The Solar System

The Solar SystemThe Solar System

An IntroAn Intro

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About the lesson….About the lesson….Things we will learn:

Components of our Solar System.

Relative positions of our planets.

Some Interesting facts about space!!!

More about Sun.

What are Planets & Satellites??

Terrestrial and Jovian Planets.

About Asteroids, Meteors and Comets.

Internal Structure of Earth

An IntroductionAn Introduction

Solar System consists of:Solar System consists of:

SunSun

The The Nine PlanetsNine Planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto)Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto)

Large number of Large number of AsteroidsAsteroids between the orbit of Mars between the orbit of Mars and Jupiterand Jupiter

Large number of Large number of CometsComets revolving around sun in highly revolving around sun in highly elliptical paths.elliptical paths.

Lets See How It Looks Like..Lets See How It Looks Like..

Planets revolve around the sun and also rotate about there own axis. All planets, except Pluto, revolve in almost the same plane.

Some Interesting FactsSome Interesting FactsDo you know?????Do you know????? SunSun accounts for 99.9% of the accounts for 99.9% of the

mass of the solar system.mass of the solar system. MercuryMercury is the is the smallestsmallest planet. planet. JupiterJupiter is the is the largestlargest planet. planet. Alpha CentauriAlpha Centauri is the is the nearest starnearest star

to our solar system (about 4.3 to our solar system (about 4.3 Light Years)Light Years)

CirusCirus, the , the brightest starbrightest star, is about , is about 8.7 light years away from us.8.7 light years away from us.

Only Earth has Only Earth has lifelife on it among all on it among all the planets in our solar system.the planets in our solar system.

Sun Sun The centre of Attraction!!The centre of Attraction!!

It is the nearest star from us and hence looks much bigger than other stars.

The sun has a diameter of about 1, 392, 000 Km (about 109 times the diameter of earth!!!!)

Sun is about 333000 times as heavy as Earth.

Average distance of sun from earth is 15 crore Km

Light takes about 500s (about 8 minutes) to travel from sun to earth.

The temperature at the core of Sun is about 14 x 106 Kelvin.

Sun is the source of energy for earth. It is made up of Sun is the source of energy for earth. It is made up of Hydrogen Hydrogen (70%),(70%), Helium (28%)Helium (28%) and other gases like Nitrogen, Oxygen and and other gases like Nitrogen, Oxygen and Carbon (2%). The energy is produced in the Sun due to Carbon (2%). The energy is produced in the Sun due to Nuclear Nuclear Fusion ReactionFusion Reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse to form a in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse to form a Helium nuclei (and two positrons).Helium nuclei (and two positrons).

The PlanetsThe Planets

What are they?What are they?The heavenly bodies that The heavenly bodies that

revolve around the stars (like Sun) in revolve around the stars (like Sun) in an orbit are known as planets. an orbit are known as planets.

e. g. there are Nine planets in e. g. there are Nine planets in our solar system. They have different our solar system. They have different structures due to their structures due to their different different temperaturestemperatures. These have been . These have been divided into divided into two typestwo types depending upon depending upon their their similarity of structuresimilarity of structure..

1.1. Terrestrial PlanetsTerrestrial Planets2.2. Jovian Planets.Jovian Planets.

Terrestrial PlanetsTerrestrial PlanetsThe four planets near to Sun, namely The four planets near to Sun, namely Mercury, Venus, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars Earth and Mars are known as Terrestrial Planets because are known as Terrestrial Planets because their their structure is similar to Earth.structure is similar to Earth.

Common FeaturesCommon Features of these planets are: of these planets are:i.i. A thin rocky crust.A thin rocky crust.ii.ii. A mantle rich in Iron and MagnesiumA mantle rich in Iron and Magnesiumiii.iii. A core of Molten Metals.A core of Molten Metals.iv.iv. Thin atmosphereThin atmospherev.v. Very few moonsVery few moons

The first colour image of the Martian Surface, transmitted by Viking 1 Lander on July 26, 1976. (NASA)

Jovian PlanetsJovian Planets

The five planets beyond the orbit of Mars are known as The five planets beyond the orbit of Mars are known as Terrestrial Planets because their Terrestrial Planets because their structure is similar to structure is similar to JupiterJupiter. These are . These are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune & Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune & Pluto.Pluto.

Common FeaturesCommon Features of these planets are: of these planets are:i.i. They are Gaseous BodiesThey are Gaseous Bodiesii.ii. They have ring system around them.They have ring system around them.iii.iii. Except Pluto they all have a large number Except Pluto they all have a large number

of moons (i.e. natural satellites). Pluto has of moons (i.e. natural satellites). Pluto has only one moon.only one moon.

iv.iv. They are too distant from Sun as compared They are too distant from Sun as compared to Terrestrial Planets.to Terrestrial Planets.

