THE SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & EAR). Overview of the Eye Eye acts much like a camera Eye acts much like a...

THE SPECIAL THE SPECIAL SENSESSENSES

(EYE & EAR)(EYE & EAR)

Overview of the EyeOverview of the Eye

• Eye acts much like a cameraEye acts much like a camera– Lens of eye adjusts to bring object into Lens of eye adjusts to bring object into

clear focusclear focus– Pupil of eye constricts to allow less light Pupil of eye constricts to allow less light

to enter in bright setting or dilates to to enter in bright setting or dilates to allow more light to enter in darker allow more light to enter in darker settingsetting

– Through bending of light rays, image Through bending of light rays, image reaches retinareaches retina•Sensitive nerve cell layer of the eyeSensitive nerve cell layer of the eye• Image is transmitted to brain for Image is transmitted to brain for

interpretationinterpretation

• ScleraSclera– White portion of the eyeWhite portion of the eye

•Tough connective tissueTough connective tissue•Maintains the shape of the eyeballMaintains the shape of the eyeball•Serves as protective covering for the eyeServes as protective covering for the eye

• IrisIris– Colored portion of the eyeColored portion of the eye

• PupilPupil– Opening in the center of the eyeOpening in the center of the eye– Controls the amount of light entering Controls the amount of light entering

the eyethe eye

Structures of the EyeStructures of the Eye(Front View)(Front View)

• ConjunctivaConjunctiva– Thin mucous membrane layer that Thin mucous membrane layer that

lines anterior part of eye and inner lines anterior part of eye and inner part of eyelidspart of eyelids•Colorless, but appears white because it Colorless, but appears white because it

covers scleracovers sclera

• Lacrimal glandLacrimal gland– Located at upper outer edge of each Located at upper outer edge of each

eyeeye•Produces tearsProduces tears

• Lacrimal ductLacrimal duct– Located at inner edge of eyeLocated at inner edge of eye

•Tears drain from eye through this ductTears drain from eye through this duct

Structures of the EyeStructures of the Eye(Front View) (continued)(Front View) (continued)


Front View of the EyeFront View of the Eye

• EyelidsEyelids– Continuous with the skin and cover the eyeballContinuous with the skin and cover the eyeball– Keep surface of eyeball lubricated and protected Keep surface of eyeball lubricated and protected

from dust and debris through blinking motionfrom dust and debris through blinking motion

• EyelashesEyelashes– Located along the edges of the eyelidsLocated along the edges of the eyelids– Help protect eyeball by preventing foreign Help protect eyeball by preventing foreign

materials and/or insects from coming in contact materials and/or insects from coming in contact with surface of eyeballwith surface of eyeball


Structures of the EyeStructures of the Eye(Cross Section)(Cross Section)• ScleraSclera

– ““White of the eye”White of the eye”– Thinnest over the anterior surface of the eyeThinnest over the anterior surface of the eye– Thickest at the back of the eye, near opening Thickest at the back of the eye, near opening

for optic nervefor optic nerve

• CorneaCornea– Continuous with anterior portion of scleraContinuous with anterior portion of sclera– Transparent, nonvascular layer covering the Transparent, nonvascular layer covering the

colored part of the eyecolored part of the eye

• ConjunctivaConjunctiva– Mucous membrane that lines inner Mucous membrane that lines inner

surfaces of the eyelids and outer surfaces of the eyelids and outer surfaces of the eyesurfaces of the eye

• ChoroidChoroid– Vascular middle layer of the eyeVascular middle layer of the eye

• Just beneath the scleraJust beneath the sclera•Contains extensive capillaries that provide Contains extensive capillaries that provide

blood supply and nutrients to the eyeblood supply and nutrients to the eye•Contains the iris, ciliary body, and Contains the iris, ciliary body, and

suspensory ligamentssuspensory ligaments

Structures of the EyeStructures of the Eye(Cross Section) (continued)(Cross Section) (continued)

• IrisIris– Colored portion of the eyeColored portion of the eye

•Can be seen through the transparent corneal layerCan be seen through the transparent corneal layer

