The Solid Earth Layers and Structure. More than meets the eye…
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Transcript of The Solid Earth Layers and Structure. More than meets the eye…
The Crust- the SKINThe Crust- the SKIN
Crust-Crust- made of mostly O and Si (and made of mostly O and Si (and others such as Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K and Mg)others such as Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K and Mg)
Oceanic- under the ocean
Thinner than continental. Continental- part of the land, under your feet
Mantle- the FLESHMantle- the FLESH
Mantle-Mantle- Divided into two parts Divided into two parts
Upper Lower
L A
Upper MantleUpper Mantle
Divided into two parts- think L.A.Divided into two parts- think L.A.
Asthenosphere- plastic like, semi-solid, flows like silly putty, caramel
Lithosphere- rigid (hard, stiff)
Note: includes the crust (can break!!!)
Inner Core- the PITInner Core- the PIT
SolidSolid Mostly iron (Fe)Mostly iron (Fe) Also nickel (Ni)Also nickel (Ni) Very hotVery hot
What is the Moho?What is the Moho?
Mohorovicic DiscontinuityMohorovicic DiscontinuityWhat is it?What is it?
Continental DriftContinental Drift
ObservationsObservations Moving landMoving land Hypothesis that says Hypothesis that says
the continents have the continents have once been joined once been joined togethertogether
Evidence?Evidence?
Seafloor spreadingSeafloor spreading Moving seafloorMoving seafloor New rock from the New rock from the
inner earthinner earth
Plate tectonicsPlate tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics describes The theory of plate tectonics describes how and why the continents move.how and why the continents move.
PlatePlate= rigid slab/piece of rock= rigid slab/piece of rockTektonikosTektonikos= greek word meaning = greek word meaning
“construction” or “to build”“construction” or “to build”
How does this look like?How does this look like?
The Earth’s crust is broken into large pieces The Earth’s crust is broken into large pieces called called platesplates. Imagine a cracked, hard-boiled . Imagine a cracked, hard-boiled egg. egg.
Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries
The Edges of the plates, where they touch other The Edges of the plates, where they touch other plates, are called plates, are called plate boundariesplate boundaries
Plate Movement vs. BoundaryPlate Movement vs. Boundary
The way the plates move, determines the The way the plates move, determines the type of plate boundary… meaning…type of plate boundary… meaning…
Convergent Divergent TransformTowards Each other Away from each other Slip sideways
past each other
Plate MovementPlate Movement
These plates move in three different These plates move in three different waysways
A.A. Towards eachotherTowards eachother
B.B. Away from eachotherAway from eachother
C.C. Slip sideways past eachotherSlip sideways past eachother
Divergent BoundaryDivergent Boundary
Plates pulling away from one anotherPlates pulling away from one another What do we get? Ocean Ridges (under water) What do we get? Ocean Ridges (under water)
or Rift Valleys (on land)or Rift Valleys (on land)
Transform BoundaryTransform Boundary
Plates slide and grind next to each other, side to sidePlates slide and grind next to each other, side to side What do we get? Faults, earthquakes. San FranciscoWhat do we get? Faults, earthquakes. San Francisco
Convergent BoundaryConvergent Boundary Plates push against each Plates push against each
otherother How many kinds?How many kinds? O+O, C+O and C+CO+O, C+O and C+C What do we get?What do we get?
What happens? Why?What happens? Why?
The movement of these plates over The movement of these plates over millions of years have caused the millions of years have caused the continents to continents to driftdrift (move). (move). Think Pangea.Think Pangea.
The oceans and continents sit on top of The oceans and continents sit on top of these plates and therefore they move these plates and therefore they move when the plates move.when the plates move.
Why? Why? Convection currentsConvection currents within the within the Earth Layers. Earth Layers. Think pot of boiling water!Think pot of boiling water!
Questions to answer p. 99Questions to answer p. 991.1. What is the definition of an What is the definition of an earthquakeearthquake??2.2. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?3.3. What is an What is an epicenterepicenter? ? FocusFocus? ? MagnitudeMagnitude??4.4. What causes most earthquakes? Where?What causes most earthquakes? Where?5.5. At what kind of boundaries?At what kind of boundaries?6.6. Where are earthquakes most likely to occur around Where are earthquakes most likely to occur around
the world? the world? 7.7. What is the What is the Pacific Ring of FirePacific Ring of Fire??8.8. What is a What is a fault zonefault zone??9.9. What instrument do we use to measure What instrument do we use to measure
earthquakes?earthquakes?10.10. What does this instrument measure?What does this instrument measure?11.11. How many kinds of waves are there? How many kinds of waves are there? 12.12. What makes them different? What are they?What makes them different? What are they?13.13. How do we locate an earthquake?How do we locate an earthquake?14.14. What is the scale we use to measure earthquakes?What is the scale we use to measure earthquakes?15.15. What does the scale measure?What does the scale measure?
What are Earthquakes? Where?What are Earthquakes? Where?
Vibrations of the Earth’s crustVibrations of the Earth’s crustWhere?Where?They occur mostly when rocks under They occur mostly when rocks under
stress suddenly shift or move along a stress suddenly shift or move along a faultfaultWhat is a What is a locked faultlocked fault??
Words to know…Words to know…
Seismic Waves-Seismic Waves- energy in the form of energy in the form of vibrations as the rocks movevibrations as the rocks move
AftershocksAftershocks- smaller tremors, as the - smaller tremors, as the rocks come back into their original positionrocks come back into their original position
FocusFocus- where rocks first slip- where rocks first slipEpicenterEpicenter- point on the earth’s surface - point on the earth’s surface
directly above the focusdirectly above the focusMagnitude-Magnitude- how strong how strong
The Pacific Ring of FireThe Pacific Ring of Fire
What?What? Where?Where? What?What? Fault ZonesFault Zones VolcanoesVolcanoes TrenchesTrenches
How do we measure?How do we measure?
SeismographSeismograph Detects and records Detects and records
seismic waves in seismic waves in three different ways three different ways (guess?)(guess?)
What kind of waves?What kind of waves?
Seismic WavesSeismic Waves P waves-P waves- primary waves- primary waves-
fastest, travel through fastest, travel through solid and liquidsolid and liquid
S waves-S waves- secondary secondary waves, travel through waves, travel through solid onlysolid only
Surface Waves-Surface Waves- when P when P and S waves reach the and S waves reach the surface, they become surface, they become surface waves, slowestsurface waves, slowest
Think water ripple Think water ripple effect…effect…
Locating an EarthquakeLocating an Earthquake
Three Stations Three Stations neededneeded
Why?Why? How?How?
How do we measure an How do we measure an Earthquake?Earthquake?
MagnitudeMagnitude ( (Richter Richter ScaleScale)- measures )- measures energy released, energy released, related to cause. 1 related to cause. 1 and upand up
IntensityIntensity ( (Mercalli Mercalli ScaleScale)- measures )- measures amount of demage it amount of demage it causes, related to causes, related to effect. I to XII and effect. I to XII and descriptiondescription
Last notes…Last notes… Tsunamis-Tsunamis- giant wave caused by an earthquake giant wave caused by an earthquake
whose epicenter is on or under the ocean floor.whose epicenter is on or under the ocean floor. AftershocksAftershocks PredictionsPredictions Pg. 111….think video we saw. Pg. 111….think video we saw.