How to remember their How to remember their Sequence?Sequence?Just remember the phrase..

A brief intro - MercuryA brief intro - Mercury

Nearest to Sun

Smallest Planet

No Atmosphere

Very Hot during Day and Very Cold at night.

Nearest to Sun

Smallest Planet

No Atmosphere

Very Hot during Day and Very Cold at night.

A brief intro - VenusA brief intro - Venus

Closest to Earth

Size almost same as Earth

Visible before dawn and after sunset.

Known as Morning (or Evening) Star

Called sister planet of Earth due to similarities.

Closest to Earth

Size almost same as Earth

Visible before dawn and after sunset.

Known as Morning (or Evening) Star

Called sister planet of Earth due to similarities.

A brief intro - EarthA brief intro - Earth

Diameter: 12 800 Km

Mass: 6 x 1024 Kg

Rotation time: 24 hours.

One Revolution: 365 ¼ days

Only Planet that can sustain life.

Has Nitrogen and Oxygen rich atmosphere.

Diameter: 12 800 Km

Mass: 6 x 1024 Kg

Rotation time: 24 hours.

One Revolution: 365 ¼ days

Only Planet that can sustain life.

Has Nitrogen and Oxygen rich atmosphere.

A brief intro - MarsA brief intro - Mars

Known as RED PLANET

No Atmosphere

Very Cold

Has two Moons

Has a lot of solid CO2.

Known as RED PLANET

No Atmosphere

Very Cold

Has two Moons

Has a lot of solid CO2.

A brief intro - JupiterA brief intro - Jupiter

Largest Planet

Can contain as many as 1300 earths!!!!!!

Covered by clouds of gases

Has 28 Moons !!

Storms are always raging on its surface

Largest Planet

Can contain as many as 1300 earths!!!!!!

Covered by clouds of gases

Has 28 Moons !!

Storms are always raging on its surface

A brief intro - SaturnA brief intro - Saturn

Has beautiful rings around it

Has 30 moons in addition to rings!!

Appears bright yellow.

Has beautiful rings around it

Has 30 moons in addition to rings!!

Appears bright yellow.

A brief intro - UranusA brief intro - Uranus

Very Cold

Has 21 moons in addition to rings

Very Cold

Has 21 moons in addition to rings

A brief intro - NeptuneA brief intro - Neptune

Very far from Sun

Very Small

Has 8 moons.

Very far from Sun

Very Small

Has 8 moons.

A brief intro - PlutoA brief intro - Pluto

Farthest planet

Very Small

Has just one moon

Farthest planet

Very Small

Has just one moon

SatellitesSatellitesWhat are they?What are they?

The heavenly bodies that revolve The heavenly bodies that revolve around the PLANETS (like Earth) in an orbit around the PLANETS (like Earth) in an orbit are known as satellites. are known as satellites.

e. g. e. g. Moon Moon is the satellite of Earth. It is the satellite of Earth. It revolves around earth in an revolves around earth in an elliptical orbitelliptical orbit. . Other planets like Mars, Jupiter and Saturn Other planets like Mars, Jupiter and Saturn also have their satellites also have their satellites

Moon’s Surface

AsteroidsAsteroidsThe small rock like bodies revolving The small rock like bodies revolving around Sun between the orbits of Mars around Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter are called Asteroids.and Jupiter are called Asteroids.

These are very small to be considered as These are very small to be considered as Planets. The largest among them is Planets. The largest among them is Ceres Ceres with a radius of about 800 Km only with a radius of about 800 Km only while the smallest one is as small as a while the smallest one is as small as a pebble.pebble.

Where did they come from?

It is believed that they were formed due to some collision between planets which resulted into its breaking into small fragments. Though their exact origin is not known till date.

Asteroid Named GASPRA

Asteroid Named IDA

(Along with its tiny satellite)

Meteors Meteors (Shooting Stars)(Shooting Stars)

These are pieces of rocks floating in space, which sometimes enter the earth’s atmosphere. They experience a force of friction of air and start burning. They appear as a ball of fire falling towards earth emitting intense light. They are also known as Shooting Stars but they are not actually Stars or in anyway connected to them. Most of them get completely burnt in the atmosphere.

MeteoritesMeteoritesSome meteors are so large and do not get completely burnt. So they reach earth and are known as Meteorites.

Some meteors are so large and do not get completely burnt. So they reach earth and are known as Meteorites.

CometsCometsThese are heavenly bodies which revolve around the sun in highly elliptical paths. They appear in the sky as a ball of fire with a TAIL. The tail always pointing away from the Sun. e.g. HALLEY’S COMET

Why do they have tail???

They are composed of rocks like material surrounded by large masses of easily vaporised substance like water, ammonia, methane etc. When these approach Sun, some of its material gets vaporised due to heat of the Sun. Light of the Sun exerts pressure on these vapours and forces them away from the comet in form of a tail.

