THE SOLUTION PROCESS. Solute and solvent particles are held together by INTERMOLECULAR forces that...
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Transcript of THE SOLUTION PROCESS. Solute and solvent particles are held together by INTERMOLECULAR forces that...
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THE SOLUTION PROCESS
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Solute and solvent particles are held together by INTERMOLECULAR forces that are important in the formation of solutions.
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An EXOTHERMIC (release of energy) process happens if the solvent-solute interaction OVERCOMES the solvent-solvent and solute-solute interaction.
Crystallization of solutes
EXAMPLES
•Condensation of rain from water vapor•Combustion of fuels such as wood, coal•Mixing of alkalis and acids•The setting of cement and concretes
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An ENDOTHERMIC (absorption of energy) process happens if the solute-solvent interaction is WEAKER than solvent-solvent and solute-solute interaction.
EXAMPLES
•Cold pack of ammonium nitrate and water•Evaporation of water•Photosynthesis
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HYDRATION (SOLVATION) is the process in which an ion or molecule is surrounded by solvent molecules arranged in an orderly manner.
ION –DIPOLEIMF
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Crystals that are held by DISPERSION forces (London) dissolves readily in nonpolar solvents.
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Classification of solutions based on THE CAPACITY OF THE SOLVENT TO DISSOLVE A SOLUTE.
UNSATURATEDSOLUTION
(less dissolved solute)SATURATED SOLUTION
(max. amount of solute)
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Classification of solutions based on THE CAPACITY OF THE SOLVENT TO DISSOLVE A SOLUTE.
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION(more dissolved solute )
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Sodium acetate crystallizing from a supersaturated solution.
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SOLUBILITY is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a certain specified temperature.
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There are THREE factors affecting solubility of one substance in another substance.
TEMPERATURE
(higher temp=higher solubility
EXCEPTION: Gases becomes less soluble as
temperature increases.
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There are THREE factors affecting solubility of one substance in another substance.
PRESSURE
( no effect on solids and liquids)
(solubility of gases is affected by the pressure change)
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There are THREE factors affecting solubility of one substance in another substance.
NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT(“like dissolves like”)
Substances with similar types of intermolecular forces dissolve in each
other.
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There are several factors affecting the RATE OF THE SOLUTION PROCESS
PARTICLE SIZE OF SOLUTE
& SURFACE AREAThe smaller the particles, the faster the dissolution process
since there is greater exposure of solute on the solvent.
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STIRRING and JARRING(shaking)
There are several factors affecting the RATE OF THE SOLUTION PROCESS
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INCREASE IN TEMPERATUREMore solute dissolves in HOT solvent than in
COLD solvent.
*the faster the solvents move, the faster it will surround the solute causing the solute to
dissolve.
There are several factors affecting the RATE OF THE SOLUTION PROCESS