The Spice Trade - McGraw-Hill · PDF fileThe new route finally opened up the spice trade ......

Expository Text

PAIREDREAD A Clean Sweep

The Spice Trade

by David Murphy

Program: CR 14 Component: LR G6U6W1-OPDFVendor: Learning Media Level: 60

CV_CR14_LR_G06_U6W1L60_O_119209.indd 3CV_CR14_LR_G06_U6W1L60_O_119209.indd 3 9/03/12 10:17 AM9/03/12 10:17 AM

STRATEGIES & SKILLS

ComprehensionStrategy: Ask and

Answer QuestionsSkill: Main Idea and

Key Details

Vocabulary StrategyLatin Roots

Vocabularycommodity, distribution, dominant, edible, impenetrable, ornate, replenished, significant

Content Standards Social StudiesEconomics

Photography Credit: Sydney James/Digital Vision/Getty Images

**The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in captions, labels, diagrams, charts, and sidebars are not included.

Word Count: 2,379**

A


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Send all inquiries to:McGraw-Hill EducationTwo Penn PlazaNew York, New York 10121

ISBN: 978-0-02-119209-0MHID: 0-02-119209-X

Printed in the United States.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC 15 14 13 12 11 10

IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U6W1L60_O_119209.indd 2IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U6W1L60_O_119209.indd 2 12/03/12 9:43 AM12/03/12 9:43 AM

PAIREDREAD

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Chapter 1A Reason for Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Chapter 2The Fight for Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Chapter 3The Demand for Spices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Respond to Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

A Clean Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Focus on Social Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Essential QuestionHow have people used natural resources?

The Spice Trade

by David Murphy


001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W1L60_O_119209.indd 1001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W1L60_O_119209.indd 1 9/03/12 10:20 AM9/03/12 10:20 AM

People today do not think much about an everyday food item such as pepper. It is available everywhere and is used in many of our meals. Centuries ago, however, pepper and other spices were very rare and were valued as highly as gold.

These days we spend huge amounts of money searching for natural resources such as oil and minerals. In the past people spent similar amounts searching for natural resources that included pepper and cloves. Spices were so valuable that explorers searched far beyond the known world for them. Some were even willing to risk their lives.

Spices are a good example of how the demand for natural resources can have huge effects on people all over the world, and even on the course of history. This impact is controlled by three significant principles: supply (the amount available), demand (the amount people want), and price (how much people pay).

Introduction

Spices that were once as valuable as gold can now be found on supermarket shelves.


2 Ryan

McV

ay/P

hoto

disc

/Get

ty Im

ages


QUANTITY

Demand

PRIC

E

Supply

You have probably experienced these principles before. For example, when the latest cell phone comes out, there are not enough new models to go around. There is a lot of demand, but supplies are low, so prices are high. Not as many people want the old model anymore. There is more supply than demand for the old model, so its price is lower.

Often there is a balance between the supply of something and the demand for it. Prices settle to a level that is good for both the supplier and the buyer. The history of the spice trade demonstrates how these ideas of supply and demand work.

SUPPLY AND DEMAND

The price of an item becomes balanced when the supply and the demand for it intersect.


3


Spices are a natural resource. They usually grow on trees or bushes in hot, tropical climates. Some spices are seeds, some are roots of plants, and others come from tree bark.

The use of spices extends a long way back in history. Around 2600 b.c .e., the Egyptians fed spices to the people who were building the great pyramids. They thought the spices would give the workers strength.

Spices were also the reason behind some of history’s greatest explorations. These explorations include the first voyage around the southernmost point of Africa, the first voyage around the world, and Christopher Columbus’s journey to the Americas.

How did spices become so important? The best way to answer that question is to learn about the origins of spices.

Black pepper starts as tiny berries that are then dried.

C H A P T E R O N E

A Reason for Discovery

Black pepper starts as tiny berries that are then dried.

