The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Reformation

Chapter 5, Section 4

Effects of Protestantism

• What was the Peace of Augsburg?– 1555– Allowed worship of

either Catholicism or Lutheranism in Germany

• A rise in Protestantism meant no more Christian unity

The Zwinglian Reformation• Ulrich Zwingli – a priest in

Zurich – introduced a new form of worship

• All relics and decorations were removed from churches

• Replaced mass with prayer, scripture reading

• Ulrich was killed in battle vs Catholic states in 1531– John Calvin took over

Calvin and Calvinism• John Calvin agreed with

Martin Luther in most areas• Differed with belief of

predestination– God determined in advance

who would be saved and who would be condemned

• Created a powerful religious city in Geneva

• By mid 1500s, Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism

The Reformation in England• Politics vs Religion• King Henry VIII wanted to get

an annulment (divorce) from his first wife

• Thomas Cramer, head of the highest church court in England, said “yes” in May 1533

• Act of Supremacy of 1534 made the King head of the Church of England

• Still followed mostly Catholic teachings

England cont’d• Following his death in

1547, 9 year old Edward VI became ruler and the church moved in a more Protestant direction

• When Mary (Catholic) took over in 1553, she had 300 Protestants burned to death, earning her the nickname “Bloody Mary”

• England continued to turn Protestant (called Anglican)

The Anabaptists

• Wanted government out of religion

• Considered all Christians equals and chose their own minister from the community

• Baptized as adults not infants– This separated them

from Catholics and other Protestants

Roles of Women…Changing?

• Families are now the center of human life• Women are still expected to do two things– Obey the husband– Bear children

The Catholic Response

• Three important things:• Ignatius of Loyola brings

together the Jesuits– Spread Catholic message

in Germany and eastern Europe

• Papacy is reformed– Removed themselves

from political affairs• Council of Trent

reformed Roman Catholic guidelines