THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN EAST ASIA
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THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN EAST
ASIAJAPAN, KOREA AND VIETNAM IN
THE POST-CLASSICAL AGE
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GEOGRAPHY INFLUENCES HISTORY
• Relative Location– Korea, Vietnam border China– Japan located off coast of East Asia
• Physical Characteristics– Korea, Vietnam
• Mountainous, cut by river valleys• Population located on plains
– Japan• Volcanic islands, very mountainous• Deep valleys with plains
• Demography– Populace generally heavy on plains– Rice was principal crop– Cities exist but rarer than China
• Cities: centers of Chinese culture• Countryside: resistant to Sinification
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THE CONFUCIAN WORLD
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KOREA: THE BRIDGE• Korea in the Ancient and Classical Periods
– Influenced by developments in China– Chinese armies invaded periodically– Chinese established control of parts of Korea– Nomadic invasions frequent– Fall of Han left regional Korean aristocrats in control
• Korean History 669 – 1392 C.E. – Tang armies conquered much of Korea
• Silla dynasty allied with Tang, ruled peninsula • Entered into a tributary relationship with China
– Song replaced Tang• Koguryo conquered Silla in 935, ruled to 1392
• China's influence in Korea – Sinification = becoming Chinese– Koreans borrowed what was useful, unavoidable; avoided what was not– Tributary embassies included Korean royal officials and scholars – Silla kings built new capital at Kumsong modeled on the Tang capital
• Older Traditions– Ancestor worship strong in Korean society– Korean officials trained in Confucian ideas during Han, Tang but not as strong
• Newer Traditions– Korean elite turned to Neo-Confucianism– Peasants turned to Chan Buddhism
• Difference from China: aristocracy and royal houses dominated Korea
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VIETNAM: A BORDER STATE• Nam Viet people originated in Southern China
– Rise of Han and southern settlement of Chinese pushed Viet out– Viet migrated into Red River Valley, down coast fighting local inhabitants
• Vietnam under Chinese rule to c. 983 CE– Han first conquered Northern Vietnam in 111 BCE
• Viet elites adopted Chinese agriculture, schools, thought; intermarried• Massive migration of Chinese official, scholars, bureaucrats to Vietnam
– Trung sisters led revolt against Chinese rule (40 – 43 CE)• Peasants resented Chinese influence, role of towns, cities• 1,000 year struggle for independence• Relationship often tributary to China
• Independent Vietnam (c. 983 CE)– Ruled by Dynasties, capital moved between Hanoi, Hue– Constant pressure against hill peoples, pushing south
• Difference from China – Role of village equal to role of family in China– Few cities; village dominate countryside, elders ran villages– Many Vietnamese retained their religious traditions – Women played more prominent roles in Vietnam
• Could be head of households, own land, engage openly in business• Were often leaders of villages and even at national level
• Chinese influence in Vietnam limited to the elite • Elites adopted bureaucracy, form of state, emperorship, Confucianism• Adopted Chinese script, literary and artistic models• Mahayana Buddhism (although region is Theravada) also arrived• Irrigation and water control techniques
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EARLY JAPAN• Ancient Japan
– Earliest inhabitants were nomadic Caucasians (Ainu) from Northeast Asia– Japanese related to Koreans, migrated into islands, pushed Ainu north
• Ruled by several dozen states dominate by clans, 1st millennium BCE• Shinto: Ancestor veneration with deification of nature, spirits (kami)
• Nara Japan (710-794 C.E.) – Inspired by Tang, Yamato clan claimed imperial authority
• The imperial court modeled on that of the Tang • Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 C.E., modeled on Chang'an• Prince Shotoku wrote first Japanese constitution
– Adopted Confucianism and Buddhism, but maintained Shinto • Heian Japan (794-1185 C.E.)
– Moved to new capital Heian (modern Kyoto) in 794 – Japanese emperors as ceremonial figureheads and symbols of authority
• Effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara family • Emperor did not rule• Lived in splendid isolation along with court elite• Effected by bureaucrats, complex etiquette
– Chinese learning dominated Japanese education, culture • The Tale of Genji• Women contributed most to Japanese literature and writing
• Decline of Heian Japan – Equal-field system began to fail– Aristocratic clans accumulated lands
• Rivalry between court nobility and landed aristocracy • Taira and Minamoto, the two most powerful clans, engaged in wars • The clan leader of the victorious Minamoto claimed the title of shogun
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MEDIEVAL JAPAN• Japanese feudalism
– Called the Shogunate Period • Military dictators ruled, Emperors reigned in splendid isolation• Government was centralized feudalism
– Countryside divided up into fiefs– Daimyo appointed by the shoguns– Adopted Neo-Confucianism as state philosophy
• Provincial lords controlled Japan– Called Daimyo, vied for power against each other– Constant war to increase personal power, wealth, fiefs
– Kamakura Period (1185-1333 C.E.)– Muromachi Period (1336-1573 C.E.)
• The Samurai – The lowest class of aristocratic nobility
• Professional warriors of provincial lords • Observed samurai code called bushido• Valued loyalty, military talent, and discipline; traded military skills for food • To preserve their honor, engaged in ritual suicide called seppuku
• Japanese Women– Legendary founder of Japan, Yamato clan was sun goddess, Amaterasu – Under Heian
• They were the cultural elite with elaborate rituals including dress• Had great influence, including several empresses
– Under Shogunate• Lost considerable influence as Neo-Confucianism introduced, warfare spread• Could still be samurai and fight but patriarchal society• Shinto was also male dominated and included ancestor worship
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FIEFS OF FEUDAL JAPAN