C H A P T E R ON E


4 Eyes

Wid

e O

pen/

Gett

y Im

ages

New

s/Ge

tty

Imag

es


The main source of spices used to be what were known as the Spice Islands. This group of islands is now part of Indonesia. Another source was Calicut, which is on the southwest coast of India. Calicut’s hot and humid climate makes it ideal for growing the pepper plant.

It is likely that merchants from India and the Spice Islands brought the first spices to the Middle East. To do this, they undertook dangerous voyages in oceangoing canoes, crossing the Indian Ocean to land on the northeast coast of Africa. In what is now Somalia, they unloaded pepper, cloves, nutmeg, mace, and ginger. From there, these spices traveled north to Egypt. Traders also made long overland journeys by camel to get to Turkey.

EUROPE

AFRICA

EGYPTINDIA

INDIANOCEAN

SOMALIA

SPICEISLANDS

ASIATURKEY

ROUTES FROM THE SPICE ISLANDS

TO EGYPT AND EUROPE


5

Mou

ntai

n H

igh

Map

s/D

igita

l Wisd

om


One estimate of the cost of spices is based on the earnings of a s killed bu ilder a round 2 45 C.E. The builder w ould h ave h ad t o w ork fo r 5 ,000 d ays t o earn en ough t o buy o ne pou nd of g inger. Th at i s almost 1 9 y ears of w ork! By 1 875, i t w ould h ave taken t he sa me bu ilder j ust o ver o ne d ay t o e arn enough t o buy t he sa me a mount .

After the arrival of spices in the Middle East, the cities of Alexandria in Egypt and Constantinople (now called Istanbul) in Turkey became the main centers for the spice trade. From these cities, traders carried spices throughout North Africa and the Middle East, and into Europe.

Demand from European customers for these precious natural resources was especially strong. Arab traders in North Africa and the Middle East benefited from this demand. By carefully controlling supplies, they kept prices high.

During the Middle Ages, from around 500 to 1500 c .e., robbers, poor roads, and slow transportation made trade between Europe and the Middle East difficult. Then in 1453, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople. This closed off the only overland trade route to Europe. It became even more difficult to bring spices to Europe.

HOW EXPENSIVE WERE SPICES?


6 Sydn

ey Ja

mes

/Dig

ital V

ision

/Get

ty Im

ages


ATLANTICOCEAN

INDIANOCEAN

AFRICA

INDIA

Calicut

Lisbon

AATLANTICOOCEAEE N

INDIAANOCEAEE N

AFRICCAFRAFRA R ICRAA R A

II DDNDNDI A

CaalicutCa

bonLisbonsbon

After the overland route closed, the only route to Europe for spices was by sea. Because the city of Venice in Italy controlled the shipping routes, it had complete control over the distribution of spices.

Because of this, the Spanish and Portuguese began to look for an alternative route from Europe to Asia. They financed several expeditions. These voyages were all failures until Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, on the southern tip of Africa, and reached India in 1498.

The new route finally opened up the spice trade to competition. Portuguese explorers returned from Asia with their ships filled with spices. In the Portuguese city of Lisbon, the price of pepper fell to one-fifth the price paid in Venice!

DA GAMA’S ROUTE TO INDIA, 1498

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama’s dangerous voyage by sea to India in 1498 took ten months.


7(l) M

ount

ain

Hig

h M

aps/

Dig

ital W

isdom

, (r)

Leem

age/

Univ

ersa

l Im

ages

Gro

up/G

etty

Imag

es


Portugal was in control of the spice route to the east, but other countries had been looking for their own route to the spice suppliers. An Italian explorer named Christopher Columbus believed that it was possible to reach India by sailing to the west. In 1485, Spain’s rulers agreed to finance his voyage because they were determined to gain control of the spice trade.

Seven years later, Columbus set sail from the coast of Spain. On October 12, 1492, he reached the Bahamas in the Caribbean Sea. He was convinced that he had arrived in the Far East. Columbus returned to Spain without any spices, but he had discovered lands new to the Europeans.

C H A P T E R T WO

The Fight for Control

COLUMBUS’S VOYAGE, 1492

Christopher Columbus named the island where he landed San Salvador and claimed it for Spain.

