Market Standards
Standard Name
Sponsor Volume Certified
Project Types
Additionality Requirement
Registry
Gold Standard Gold Standard Organiz.
350,000 Renewable energy, Energy efficiency
Same as UN Gold Standard database
VER+ TUV SUD 383,932 Any except nuclear and large hydro
Same as UN Blue Registry
Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS)
IETA, Climate Group, World Economic Forum
1,860,000 15 specific categories
Includes performance standards, barrier analysis
TBD
Voluntary 0ffset Standard (VOS)
Int’l Carbon Investor Services
Not available Any except nuclear, HFC-23, large hydro
Same as UN n/a
Community Climate Biodiversity (CCBA)
CARE, Nature Conservatory, Rainforest Alliance, others
45,695 Land use, land use change, forestry
Various, financial, political barriers, common practice, etc
CCBA database
Carbon FinancialInstrument
Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX)
15,000,000 Methane, soil, forestry, renewables
Performance standards, barrier analysis
CCXSource: Point Carbon
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Gold Standard• Markets itself has most stringent VER
standard• Similar to EB CDM guidance• Requires additional environmental and
stakeholder assessment screens• Explicitly bans certain project types (i.e.
forestry)• Most projects cannot meet these standards
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VER+• Sponsored by TÜV SÜD• Additionality/baseline requirements
set according to CDM methodologies• Projects after 2000 qualify• Credits are recorded in TÜV SÜD’s
Blue Registry
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Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS)• Sponsored by the Climate Group, IETA,
World Economic Forum• Version 1+2 guidelines have been released
(final version expected to be published this week)
• Credits must be “real, quantifiable, additional and permanent project-based emission reductions”
• Credits are placed into VCS registry
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The Chicago Climate Exchange• Based in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.• Voluntary, legally binding cap and trade
system– Members pledge to reduce emissions– Trades “CFI”
• Allocated to members• Project based projects can become CFIs
• Current Price around $2 USD• End of Q2 07, CCX traded 26.3 million tonnes
of CO2e
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Preferred Standards/ Certification Procedures
Source: Ecosystem Marketplace and NCF Survey
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Voluntary Market:Opportunities for Project Owners • Provides alternative revenue source for
emissions reducing projects when…– CDM projects start generating electricity
before they are registered– Projects do not have an approved CDM
methodology– Projects are otherwise not eligible for CDM
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Voluntary Market:Opportunities for Project Owners
Source: Ecosystem Marketplace and NCF Survey
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Voluntary Market:Opportunities for Project Owners • Increase awareness and understanding;
– When VERs are relevant to their project– How to maximise the value of their VERs
• Early stage development• Price expectations• Project packaging
– How the voluntary market differs from the Kyoto market
• What drives the voluntary market?
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Voluntary Market:Interaction with the Aggregators • More so than CDM, need aggregators to
access the tailored transaction market– Forward purchasing contracts– Brokerage agreements
Source: Ecosystem Marketplace and NCF Survey
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Benefits of Voluntary Markets?
Desire to participate in the absence of a formal framework
Source: Ecosystem Marketplace and NCF Survey
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Benefits of Voluntary Markets• Sectors which practically can’t be
capped– Services sectors, individuals etc.
• Prior to an obligatory scheme– Experience / capacity building (Gov. and
industry)– Early action credit– Hybrid markets (e.g. Japan)
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Arreon Carbon• Specialises in the origination and
delivery of Chinese VERs and CERs• Over one hundred emission
reduction projects in a variety of technology areas
• Financially backed by Credit Suisse International and Mandra Group