• PupilPupil– Located in center of irisLocated in center of iris

•Controls amount of light entering eyeControls amount of light entering eye

• LensLens– Colorless biconvex structure that aids in Colorless biconvex structure that aids in

focusing the images clearly on the retinafocusing the images clearly on the retina


• Ciliary BodyCiliary Body– Located on each side of the lensLocated on each side of the lens– Contains muscles that are responsible Contains muscles that are responsible

for adjusting the lens to view near for adjusting the lens to view near objectsobjects

• Suspensory LigamentsSuspensory Ligaments– Radiate from the ciliary body and Radiate from the ciliary body and

attach to the lensattach to the lens– Hold the lens in placeHold the lens in place– Assist in adjusting the shape of the lens Assist in adjusting the shape of the lens

for proper focusing of the eyefor proper focusing of the eye


• RetinaRetina– Sensitive nerve cell layerSensitive nerve cell layer

•Changes the energy of the light rays into Changes the energy of the light rays into nerve impulsesnerve impulses

•Transmits nerve impulses via optic nerve Transmits nerve impulses via optic nerve to brain for interpretation of the image to brain for interpretation of the image seen by the eyeseen by the eye

– Nerve cells of retinaNerve cells of retina•Rods are responsible for vision in dim Rods are responsible for vision in dim

light and for peripheral visionlight and for peripheral vision•Cones responsible for visualizing colors, Cones responsible for visualizing colors,

central vision, and vision in bright lightcentral vision, and vision in bright light


• Retina (continued)Retina (continued)– Macula LuteaMacula Lutea

•Oval, yellowish spot near the center of Oval, yellowish spot near the center of the retinathe retina

– Fovea CentralisFovea Centralis•Small depression located within the Small depression located within the

macula luteamacula lutea

•Sharpest image is obtained when image Sharpest image is obtained when image focuses directly on fovea centralis = focuses directly on fovea centralis = central visioncentral vision


• Optic NerveOptic Nerve– Receives impulses from retina and Receives impulses from retina and

transmits them to the braintransmits them to the brain• Images are then interpreted as visionImages are then interpreted as vision

• Optic DiscOptic Disc– Contains no rods or conesContains no rods or cones– Known as the “blind spot” of the eyeKnown as the “blind spot” of the eye– Center of optic disc serves as point of Center of optic disc serves as point of

entry for artery that supplies retinaentry for artery that supplies retina



Lateral Cross Section Lateral Cross Section of the Eyeof the Eye

• Anterior Cavity of the EyeAnterior Cavity of the Eye– Anterior ChamberAnterior Chamber

•Located in front of the lensLocated in front of the lens

•Filled with clear, watery fluid called aqueous Filled with clear, watery fluid called aqueous humorhumor

– Posterior ChamberPosterior Chamber•Located behind the lensLocated behind the lens

•Also filled with aqueous humor – flows back Also filled with aqueous humor – flows back and forth between both chambersand forth between both chambers


• Posterior Cavity of the EyePosterior Cavity of the Eye– Posterior to the lensPosterior to the lens– Filled with vitreous humorFilled with vitreous humor

•Clear, jellylike substance that gives shape to Clear, jellylike substance that gives shape to the eyeballthe eyeball

•Not constantly reproducedNot constantly reproduced

•Blindness can result if vitreous humor Blindness can result if vitreous humor escapes from eyeescapes from eye


Process of VisionProcess of Vision

• Process Begins as Light Rays Enter Process Begins as Light Rays Enter EyeEye– Transmitted through cornea, aqueous Transmitted through cornea, aqueous

humor, pupil, lens, and vitreous humor humor, pupil, lens, and vitreous humor to retinato retina•Sensitive nerve cells of retina transmit Sensitive nerve cells of retina transmit

image through optic nerve to brainimage through optic nerve to brain

•Brain interprets image as visionBrain interprets image as vision

Process of Vision Process of Vision (continued)(continued)

• RefractionRefraction– Process of bending of light rays as they pass Process of bending of light rays as they pass

through the various structures of the eye to through the various structures of the eye to produce a clear image on the retinaproduce a clear image on the retina