NORTHATLANTIC

OCEAN

NORTHAMERICA

SOUTHAMERICA

AFRICABAHAMAS

SPAIN


8

Mou

ntai

n H

igh

Map

s/D

igita

l Wisd

om


SPANISH SPHERE

PORTUGUESESPHERE

HHPANISH SPPHERESP

ORTUTORTTTUTUOORTORPO TUGUESSESPHERSPSPPH RHERSPS HERE

Columbus’s stories of new, exotic lands made Spain even more eager to explore the world and expand its kingdom. Portugal, Spain’s rival, was still the dominant ocean explorer, but that position was under threat. In 1494, the two countries signed a treaty to avoid disputes over new territories.

The Treaty of Tordesillas created an imaginary line from north to south through the Atlantic Ocean. All lands discovered to the east of that line would belong to Portugal. Lands discovered to the west of the line would belong to Spain.

In 1522, the Spanish finally succeeded in their quest to find another route to the spice lands. In that year, its explorers circumnavigated the world. However, the expedition leader, Ferdinand Magellan, died before the journey ended. Three years after setting out with Magellan, Juan Sebastian del Cano arrived back in Spain with one ton of spices. The Spanish king awarded del Cano an ornate coat of arms.

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.


9Mou

ntai

n H

igh

Map

s/D

igita

l Wisd

om


I N D I A N O C E A N

AFRICAZANZIBAR

MADAGASCAR

RÉUNION

SEYCHELLES

I N D I A NO C E A N

A CF RICCAZANZIBAR

MMAM DAGASCAAR

RÉUNION

SEYCHELLESES

For much of the sixteenth century, Spain and Portugal continued to control the spice trade. Meanwhile another nation, the Netherlands, had become determined to break into the trade of these valuable natural resources.

In 1602, the Netherlands formed the Dutch East India Company (DEIC). Its goal was to control trade in Asia. By 1670, the DEIC had become the world’s richest corporation.

With thousands of ships and a huge workforce, the DEIC was the largest spice trader for more than a hundred years. Its trading brought great wealth to the Netherlands.

Then around 1770, a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre stole some clove seedlings. He planted them in the French colonies of Seychelles and Réunion, islands in the Indian Ocean, and in Zanzibar, another island off the eastern coast of Africa.

NEW SPICE PLANTATIONS


10 Mou

ntai

n H

igh

Map

s/D

igita

l Wisd

om


When the cloves that grew there became widely available, the Dutch monopoly was broken. These days more cloves are produced in Zanzibar than in Indonesia, where the plants originated.

The DEIC closed in 1799. By then, spices were being grown in large quantities all around the world. As more trade routes were created, special ships were built to sail them.

These ships were sleeker and safer than those of previous centuries, and they had larger holds. Captains replenished their supplies and returned home faster than ever before. Competition increased, and spice prices fell.

After such an exotic and adventurous start, spices are now regarded as an everyday commodity. They were once a luxury that was beyond the reach of most people, even in their wildest dreams. These days consumers can easily find spices in any supermarket.

At its peak, the Dutch East India Company had 50,000 employees and 200 ships, many of which were armed.


11The

Gran

ger C

olle

ctio

n, N

YC


Kings do not finance risky voyages, and explorers do not gamble their lives, without good reason. There was plenty of money to be made from supplying spices because at first the demand was so huge. What was the great appeal? Throughout history spices have been prized for religious, medical, monetary, and cooking purposes.

Spices in Religion

The Egyptians used cumin and cassia, a spice similar to cinnamon, when making mummies. In ancient Greece, spiced wine was believed to have many mystical properties.

Spices are still part of many religious ceremonies today. Turmeric is used in Hindu rituals and as a dye for holy robes. In Judaism, spices are used as part of the havdalah, or ending of the Sabbath ceremony.

When archaeologists opened Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen’s tomb, they found spices that had been there for more than 3,000 years .

C H A P T E R T H R E E

The Demand for Spices


12 Jim Z

ucke

rman

/CO

RBIS


Spices in Medicine

An Egyptian papyrus written around 1500 b.c .e. mentions spices used as medicines, including coriander and cumin.

