The Sport Team As an Effective Group Mark A. Eys, Shauna M. Burke, Paul Dennis, and Blair Evans...
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Transcript of The Sport Team As an Effective Group Mark A. Eys, Shauna M. Burke, Paul Dennis, and Blair Evans...
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Sport Team As an Effective Group Mark A. Eys, Shauna M. Burke, Paul Dennis,
and Blair Evans
Chapter 7
“I can tell you one thing, and this is the great thing about this team: no matter how many good players we’ve got, the team spirit is unbelievable. We are like a family and every time we come here, we are not even thinking about who is going to play the game. It’s all about whoever is on the pitch just giving everything.”
Belgian fullback Vincent Kompany
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Introduction
• Membership and involvement in a group is a fundamental characteristic of our society• Each of us interacts daily with
numerous other people in group settings • Family, work, social situations, sport
teams
• We exert influence on other people in groups and, in turn, those groups and their members have an influence on us
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Nature of Sport Groups
“Every group is like all other groups, like some other groups, and like no other group.”
- Carron & Hausenblas
• Groups are simultaneously common and unique
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Definition of Sport Groups (Teams)
“A collection of two or more individuals who possess a common identity, have common goals and objectives, share a common fate, exhibit structured patterns of interaction and modes of communication, hold common perceptions about group structure, are personally and instrumentally interdependent, reciprocate interpersonal attraction, and consider themselves to be a group.”
- Carron & Eys (1998)
Definitional Categories for Groups
1. Common identity2. Common goals or objectives3. Common fate4. Structured pattern of
interaction5. Group structure6. Personal and task
interdependence7. Interpersonal attraction
GROUPNESS
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Group Cohesion• Cohesion is the most important small
group variable • Need a sense of “we”• It is multidimensional • Why a group sticks together and remains
“united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs” – Carron, Brawley, and Widmeyer
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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Cohesion Depends on Perception• Perception can come from a group’s members or other
groups• Unity within a group manifests in two principal ways:
in relation to the group’s task and in terms of the social aspects of the unit• Additionally, cohesion for individuals depends on:• Group integration – Each individual’s perceptions of the
group as a total unit, set, or collection• Individual attractions to the group – Each individual's
personal attractions to the group
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Group Cohesion
Task Social
Group
Integration
Group
Integration
Individual
Attractions to the Group
Individual
Attractions to the Group
Correlates of Cohesiveness
Personal Factors
Team Factors
Environmental Factors
Leadership Factors
Cohesion in
Sport Teams
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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Environmental Factors• Proximity• Individuals physically closer tend to bond together (locker
room, dorm, travel, classes, etc.)• Size• Moderate sized groups show greatest cohesion, and larger
and smaller groups exhibited the least (Inverted-U relationship)
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Personal Factors• Characteristics, beliefs, or behaviors of group
members• Satisfaction
• Comes from feeling valued and competent, social relations, recognition from others, relationship with coach, etc.
• Competitive state anxiety• Athletes who perceive their teams to be higher in task
cohesion experience less cognitive anxiety• Social loafing
• Individuals tend to decrease the amount of effort they expend when completing a group task compared to the amount of effort expended when alone
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Leadership factors• Interrelationships among the coach, the athlete,
cohesiveness, and performance are complex• Some coaching factors can influence the level of
cohesion:• Decision style• Stronger cohesion when team members
are allowed to participate in decision making
Team Factors
•Cohesion is influenced by:• Structural characteristics• Roles and norms
• Processes that take place between group members • Group goals, communication
• Group performance outcomes
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Education.
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Team Factors: Roles• A set of behaviors that are expected from
the occupants of specific positions within the group• Formal roles• Explicitly set up by the group,
individuals are trained for these roles• Coach, team captain, and manager
• Informal roles• The result of the interactions that take
place among group members, not assigned• Leader, task booster, enforcer, mentor,
team clown, etc.
Role Clarity vs. Ambiguity• Role ambiguity• Lack of clear consistent information regarding one’s role
• To prevent ambiguity, athletes must understand the major aspects of their role:
1. Scope of responsibilities2. Behaviors necessary to successfully fulfill role responsibilities3. How role performance will be evaluated4. Consequences of unfulfilled role responsibilities
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Role Acceptance
• The whole team needs to be on the same page with respect to their collective goal• The individual athlete will better understand
their role responsibilities• Everyone on the team needs to fulfill their
role so they team can succeed
• To encourage role acceptance, coaches should minimize the status differences among roles
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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Other Role Elements• Elements of role involvement that are important to
group environment and contributors to cohesiveness• Role efficacy• Athlete’s beliefs about capabilities to carry out role
responsibilities• Role conflict• Athlete’s perceptions of incongruent expectations
• Role overload• Athlete has too many role expectations
• Role satisfaction• How happy the athlete is with their given role(s)
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Team Factors: Norms• Standard for behavior that is expected of members of
the group• May be task irrelevant or task relevant
• Reflects the group's consensus about behaviors that are considered acceptable
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Norms (cont.)
• Four contexts in which norms exist• Competition• Practice• Off-season• Socially
• Important norms within those contexts:
Put maximum effort toward task
Support each other Continue training and
maintain contactAttend social eventsRespect for each other
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Relationship Between Group Norms and Group Cohesiveness
Development of norms
Development of cohesiveness
STABILITY
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Team Factors: Group Processes• Group processes• Establish group goals and rewards• Communication • Circular relationship to cohesiveness
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Team Factor: Performance Outcome• Cohesiveness contributes to performance success,
and performance success increases cohesiveness• Task cohesion AND social cohesion
Team Building
• Strategies to help members work together more effectively• Provides meaningful experiences
that lead to a greater sense of unity• Use team building for both task and
social purposes• Might be direct or indirect
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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Team Building Approach• The Spink and Carron approach • An indirect intervention process
1. Introductory stage2. Conceptual stage3. Practical stage4. Intervention stage
• Steps 1-3 occur during coach-sport psychology specialist interactions• Coach learns about group dynamics
and preps strategies to develop cohesion within his or her team
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Stages of Team Building• Introduction stage• Sport psychologist provides a brief overview of the
general benefits of group cohesion• Conceptual stage• Sport psychologist teaches coach about the various
components of the team building protocol • Helps coach identify key areas to focus efforts
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Stages of Team Building (cont.)
• Practical stage• Coaches engage in an interactive brainstorming session• Generate specific team building strategies
• Coach must be involved because:a) Personality and preferenceb) What is effective with one group may be
ineffective with another groupc) Controls protocol, which increases
investment
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Additional Team Building Approaches• Personal-Disclosure Mutual-Sharing intervention
(PDMS)• Sport psychology specialists ask team members to write a
passage that answers a personal question about their sport involvement • The specialist leads a team meeting where members read
their passage aloud• Demands a high level of responsibility to ensure that the
statements remain confidential
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Additional Team Building Approaches• Mastery Approach to Coaching (MAC)• Ideal for youth sport settings• MAC protocol for team building is based on the expectation
that positive and task-oriented coaching behaviors enable positive group environments
Additional Team Building Approaches• Sport psychology specialists might include athletes as
active contributors to team building strategies
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McGraw-Hill Education.