The special senses
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Transcript of The special senses
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The Special Senses
Prepared by Mickelder Kercy, MD - Instructor
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Anatomy of the eye
Orbit : Cavity/bony socket containing the eyeball
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External Structures : -Lacrimal gland (secretes tears)
-Lacrimal Canaliculi (collect
and drain the tears
-Lacrimal sac (empties the tears
into the nasolacrimal duct)
-Nasolacrimal duct (empties the
tears into the nasal cavity)
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External structures : -Palpebrae (eyelids)
-Palpebrae fissure
-Canthus (corner of the eye where
the superior and inferior palpebrae meet)
-Conjunctiva (colorless and thin
mucuous membrane lining the underside of the eyelids
and covering the sclera)
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Extrinsic muscles : -Levator palpebrae superior
-Superior rectus
-Inferior rectus
-Lateral rectus
-Medial rectus
-Superior oblique
-Inferior oblique
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Outer Layer : -Cornea/Window of the eye (transparent)
Controls and focuses the entry of light
into the eye
-Sclera (white)
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Middle Layer : - Iris (contains the eye color. Forms the
Pupil)
-Ciliary body (holds and moves the
lens. Secretes aqueous humor that provides nutrients
to the cornea lens and other tissues)
-Choroid (lines the sclera)
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Innermost layer : -Lens (colorless, accomodation)
-Retina (rods and cones)
-Fovea Centralis Retinae (cones
located in the middle of the macula lutae/yellow spot)
-Optic Nerve (enters at optic disk)
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Anterior cavity : -Anterior chamber (aqueous humor)
-Posterior chamber (aqueous humor)
Posterior cavity : -Vitreous humor/body
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Physiology of the Eye
Light passes through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens,
then vitreous humor to reach the photoreceptors
(cones and rods). Theses photoreceptors contain
chemicals (some of them derived from Vit A) that
cause electrical impulses transmitted to the optic
nerve, which sends signals to the brain. The brain will
interpret and create visual images.
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Common Refractive Disorders
Astigmatism : Blurry near or distant vision due to the
imperfection in curvature in the cornea or lens
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Myopia : Nearsightedness
Presbyopia : Nearsightedness in old age
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Hyperopia : Farsightedness
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Strabismus : Crossed eyes/wall eyes
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Disorders related to structural irregularities
Blepharoptosis : Drooping of one/both eyelids
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Ectropion : Lower eyelid turns outward/everts
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Entropion : Eyelid folds inward/inverts
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Exophthalmos : Bulging of one/both eyeballs
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Infectious Eye Disorders
Blepharitis : Inflammation of the eyelids
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Conjunctivitis : Inflammation of the conjunctiva
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Hordeolum : sty or pus-filled swelling at the base of
an eyelash
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Age-Related Eye Disorders
Cataracts : Clouding/Opacity of the lens
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Retinal Detachment : Retina detached from the
choroid
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Macular Degeneration : Degeneration of the macula
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Nyctalopia : Nightblindness
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Amblyopia : Blurred image sent to the brain by a lazy
eye whose nerve pathway did not develop during
childhood. This confuses the brain, and the brain may
learn to ignore the image from the weaker eye
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Corneal Abrasion : Lesion/abrasion on the cornea
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Diplopia : Double vision
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Glaucoma : Increased pressure in the eye causing the
visual field to decrease
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Nystagmus : Nystaxis/involuntary repetitive eye
movement
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Retinopathy : Diseases of the retina that affect the
blood vessesls. Found in diabetes and Hypertension.
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Photophobia : Sensitivity to light
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Slit Lamps
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Anatomy of the Ear
External Ear : -Pinna/auricle
-Auditory canal/auditory meatus
(secretes cerumen/earwax)
-Tympanic membrane/eardrum
-Fundus/floor of the tympanic membrane
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Middle Ear : -Malleus/hammer
-Incus/anvil
-Stapes/stirrups
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Inner ear/Labyrinth : -Cochlea (bony spiral structure
containing the cochlear ducts filled with fluid/
endolymph. Contains the organ of corti that has nerve
endings transmitting sound vibrations to the 8th nerve)
-Vestibule (central part of the
labyrinth)
-Semicircular canal (filled with
endolymph/fluid and cilia that detect head motion to
maintain balance)
-Eustachian tube (links the
middle ear to the nasopharynx)
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Physiology of the Ear
Sound waves enters the ear→ vibrations of the
eardrum→ bones in the middle ear move back and
forth→ movement of the fluid in the cochlea. The
hair cells in the cochlea will sense the motion
(movement) via their cilia and convert that motion to
electrical signals/impulses that will be sent to the
auditory nerve. The brain interprets the message and
create sounds.
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Hearing Loss
Conductive : Damage to the auditory canal
Sensorineural : Damage to the cochlea or to the nerve
pathways
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Audiometer and Tuning Fork
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Common disorders associated with the outer ear
Impacted Cerumen : Earwax that has hardened
obstructing the ear canal
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Ruptured tympanic membrane : Tear in the tympanic
membrane
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Common Disorders associated with the Middle Ear
Otitis Media : Inflammation of the middle ear
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Otosclerosis : Overgrowth of spongy bone around the
stapes
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Common disorders associated with the Inner Ear
Tinnitus : Ringing or roaring in the ear
Meniere’s disease : Idiopathic, affects hearing and
balance
Presbycusis : Mostly in older adults
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The Senses of Taste and Smell
Olfactory Cells : In the roof of the nasal cavity
Taste Buds : Sweet→Salty→Sour→Bitter
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The End