Ancient Greek doctors used spices, too. They believed that the human body had four different moods, or humors. They thought that people became sick when their humors were out of balance.

Spices were thought to affect the humors, so they were used as medicines. Ginger was used to improve digestion. Mace was for stomach spasms. Nutmeg strengthened an organ called the spleen. Pepper was used in wine for treating coughs and colds.

There is little evidence that spices have any specific medical benefits. Even so, they are still used in some remedies today. For instance, in some Asian countries, pepper is used to treat problems involving digestion, coughs, breathing, and the heart. It has even been used to treat hair loss!

The ancient Greeks ate ginger wrapped in bread to improve digestion.


13C Sq

uare

d St

udio

s/Ph

otod

isc/G

etty

Imag

es


Spices as Money

Spices also have been used as a form of currency. In the Middle Ages, people used tiny dried peppercorns to buy goods and pay taxes and rents. The term “peppercorn rent” comes from this practice. Today, however, the term means exactly the opposite—practically free!

It seems peppercorns were still being used as money when the British warship the Mary Rose sank in 1545. When the ship was brought to the surface in the 1980s, archaeologists found peppercorns in the wreckage. The valuable spice probably belonged to officers who were planning to use it to buy goods when they went ashore.

The Mary Rose was buried in mud, which helped preserve much of its cargo, including peppercorns.


14 Epic

s/Hu

lton

Arch

ive/

Gett

y Im

ages


Spices in Cooking

Just as it is today, the main use for spices in cooking was to make food tastier and more edible. Strong spices such as mustard and ginger, for instance, were used to improve the taste of food that had been preserved in salt.

Pepper was also important in cooking. It has been used to flavor food in India for thousands of years. The epic poem The Mahabharata, which dates back to the fourth century b.c .e., includes descriptions of feasts seasoned with pepper.

Calicut has been an important spice-trading center for more than 500 years.


15Pier

re V

auth

ey/S

ygm

a/CO

RBIS


Saffron is a spice that comes from a flower

called the saffron crocus. It has been used

as a flavoring, natural dye, and perfume for

thousands of years. It is also the most expensive

spice in the world.

To make saffron, farmers harvest the flowers

when the petals are still closed. Then they take

the flowers to a warehouse for processing. The

stigmas are separated from the buds and dried

over charcoal embers. It can take from 50,000

to 75,000 plants to make just one pound of

dried saffron, which can sell for as much as

5,000 dollars!

Producing Saffron

SAFFRON—LIGHT AND EXPENSIVE

1. The saffron crocus bulbs are planted at the beginning of fall.

2. The next fall, the crocus bulbs produce a flower.

3. The flowers are harvested by hand.

4. The three stigmas in each flower are taken out by hand and dried.

Saffron is a spice that comes from a flower

called the saffron crocus. It has been used

as a flavoring, natural dye, and perfume for

thousands of years. It is also the most expensive

spice in the world.

To make saffron, farmers harvest the flowers

when the petals are still closed. Then they take

the flowers to a warehouse for processing. The

stigmas are separated from the buds and dried

over charcoal embers. It can take from 50,000

to 75,000 plants to make just one pound of

dried saffron, which can sell for as much as

5,000 dollars!

Producing Saffron

SSAAFFFFRROONN—LLIIGGHHTT AANNDD EEXXPPEENNSSIIVVEE

1. The saffron crocus bulbs are plantedat the beginning of fall.

2. The 2next fall, nhe crocus t

bulbs bproduce a plower.f

3. The flowers areharvestedby hand.

4. The 4three tstigmassin each iflower are ftaken out tby handband dried.a


16


The spices we use so freely today are natural resources that were once in high demand and fetched very high prices. Many centuries ago, spices were a status symbol. They symbolized wealth and a place in society.

The spice trade has a long and complicated history. People have traveled far and wide, risked their lives, discovered new lands, and conquered nations—all for control of these precious natural resources.