• Errors of RefractionErrors of Refraction – Occur when eyeball is abnormally shapedOccur when eyeball is abnormally shaped– Occur when lens has lost ability to Occur when lens has lost ability to

accommodate to near visionaccommodate to near vision•Vision will be blurredVision will be blurred•Can be adjusted with corrective lensesCan be adjusted with corrective lenses

Diseases of the EyeDiseases of the Eye

AstigmatismAstigmatism

• PronouncedPronounced– (ah-(ah-STIGSTIG-mah-tizm)-mah-tizm)

• DefinedDefined– A refractive error causing the light rays A refractive error causing the light rays

entering the eye to be focused irregularly on entering the eye to be focused irregularly on the retina due to an abnormally shaped the retina due to an abnormally shaped corneacornea•Correction: contact lenses or eyeglasses, which Correction: contact lenses or eyeglasses, which

neutralize the defectneutralize the defect

BlepharitisBlepharitis

• PronouncedPronounced– (blef-ah-(blef-ah-RYERYE-tis)-tis)

• DefinedDefined– Inflammation of the eyelid margins Inflammation of the eyelid margins

stemming from seborrheic, allergic, or stemming from seborrheic, allergic, or bacterial originbacterial origin

BlindnessBlindness

• PronouncedPronounced– ((BLINDNESSBLINDNESS))

• DefinedDefined– The absence of vision or the need for The absence of vision or the need for

assistive devices and/or assistance from assistive devices and/or assistance from others to accomplish daily activities due others to accomplish daily activities due to the inability to seeto the inability to see

MonochromatismMonochromatism(Color Blindness)(Color Blindness)

• PronouncedPronounced– (mon-oh-(mon-oh-KROHKROH-mah-tizm)-mah-tizm)

• DefinedDefined– An inability to sharply perceive visual colorsAn inability to sharply perceive visual colors

•Daltonism Daltonism – unable to distinguish greens from reds– unable to distinguish greens from reds

•Achromatic VisionAchromatic Vision – cannot distinguish any color; – cannot distinguish any color; perceives only white, gray, and blackperceives only white, gray, and black

CataractCataract

• PronouncedPronounced– ((KATKAT-ah-rakt)-ah-rakt)

• DefinedDefined– Lens in the eye becomes progressively Lens in the eye becomes progressively

cloudy losing its normal transparencycloudy losing its normal transparency•Thus altering the perception of images Thus altering the perception of images

due to the interference of light due to the interference of light transmission to the retinatransmission to the retina

Conjunctivitis, AcuteConjunctivitis, Acute

• PronouncedPronounced– (kon-junk-tih-(kon-junk-tih-VYEVYE-tis acute)-tis acute)

• DefinedDefined– Inflammation of the mucous membrane Inflammation of the mucous membrane

lining the eyelids and covering the front lining the eyelids and covering the front part of the eyeballpart of the eyeball

– Also called “Pinkeye”Also called “Pinkeye”

GlaucomaGlaucoma

• PronouncedPronounced– (glau-(glau-KOHKOH-mah)-mah)

• DefinedDefined– Ocular disorders identified as a group Ocular disorders identified as a group

due to the increase in intraocular due to the increase in intraocular pressurepressure

Glaucoma (continued)Glaucoma (continued)

• Chronic Open-Angle GlaucomaChronic Open-Angle Glaucoma– Primary disorderPrimary disorder– Breakdown in drainage system of the Breakdown in drainage system of the

circulation of aqueous humorcirculation of aqueous humor•Gradual elevation of internal pressure leads to Gradual elevation of internal pressure leads to

decreased blood supply to optic nerve and decreased blood supply to optic nerve and retinaretina

•Peripheral vision is gradually lost when Peripheral vision is gradually lost when untreateduntreated

Glaucoma (continued)Glaucoma (continued)

• Acute Closed-Angle GlaucomaAcute Closed-Angle Glaucoma– Mouth of drainage system is narrow and Mouth of drainage system is narrow and

closes completely – allowing no flow of closes completely – allowing no flow of aqueous humoraqueous humor•Rapid occurrence characterized by severe Rapid occurrence characterized by severe

pain, blurred vision, photophobia, redness, pain, blurred vision, photophobia, redness, and seeing “halos” around lightand seeing “halos” around light

