The Special SensesThe Special Senses

1.1. Acrohyperhidrosis means a(n)Acrohyperhidrosis means a(n)

A.A. Condition of excessive water of the Condition of excessive water of the extremitiesextremities

B.B. Excessive sweating of the extremitiesExcessive sweating of the extremities

C.C. Inflammation of the skin of the Inflammation of the skin of the extremitiesextremities

D.D. Enlargement of the sweat glands of the Enlargement of the sweat glands of the extremitiesextremities

2.2. The adenohypophysisThe adenohypophysis

A.A. Acts like the nervous systemActs like the nervous system

B.B. Secretes growth hormoneSecretes growth hormone

C.C. Secretes ADHSecretes ADH

D.D. Is found in the abdomenIs found in the abdomen

3.3. Which word refers to the posterior Which word refers to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?lobe of the pituitary gland?

A.A. PancreasPancreas

B.B. NeurohypophysisNeurohypophysis

C.C. AdenohypophysisAdenohypophysis

D.D. DorsopituitaryDorsopituitary

4.4. Hypercalcemia refers toHypercalcemia refers to

A.A. A deficiency of calcium in the bloodA deficiency of calcium in the blood

B.B. Too much calcium in the bloodToo much calcium in the blood

C.C. Too much calcium in the cellsToo much calcium in the cells

D.D. Too much calcium in the bonesToo much calcium in the bones

5.5. Which is NOT secreted by the Which is NOT secreted by the pancreas?pancreas?

A.A. InsulinInsulin

B.B. SomatotstatinSomatotstatin

C.C. GlucagonGlucagon

D.D. ThyroxineThyroxine

6.6. Aldosterone and Cortisone are Aldosterone and Cortisone are secreted by the secreted by the

A.A. PancreasPancreas

B.B. Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands

C.C. PituitaryPituitary

D.D. Pineal glandPineal gland

7.7. Glycorrhea is most commonly Glycorrhea is most commonly associated which disease?associated which disease?

A.A. GiantismGiantism

B.B. AcromegalyAcromegaly

C.C. DiabetesDiabetes

D.D. Addison’s diseaseAddison’s disease

8.8. Dysphasia literally meansDysphasia literally means

A.A. Painful swallowingPainful swallowing

B.B. Inability to eatInability to eat

C.C. Difficult or painful speechDifficult or painful speech

D.D. Paralysis of the vocal cordsParalysis of the vocal cords

9.9. Poliomyelitis affects thePoliomyelitis affects the

A.A. BrainBrain

B.B. Spinal cordSpinal cord

C.C. PolesPoles

D.D. Glial cellsGlial cells

10.10. Cells that are considered the “glue” Cells that are considered the “glue” of the nervous systemof the nervous system

A.A. AxonsAxons

B.B. NeuronsNeurons

C.C. GliaGlia

D.D. GluocytesGluocytes

The special senses of the eyes and The special senses of the eyes and ears are SENSORY input devices. ears are SENSORY input devices. The eyes and ears detect sensory The eyes and ears detect sensory information from the environment. information from the environment. They are responsible for sending this They are responsible for sending this input to the brain for interpretation.input to the brain for interpretation.

The special senses DO NOT interpret The special senses DO NOT interpret the stimuli.the stimuli.

Some definitionsSome definitions

StimulusStimulus - change in the environment - change in the environment

ReceptorReceptor - device to detect a stimulus- device to detect a stimulus

ResponseResponse - the interpretation of the stimulus - the interpretation of the stimulus

causing some action from the bodycausing some action from the body

The EyeThe Eye

Blephar/o eyelidBlephar/o eyelid

Choroid/o choroidChoroid/o choroid

Corne/oCorne/o

Kerat/o corneaKerat/o cornea

Dacry/o tear, lacrimal sacDacry/o tear, lacrimal sac

Dipl/o doubleDipl/o double

Irid/o irisIrid/o iris

Ocul/oOcul/o

Ophthalm/o eyeOphthalm/o eye

Retin/o retinaRetin/o retina

Scler/o hardening, scleraScler/o hardening, sclera

New SuffixesNew Suffixes

-spasm twitching-spasm twitching blepharospasmblepharospasm

-opia vision-opia vision diplopiadiplopia

-plegia paralysis-plegia paralysis iridopelgiairidopelgia

An OPHTHALMOSCOPE is a device toAn OPHTHALMOSCOPE is a device to

examine the interior of the examine the interior of the eyeeye

High Blood Pressure (HTN) may cause High Blood Pressure (HTN) may cause OPHTHALMODYNIA ofOPHTHALMODYNIA of

pain in the eyepain in the eye

A swelling of the eyelid is calledA swelling of the eyelid is called

BLEPHAREDEMABLEPHAREDEMA

Plastic surgery of the eye to remove Plastic surgery of the eye to remove wrinkles is called an eye tuck orwrinkles is called an eye tuck or

BLEPHAROPLASTYBLEPHAROPLASTY

The white part of the eye is called the The white part of the eye is called the SCLERA. The sclera is the protective SCLERA. The sclera is the protective shield for the inner layers of the eye.shield for the inner layers of the eye.

Blood supply for the entire eye is Blood supply for the entire eye is provided by the CHOROID.provided by the CHOROID.