Are they Important?

Yes, from the analysis of their material we can know about the origin of Universe and the life of Universe.

Why do they have tail???

They are composed of rocks like material surrounded by large masses of easily vaporised substance like water, ammonia, methane etc. When these approach Sun, some of its material gets vaporised due to heat of the Sun. Light of the Sun exerts pressure on these vapours and forces them away from the comet in form of a tail.

Are they Important?

Yes, from the analysis of their material we can know about the origin of Universe and the life of Universe.

Halley’s Comet

It has a time period of 76 years. Last seen in 1986 and will now be visible

in 2062.

Structure of Earth Structure of Earth

Crust

Mantle

Outer Core

Inner Core

The Earth can be broadly divided into Three different Layers.The Earth can be broadly divided into Three different Layers.

Structure of Earth Structure of Earth Earth is composed of a number of layers. Though we have not been able to dig more than 10 Km into the earth’s crust but we have studied it in details from the study of Seismic Waves.

Seismic waves are produced during Earthquakes. But in addition to natural seismic waves we can also produce artificial waves by Underground Nuclear Tests.

Velocity of seismic waves depends on composition of region from which they pass. From the study of their velocities we can collect more information and a picture of earth’s interior. Three layers of earth are:

Earth is composed of a number of layers. Though we have not been able to dig more than 10 Km into the earth’s crust but we have studied it in details from the study of Seismic Waves.

Seismic waves are produced during Earthquakes. But in addition to natural seismic waves we can also produce artificial waves by Underground Nuclear Tests.

Velocity of seismic waves depends on composition of region from which they pass. From the study of their velocities we can collect more information and a picture of earth’s interior. Three layers of earth are:

The Three Layers- The Three Layers- A ComparisonA ComparisonCrust:Crust:a. Top 30-40 Km layer of earth.a. Top 30-40 Km layer of earth.b. Contains mainly b. Contains mainly rocksrocks of silicates (Containing SiO of silicates (Containing SiO22).).

c. Its thickness is lesser under sea floor.c. Its thickness is lesser under sea floor.

Mantle:Mantle:a. From 40 km – 3000 Km.a. From 40 km – 3000 Km.b. Rich in b. Rich in Iron Iron and and Magnesium Magnesium Silicates.Silicates.c. Not under direct observation.c. Not under direct observation.

Core:Core:a. Innermost layer beyond 3000 Km.a. Innermost layer beyond 3000 Km.b. It consists mainly of b. It consists mainly of Pure IronPure Iron alloyed with some alloyed with some NickelNickel..c. Its material is in FLUID state.c. Its material is in FLUID state.

True or False1. Meteors that reach Earth are called Meteorites.

2. Planets revolve around their satellites.

3. There are Nine Planets in our Solar System.

4. Asteroids are there between the orbits of Mars and Saturn

5. Mercury is the nearest planet to the Sun.

True

False

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Q1. _________ is NOT a planet.

a) Saturn

b) Earth

c) Moon

d) Mars


Q2. The debris present between the planets Mars and Jupiter are called __________.

a) Meteors

b) Meteorites

c) Comets

d) Asteroids


Q3. The ratio of diameter of Sun to that of earth is _______

a) 109

b) 500

c) 1/109

d) 33000


Q4. Morning and Evening Star is the name given to the planet _______

a) Mercury

b) Venus

c) Pluto

d) Neptune


Q5. Hottest Planet in our Solar System is:

a) Mars

b) Venus

c) Mercury

d) Earth

I Know !!!

There are ???? planets in our solar system. They are ?????, Venus, Earth, Mars, ???????, Saturn, Neptune and ????. They ?????? around Sun and rotate about their own axis. ??? is at the centre and accounts for about 99.9% of the mass of solar system. Planets have been classified into two types namely ?????? planets and ??????? planets depending on similarity of their structures. Beside these planets our solar system has Asteroids between the orbits of ???? and ??? Then we have ?????? which revolve around sun in highly elliptical paths. We can see ?????? ????? after every 76 years.

I Know !!!

There are nine planets in our solar system. They are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Pluto. They revolve around Sun and rotate about their own axis. Sun is at the centre and accounts for about 99.9% of the mass of solar system. Planets have been classified into two types namely Terrestrial planets and Jovian planets depending on similarity of their structures. Beside these planets our solar system has Asteroids between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter Then we have comets which revolve around sun in highly elliptical paths. We can see Halley’s comet after every 76 years.

Q 1. Name the nine planets of our Solar System.

Q 2. What is a comet?

Q 3. Why is life only possible on earth?

Q 4. Define following terms:

A. Planet

B. Satellite

C. Meteor

D. Asteroids

Q 5. Differentiate between Jovian and terrestrial planets.

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The Solar System

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