• If untreated, person can lose his or her sight If untreated, person can lose his or her sight within several dayswithin several days

• PronouncedPronounced– (high-per-(high-per-OHOH-pee-ah)-pee-ah)

• DefinedDefined– A refractive error in which the lens of the A refractive error in which the lens of the

eye cannot focus on an image eye cannot focus on an image accurately, resulting in impaired close accurately, resulting in impaired close vision that is blurred due to the light rays vision that is blurred due to the light rays being focused behind the retina because being focused behind the retina because the eyeball is shorter than normalthe eyeball is shorter than normal•Also called farsightednessAlso called farsightedness

HyperopiaHyperopia

Hyperopia (continued)Hyperopia (continued)

Hyperopia (Farsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)

MyopiaMyopia

• PronouncedPronounced– (my-(my-OHOH-pee-ah)-pee-ah)

• DefinedDefined– A refractive error in which the lens of the eye A refractive error in which the lens of the eye

cannot focus on an image accurately, resulting cannot focus on an image accurately, resulting in impaired distant vision that is blurred due to in impaired distant vision that is blurred due to the light rays being focused in front of the retina the light rays being focused in front of the retina because they eyeball is longer than normalbecause they eyeball is longer than normal•Also known as nearsightednessAlso known as nearsightedness

Myopia (continued)Myopia (continued)

Myopia (nearsightedness)Myopia (nearsightedness)

PresbyopiaPresbyopia

• PronouncedPronounced– (prez-bee-(prez-bee-OHOH-pee-ah)-pee-ah)

• DefinedDefined– A refractive error occurring after the A refractive error occurring after the

age of 40, when the lens of the eye(s) age of 40, when the lens of the eye(s) cannot focus on an image accurately cannot focus on an image accurately due to its decreasing loss of elasticity due to its decreasing loss of elasticity resulting in a firmer and more opaque resulting in a firmer and more opaque lenslens•Also called farsightedness due to better Also called farsightedness due to better

clarity of distant objectsclarity of distant objects

StrabismusStrabismus

• PronouncedPronounced– (strah-(strah-BIZBIZ-mus)-mus)

• DefinedDefined– Failure of the eyes to gaze in the same Failure of the eyes to gaze in the same

direction due to weakness in the muscles direction due to weakness in the muscles controlling the position of the eyecontrolling the position of the eye•Most common type is nonparalytic strasbismus, Most common type is nonparalytic strasbismus,

an inherited defect in which the eye position of an inherited defect in which the eye position of the two eyes has no relationshipthe two eyes has no relationship

Strabismus (continued)Strabismus (continued)

• Convergent StrabismusConvergent Strabismus– Also known as “Crosseye” Also known as “Crosseye” – Also known as “Esotropia”Also known as “Esotropia”– Affected eye turns inwardAffected eye turns inward

•Usually develops in infancy or early Usually develops in infancy or early childhoodchildhood


• Divergent StrabismusDivergent Strabismus– Also known as “Walleye”Also known as “Walleye”– Also known as “Exotropia”Also known as “Exotropia”– Affected eye turns outwardAffected eye turns outward


Strabismus:Strabismus:(A) Convergent;(A) Convergent;(B) Divergent(B) Divergent

Overview of the EarOverview of the Ear

• Two important functions of the earTwo important functions of the ear– It enables us to hearIt enables us to hear– It functions as the sensory organ of It functions as the sensory organ of

balance or equilibriumbalance or equilibrium

• Location of one ear on each side of Location of one ear on each side of head produces binaural hearinghead produces binaural hearing– Hearing from both sidesHearing from both sides

• External EarExternal Ear– Visible portion of the ear not contained Visible portion of the ear not contained

within the headwithin the head– Auricle or pinnaAuricle or pinna

•Cartilaginous flap that has a fleshy, lower Cartilaginous flap that has a fleshy, lower portion called the ear lobeportion called the ear lobe