The back of the eye contains RODS The back of the eye contains RODS and CONES which are responsible for and CONES which are responsible for detecting changes in light stimuli. detecting changes in light stimuli. These structures are found on the These structures are found on the RETINA.RETINA.

The CORNEA is a transparent shield The CORNEA is a transparent shield of tissue that covers the opening of of tissue that covers the opening of the eye. Light can pass directly the eye. Light can pass directly through the cornea.through the cornea.

The colored muscular layer that The colored muscular layer that surrounds the black circle (PUPIL) is surrounds the black circle (PUPIL) is called the IRIS.called the IRIS.

The eye is a “globe-shaped” The eye is a “globe-shaped” structure with three layers: the structure with three layers: the sclera, the choroid, and the retina.sclera, the choroid, and the retina.

Dirty contact lenses can cause a Dirty contact lenses can cause a severe infection called KERATITIS.severe infection called KERATITIS.

Rupture of the cornea is known as Rupture of the cornea is known as KERATORRHEXIS. The cornea is KERATORRHEXIS. The cornea is incised with an instrument known as incised with an instrument known as a KERATOMTOME.a KERATOMTOME.

A laser KERATOTOMY is a procedure that A laser KERATOTOMY is a procedure that can eliminate the need for eyeglasses.can eliminate the need for eyeglasses.

MYOPIA (nearsightedness) is a condition MYOPIA (nearsightedness) is a condition where the stimulus image falls in front of where the stimulus image falls in front of the retina. the retina.

The opposite of myopia is farsightedness The opposite of myopia is farsightedness or HYPEROPIA where the image falls or HYPEROPIA where the image falls behind the retina.behind the retina.

Both myopia and hyperopia can be Both myopia and hyperopia can be corrected with glasses.corrected with glasses.

The eyelids protect the eyes, shade The eyelids protect the eyes, shade eyes during sleep, and spread eyes during sleep, and spread lubricating fluid.lubricating fluid.

This lubricating fluid come from three This lubricating fluid come from three areas: LACRIMAL GLANDS located areas: LACRIMAL GLANDS located above the outer corner of each eye, above the outer corner of each eye, LACRIMAL DUCTS which drain gland LACRIMAL DUCTS which drain gland secretions into the lacrimal sacs.secretions into the lacrimal sacs.

The term DACYR/O is used to denote The term DACYR/O is used to denote tears. tears.

The word DACRYADENALGIA meansThe word DACRYADENALGIA means

pain in a tear glandpain in a tear gland

The EarThe Ear The ear has three divisions:The ear has three divisions: outer ear (external ear)outer ear (external ear) middle ear middle ear inner earinner ear The outer ear takes sound waves and The outer ear takes sound waves and

directs them into the ear canal.directs them into the ear canal. The middle ear takes those sound waves The middle ear takes those sound waves

and converts them to electrical energy.and converts them to electrical energy. The inner ear takes that electrical energy The inner ear takes that electrical energy

and transmits it to the brain. It also is and transmits it to the brain. It also is responsible for balance.responsible for balance.

Acous/o Acous/o

audi/o hearingaudi/o hearing

myring./o myring./o

tympan/o tympanic membrane tympan/o tympanic membrane (eardrum)(eardrum)

Ot/o earOt/o ear

Salping/o eustachian tubeSalping/o eustachian tube

The external ear contains the The external ear contains the AURICLE. This structure is the AURICLE. This structure is the earlobe (PINNA) that directs sound earlobe (PINNA) that directs sound into the auditory canal. At the end of into the auditory canal. At the end of the auditory canal, you find a thin the auditory canal, you find a thin membranous sheet called the membranous sheet called the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (eardrum).TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (eardrum).

Vibrations of the eardrum caused a Vibrations of the eardrum caused a mechanical vibration of the three middle ear mechanical vibration of the three middle ear bones. The MALLEUS (hammer), INCUS, and bones. The MALLEUS (hammer), INCUS, and STAPES. Each of these bones are connected. STAPES. Each of these bones are connected. The malleus is connected to the tympanic The malleus is connected to the tympanic membrane.membrane.

Once the vibration is detected at the last Once the vibration is detected at the last bone (STAPES), the stapes causes a vibration bone (STAPES), the stapes causes a vibration at the opening of the inner ear, OVAL at the opening of the inner ear, OVAL WINDOW.WINDOW.

The middle ear is connected to the throat by The middle ear is connected to the throat by the EUSTACIAN TUBE. the EUSTACIAN TUBE.

The inner ear includes the COCHLEA and The inner ear includes the COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. SEMICIRCULAR CANALS.

The cochlea is filled with fluid and small The cochlea is filled with fluid and small hair cells that detect minute vibrations. hair cells that detect minute vibrations. These vibrations are interpreted by the These vibrations are interpreted by the brain via the AUDITORY NERVE.brain via the AUDITORY NERVE.

The SEMICIRCULAR CANALS are also filled The SEMICIRCULAR CANALS are also filled with fluid. Sudden movements of the head with fluid. Sudden movements of the head cause this fluid to move. This eventually cause this fluid to move. This eventually causes dizziness (vertigo).causes dizziness (vertigo).