Today it might seem surprising that something as commonplace as pepper, cinnamon, or cloves had such a huge effect on history. Yet spices still hold some of the exotic appeal that once made them so highly prized. A whiff of vanilla, nutmeg, or cinnamon can conjure up an image of distant islands and brave explorers racing across dangerous seas.

Spices are used today in dishes all over the world.

Conclusion


17Gerk

e Ve

gelie

n/Ag

e Fo

tost

ock


Main Idea

Detail

Detail

Detail

Summarize

Use details from The Spice Trade

to help you summarize the

way spices have changed from

being a valuable resource for

trading to being everyday items

on supermarket shelves. Your

graphic organizer may help you.

Text Evidence

1. How do you know that The Spice Trade is an expository

text? Identify the text features that tell you this.

GENRE

2. What is the main idea of Chapter 1? What are three

key details that support this idea? MAIN IDEA AND

KEY DETAILS

3. The Latin root circum means “around,” and the root nav

means “ship.” How do these help you figure out the

meaning of circumnavigated on page 9? LATIN ROOTS

4. The main idea of Chapter 3 focuses on the reasons

people have used spices throughout history. Write

about the four purposes listed and give specific details

that illustrate these purposes. WRITE ABOUT READING


18


Compare TextsRead h ow He racles t ried to use a r iver to c lean up s ome s tables.

The Gr eek m yth o f H eracles tel ls t he s tory o f h is 1 2 l abors, t he nearly i mpossible t asks he hero ically ac complished. T his s election i s

a s atire o f 3 o f H eracles’s 1 2 l abors. S atire i s t he u se o f b iting h umor to ma ke f un o f h uman f laws a nd w eaknesses.

Heracles was a brave hero, but his weakness was his

terrible temper. King Eurystheus warned him that he would

never be a god unless he learned to control himself.

“You must have patience,” the king said.

“Then give me patience NOW!” Heracles said.

The king shook his head. “Sometimes I think your brain

is impenetrable. I’m going to give you three tasks,” he

continued. “If you can accomplish one without losing your

temper, you will earn the right to become a god.”

Heracles nodded vigorously.

“Your first task is to slay the Hydra, a beast with many

heads,” the king explained. “Every time you cut off one

head, two more will grow.”

By midday Heracles had cut off 50 of the Hydra’s heads.

Now it had 100 more.

“It’s not fair!” Heracles shook his fists.

A Clean Sweep


19


Just then, a tiny owl wearing spectacles flew right onto

Heracles’s shoulder. The owl’s name was Noctua.

“I can see the answer,” whispered the owl. “I can tell you

what to do.”

“How dare you tell me what to do!” Heracles raged.

“You should have listened to Noctua,” the king said the

next day. “Only one head was alive. He would have told you

which one. Your next task is to kill the Nemean Lion. Its fur

is solid gold, and its claws can cut through any armor.”

Heracles did his best, but the Nemean Lion soon grew

tired of watching him break sword after sword.

“I’m getting hungry.” The lion licked its lips. “I think I

might eat soon.”

Heracles was about to give up when Noctua landed. “I

can see the answer,” the owl said. “The lion’s weak spot is

its mouth. Thrust your sword into it.”

“Oh, it’s you again.” Heracles shook his new sword at

the owl. “You can’t tell me what to do!” He tossed his sword

away, crossed his arms, and sat down in a huff.


20 Illus

trat

ion:

Dav

id S

held

on


“You should have listened to Noctua,” King

Eurystheus said the next day. “I’ll give you one more

chance. The Augean Stables haven’t been cleaned for

30 years. Make them nice and clean by the end of the

day, and you’re sure to be made a god.”

Mop in one hand, bucket in the other, Heracles was

wondering where to start when Noctua flew onto his

shoulder.

“Okay,” Heracles sighed. “What’s the answer?”

But just then, Noctua dropped his spectacles into

the muck, and they sank without a trace. “Oh dear, I

can’t see anything now,” the owl said.

“Ah, but I can,” said Heracles. “There’s a river

running past one side of the stables. If I divert it, it will

flow through and wash all the dirt away.”