– External auditory canalExternal auditory canal•Tube leading from the auricle to the middle Tube leading from the auricle to the middle

earear•Lined with tiny hairs called cilia which aid in Lined with tiny hairs called cilia which aid in

transmitting sound waves inwardtransmitting sound waves inward

– Tympanic membrane (eardrum)Tympanic membrane (eardrum)•Separates external ear from middle earSeparates external ear from middle ear

Structures of the EarStructures of the Ear

• Middle EarMiddle Ear– Contains three tiny bones known as Contains three tiny bones known as

the auditory ossiclesthe auditory ossicles– MalleusMalleus

•Resembles the shape of a hammerResembles the shape of a hammer•Connected to tympanic membrane and Connected to tympanic membrane and

transmits sound vibrations to second transmits sound vibrations to second auditory ossicleauditory ossicle

– IncusIncus•Resembles the shape of an anvilResembles the shape of an anvil•Transmits sound vibrations from malleus Transmits sound vibrations from malleus

to third auditory ossicleto third auditory ossicle

Structures of the Ear Structures of the Ear (continued)(continued)

• Middle Ear (continued)Middle Ear (continued)– StapesStapes

•Shaped like a tiny stirrupShaped like a tiny stirrup•Transmits sound vibrations from incus to the inner Transmits sound vibrations from incus to the inner

earear

– Eustachian tubeEustachian tube•Connects the middle ear to the pharynxConnects the middle ear to the pharynx•Also called the auditory tubeAlso called the auditory tube

– Oval windowOval window•Separates the middle ear from the inner earSeparates the middle ear from the inner ear•Base of the stapes fits into the oval windowBase of the stapes fits into the oval window


• Inner EarInner Ear– VestibuleVestibule

•Central portion of the inner earCentral portion of the inner ear

•Located next to stapes and between Located next to stapes and between cochlea and semicircular canalscochlea and semicircular canals

•Contains the utricle and saccule-Contains the utricle and saccule-membranous pouches or sacs that aid in membranous pouches or sacs that aid in maintaining balancemaintaining balance

– CochleaCochlea

•Snail-shaped bony structureSnail-shaped bony structure

•Contains endolymph and perilymphContains endolymph and perilymph

•Auditory fluids that aid in transmission of Auditory fluids that aid in transmission of sound vibrationssound vibrations


• Inner Ear (continued)Inner Ear (continued)– Organ of CortiOrgan of Corti

•True organ of hearingTrue organ of hearing

•Contained within the cochleaContained within the cochlea

•Here, sound vibrations are converted into nerve Here, sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain for impulses that are transmitted to the brain for interpretation as hearinginterpretation as hearing

– Semicircular canalsSemicircular canals

•Located behind the vestibuleLocated behind the vestibule

•Three bony, fluid-filled loops that help to maintain Three bony, fluid-filled loops that help to maintain one’s balanceone’s balance


Structures of the Ear Structures of the Ear (continued)(continued)Structures of the EarStructures of the Ear

The Process of HearingThe Process of Hearing

Pathway of SoundPathway of Sound Vibrations Vibrations

Diseases of the EarDiseases of the Ear

MMėėniniėėre’s Diseasere’s Disease• PronouncedPronounced

– (may-nee-(may-nee-ARYZ ARYZ dih- dih-ZEEZZEEZ))

• DefinedDefined– Chronic inner ear disease in which Chronic inner ear disease in which

there is an over accumulation of fluid there is an over accumulation of fluid in the labyrinth, characterized by in the labyrinth, characterized by recurring episodes of vertigo, hearing recurring episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, feeling of pressure or fullness in loss, feeling of pressure or fullness in the affected ear, and tinnitusthe affected ear, and tinnitus

Otitis Externa Otitis Externa (Swimmer’s Ear)(Swimmer’s Ear)• PronouncedPronounced

– (oh-(oh-TYETYE-tis eks--tis eks-TERTER-nah)-nah)