The owl watched with his blurry vision as Heracles

diverted the river. He watched it charge through the

stables, watched it wash the dirt away … and Heracles

with it, raging all the way.

“Ah, Heracles,” King Eurystheus sighed the next

day. “When will you learn?”

Make ConnectionsWhat o ther n atural r esource could He racles h ave used to c lean the stables? ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do The Spice Trade an d A Clean Sweep sh ow how n atural resources can be u sed in d ifferent w ays? TEXT TO TEXT


21


circumnavigated (suhr-kuhm-NA-vuh-gayt-uhd) traveled all the way around (page 9)

Far East (fahr eest) an old term used for the countries of East Asia, including India (page 8)

holds (hohldz) cargo storage areas (page 11)

humid (HYEW-muhd) very damp (page 5)

merchants (MUHR-chunts) people who buy and sell goods for profit (page 5)

monopoly (muh-NAH-puh-lee) complete control over the market for a good or service (page 11)

papyrus (puh-PIGH-ruhs) a thick paper-like material made from the papyrus plant (page 13)

principles (PRIN-suh-puhlz) basic laws or truths (page 2)

stigmas (STIG-muhz) upper parts of the female part of the flower (page 16)

treaty (TREE-tee) a formal agreement between two or more countries (page 9)

Glossary


22


Columbus, Christopher, 4, 8, 9, 17

Constantinople (Istanbul), 6, 7

da Gama, Vasco, 7, 17

del Cano, Juan Sebastian, 9

demand, principle of, 2, 3

Dutch East India Company, 10, 11

Egypt, 4–6, 12, 13

India, 5, 7, 8, 15

Indonesia, 5, 11

Magellan, Ferdinand, 9, 17

Middle East, 5, 6

Netherlands, 10

Poivre, Pierre, 10

Portugal, 7–10

Somalia, 5

Spain, 7–10

Spice Islands, 5

spices,

– cooking, 15

– medicine, 13

– as money, 14

– price, 6, 7, 11, 16, 17

– religion, 12

supply, principle of, 2, 3

Treaty of Tordesillas, 9

Turkey, 5, 6

Venice, 7

Zanzibar, 10, 11

Index


23


Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 1

Purpose To research in more detail one of the spices in

this book

What to Do

Work in pairs. Choose a spice listed in The Spice Trade.

Research the origins of the spice. From what plant does

it come? Where did it first grow—in what geographic

region and climate? Show this region on a world map

with color and a label.

Research where the spice is grown in modern times.

Add these regions to your world map using a different

color and label.

Write a caption for your map explaining how the spread

of your spice might have affected its value over time.

Share your map with the class.


24


The TopicWhat is The Spice Trade mostly about?

Text StructureIdentify two major cause and effect relationships in the information the author presents in The Spice Trade. Use this information to identify the main idea of the selection.

VocabularyWhat are the key words in The Spice Trade that relate to the topic? What new words relating to natural resources did you learn?

Author’s PurposeWhat do you think was the author’s purpose for writing The Spice Trade?

ConclusionsWhat did you conclude about the role that the supply of spices played in world exploration?

Literature Circles

Nonfiction


IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U6W1L60_O_119209.indd 3IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U6W1L60_O_119209.indd 3 12/03/12 9:43 AM12/03/12 9:43 AM

Resources Social Studies

GR X • Benchmark 60 • Lexile [t/k]

Grade 6 • Unit 6 Week 1

www.mheonline.com


9 780021 192090

MHID 0-02-119209-XISBN-13 978-0-02-119209-0

99701

EAN

6

CV_CR14_LR_G06_U6W1L60_O_119209.indd 2CV_CR14_LR_G06_U6W1L60_O_119209.indd 2 9/03/12 10:17 AM9/03/12 10:17 AM

The Spice Trade - McGraw-Hill · PDF fileThe new route finally opened up the spice trade ......

Documents

Transcript of The Spice Trade - McGraw-Hill · PDF fileThe new route finally opened up the spice trade ......