• DefinedDefined– Inflammation of the outer or external Inflammation of the outer or external

ear canalear canal•Result of growth of bacteria or fungi in Result of growth of bacteria or fungi in

the external earthe external ear•Major symptom is pain, especially when Major symptom is pain, especially when

the ear is tugged on, along with a red the ear is tugged on, along with a red swollen ear canalswollen ear canal

Otitis Media, AcuteOtitis Media, Acute

• PronouncedPronounced– (oh-(oh-TYETYE-tis -tis MEEMEE-dee-ah)-dee-ah)

• DefinedDefined– A middle ear infection, which A middle ear infection, which

predominately affects infants, toddlers, predominately affects infants, toddlers, and preschoolersand preschoolers

• PronouncedPronounced– ((SOOSOO-per-ah-tiv oh--per-ah-tiv oh-TYETYE-tis -tis MEEMEE--

dee-ah)dee-ah)

• DefinedDefined– A purulent collection of fluid in the A purulent collection of fluid in the

middle ear causing the person to middle ear causing the person to experience pain (possibly severe), an experience pain (possibly severe), an elevation in temperature, dizziness, elevation in temperature, dizziness, decreased hearing, vertigo, and decreased hearing, vertigo, and tinnitustinnitus

– Also called acute otitis mediaAlso called acute otitis media

Suppurative Otitis MediaSuppurative Otitis Media

OTOSCLEROSISOTOSCLEROSIS

• PronouncedPronounced– (oh-toh-sklair-(oh-toh-sklair-OHOH-sis)-sis)

• DefinedDefined– A condition in which the footplate of the A condition in which the footplate of the

stapes becomes immobile and secured stapes becomes immobile and secured to the oval window, resulting in a to the oval window, resulting in a hearing losshearing loss

CareersCareers• AllergistAllergist• AudiologistAudiologist• Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat SpecialistEye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Specialist• Ophthalmic AssistantOphthalmic Assistant• Ophthalmic laboratory technicianOphthalmic laboratory technician• Ophthalmic medical technologistOphthalmic medical technologist• Ophthalmic technicianOphthalmic technician• OphthalmologistOphthalmologist• OpticianOptician• OptometristOptometrist• Optometrist Optometrist • OtolaryngologistOtolaryngologist• OtolaryngologistOtolaryngologist• OtologistOtologist

Medical TermsMedical TermsRoot word: dacry(o) – denoting Root word: dacry(o) – denoting

tears or lacrimal (tear) glands or tears or lacrimal (tear) glands or ductsducts

• Dacryo Dacryo adenaden itisitis inflammation of glandinflammation of gland

• DacryoDacryostenosisstenosis narrowing narrowing

• Dacryo Dacryo lithlith iasisiasis stone,concretion,conditionstone,concretion,condition

• DacryoDacryocystcyst sac sac

• DacryoDacryorrhea rrhea flowing flowing

Medical TermsMedical TermsRoot word: irid(o) – denotes a Root word: irid(o) – denotes a

relationship to the iris of the eyerelationship to the iris of the eye

• IridIridectasisectasis dilatation, dilatation, enlargementenlargement

• IridoIridomalaciamalacia softening softening

• IridoIridotomytomy incision incision

• IritIritisis inflammation inflammation

• IridoIridoplegiaplegia paralysis paralysis

Medical TermsMedical TermsRoot word: kerat,kerat(o) – Root word: kerat,kerat(o) –

denoting the cornea of the eye or denoting the cornea of the eye or horny tissuehorny tissue

• KeratKeratiasisiasis disease condition disease condition

• KeratoKeratodermaderma skin skin

• KeratKeratoidoid like, resemble like, resemble

• KeratKeratosisosis condition, disease condition, disease processprocess

• KeratKeratomaoma tumor, growth tumor, growth

Medical TermsMedical TermsRoot word: ophthalm(o) – Root word: ophthalm(o) –

denoting the eyedenoting the eye

• OphthalmoOphthalmoplegiaplegia stroke, paralysis stroke, paralysis

• OphthalmoOphthalmologylogy study of, science study of, science ofof

• OphthalmoOphthalmoscopescope viewing viewing instrumentinstrument

• OphthalmoOphthalmometermeter measure measure

• OphthalmoOphthalmomalaciamalacia soft, softening soft, softening

Medical TermsMedical TermsRoot word: blephar(o) – Root word: blephar(o) –

denoting the eyeliddenoting the eyelid• BlepharoBlepharorrhaphyrrhaphy suture suture

• PachyPachyblepharon thickblepharon thick

• BlepharBlepharitisitis inflammation inflammation

• BlepharoBlepharoplastyplasty plastic plastic surgerysurgery

• BlepharoBlepharoptosisptosis falling or falling or droopingdrooping

Medical TermsMedical TermsRoot Word: kerat(o) – denoting Root Word: kerat(o) – denoting the cornea of the eye or horny the cornea of the eye or horny

tissuetissue

• Kerato Kerato mycmyc osisosis fungus fungus condition, diseasecondition, disease

• KeratoirKeratoiritisitis iris iris inflammationinflammation

• KeratoKeratocentesiscentesis puncture puncture

• KeratoKeratoplastyplasty plastic surgery plastic surgery

• KeratoKeratocelecele hernia hernia

Medical TermsMedical TermsRoot word: ot(o) – form Root word: ot(o) – form

indicating the earindicating the ear

• OtOtitisitis inflammation inflammation

• OtOtalgiaalgia pain pain

• OtoOtorrhearrhea flowing, flowing, dischargedischarge

• OtoOtologistlogist specialist specialist

• OtoOtopyosispyosis pus condition, pus condition, diseasedisease

AbbreviationAbbreviationPP

• PP MeaningMeaning• P afterP after• P pulse, phosphorusP pulse, phosphorus• PA physician’s assistantPA physician’s assistant• PAC premature atrial PAC premature atrial

contractioncontraction• PAP Papanicolaou test (smear)PAP Papanicolaou test (smear)• Para number of pregnanciesPara number of pregnancies• Path pathologyPath pathology• Pb leadPb lead• PBI protein-bound iodine PBI protein-bound iodine


• PP MeaningMeaning• Pc after mealsPc after meals• PCA patient-controlled analgesiaPCA patient-controlled analgesia• PCC poison control centerPCC poison control center• PCP patient care planPCP patient care plan• PCT patient/personal care technicianPCT patient/personal care technician• PDR PDR Physicians’ Desk ReferencePhysicians’ Desk Reference• PE physical examination, pulmonary PE physical examination, pulmonary

edemaedema• Peds pediatricsPeds pediatrics• Per by, throughPer by, through• PET positron emission tomographyPET positron emission tomography• pH measure of acidity/alkalinitypH measure of acidity/alkalinity• Pharm PharmacyPharm Pharmacy


• PP MeaningMeaning• PI present illnessPI present illness• PID pelvic inflammatory diseasePID pelvic inflammatory disease• PKU phenylketonuriaPKU phenylketonuria• pm after noonpm after noon• PMC postmortem (after death) carePMC postmortem (after death) care• PMS premenstrual syndromePMS premenstrual syndrome• PNS peripheral nervous systemPNS peripheral nervous system• Po by mouthPo by mouth• PO phone orderPO phone order• Post posterior, afterPost posterior, after• Post-op after an operationPost-op after an operation


• PP MeaningMeaning• PP postpartum (after delivery)PP postpartum (after delivery)• PPE personal protective equipmentPPE personal protective equipment• PPO preferred provider organizationPPO preferred provider organization• Pre-op before an operationPre-op before an operation• Prep preparePrep prepare• Prn whenever necessary, as neededPrn whenever necessary, as needed• Psy psychology, psychiatryPsy psychology, psychiatry• Pt patient, pint (500ml or cc)Pt patient, pint (500ml or cc)• PT Physical therapy/therapistPT Physical therapy/therapist• PTT partial thromboplastin timePTT partial thromboplastin time• PVC premature ventricular contractionPVC premature ventricular contraction• PVD peripheral vascular diseasePVD peripheral vascular disease• Px prognosis, physical examinationPx prognosis, physical examination

THE SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & EAR). Overview of the Eye Eye acts much like a camera Eye acts much like a...

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